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Recherches sur l'Héllénine, principe concret de la racine d'aunée et sur quelques composés congénèresGerhardt, Charles January 1900 (has links)
Thèse : Sciences : Université, Faculté des sciences de Paris : 1841. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre.
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Effet des conditions environnementales sur les caratéristiques morpho-physiologiques et la teneur en métabolites secondaires chez Inula montana : une plante de la médecine traditionnelle Provençale / Effect of the environmental conditions on the morpho-physiological caratéristiques and the content it métabolites secondary sectors(high schools,Secondary) at Inula Montana : a plant of traditional Provencal medicineAl Naser, Osama 24 January 2018 (has links)
Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans un projet régional, initié par le Parc du Lubéron et en collaboration avec le Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et d'Ethnopharmacologie de l’Université de Marseille. Il avait pour objectif d'étudier la possibilité de domestiquer une plante sauvage, Inula montana L. (Asteraceae) connue dans la pharmacopée provençale pour ses effets anti traumatiques semblables à ceux d'Arnica montana L. et de la proposer comme nouvelle production agricole. Inula montana produit notamment des lactones sesquiterpènes, identifiées comme les métabolites secondaires responsables de ses aptitudes biologiques anti inflammatoires. Il s’est agit dans cette étude1) de déterminer les caractéristiques de croissance et de développement de la plante sauvage largement inconnue et d’identifier en conditions naturelles les facteurs les plus favorables à la production de métabolites secondaires, 2)d’étudier sa capacité à se multiplier végétativement in vitro et à former des cultures cellulaires aptes à synthétiser les molécules d’intérêt 3), de proposer un itinéraire technique applicable agronomiquement et 4) de tester les effets de divers facteurs environnementaux (fertilisation, apport de NaCl, modification du rythme circadien de l’éclairement,rayonnement UVB, ablation de feuilles, application de méthyl jasmonate ) sur la production qualitative et quantitative des lactones sesquiterpènes et des composés phénoliques. Les traits phénologiques de la plante sauvage sont impactés par l’altitude qui induit un retard dans la croissance végétative et la phase reproductrice ainsi que des modifications physiologiques et morphologiques. Les teneurs en métabolites secondaires (certaines lactones sesquiterpènes, les polyphénols totaux et flavonoïdes) varient en fonction de la saison et sont plus importantes dans le site qui présente les conditions climatiques les plus contraignantes du point de vue hydrique (sol drainant,température plus élevée et présence d’une période sèche en été). L’observation microscopique a indiqué la présence de deux types de trichomes : glandulaires (bisériés) et non glandulaires (des poils) qui sont potentiellement les structures porteuses des molécules d’intérêt. I. montana est apte à former des cals in vitro à partir d’explants racinaires, foliaires et caulinaires sur lesquels des pousses feuillées se forment. La domestication d’Inula a été réussie à partir de semences issues des plantes sauvages et en conditions agronomiques, les teneurs en lactones sesquiterpènes (costunolide, artémorine, eldarine et hydrocostunolide) et en composés phénoliques sont généralement plus élevées que chez les plantes sauvages. Les différentes contraintes appliquées pour tester les effets des facteurs environnementaux sur la production des métabolites ont montré : 1) qu’il ne peut pas être établi de corrélation entre la présence d’un stress oxydatif et une augmentation des teneurs en métabolites chez Inula 2) que l’accumulation des lactones et composés phénoliques semblent principalement favorisée lorsque la plante dispose d’un surplus de squelettes carbonés, non utilisés pour la croissance 3) enfin, les deux conditions les plus favorables à l’accumulation des métabolites chez Inula, sont : dans les feuilles, une alternance rapide de lumière et d’obscurité durant la photopériode et dans les capitules, l’application de méthyl jasmonate. Ce travail augure de bonnes perspectives en termes de valorisation d’Inula dans le secteur pharmaco-cosmétologique. Il reste à poursuivre la description du profil phytochimique de la plante et à localiser précisément les organes et/ou sous structures anatomiques concentrant les composés considérés. Ayant démontré que cette plante présente une bonne réponse à la domestication, il est également proposé de poursuivre l’étude des leviers environnementaux susceptibles d’influencer positivement et significativement le profil chimique d’Inula. / This thesis work is part of a regional project, initiated by the Luberon Park and in collaboration with the Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology of the University of Marseille. It aimed to study the possibility of domesticating a wild plant, Inula montana L. (Asteraceae) known in the Provençal pharmacopoeia for its anti-traumatic effects similar to those of Arnica montana L. and to propose it as a new agricultural production. Inula montana produces lactones sesquiterpenes, identified as the secondary metabolites responsible for its biological anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, 1) to determine the growth and development characteristics of the largely unknown wild plant and to identify under natural conditions the most favorable factors for the production of secondary metabolites, 2) to study its characteristics. ability to multiply vegetatively in vitro and to form cell cultures able to synthesize the molecules of interest 3), to propose an agronomically applicable technical itinerary and 4) to test the effects of various environmental factors (fertilization, NaCl supply, modification circadian rhythm of illumination, UVB radiation, ablation of leaves, application of methyl jasmonate) on the qualitative and quantitative production of sesquiterpene lactones and phenolic compounds. The phenological characteristics of the wild plant are impacted by the altitude which induces a delay in the vegetative growth and the reproductive phase as well as physiological and morphological modifications. Levels of secondary metabolites (certain sesquiterpene lactones, total polyphenols and flavonoids) vary according to the season and are more important in the site which has the most water-constraining climatic conditions (draining soil, higher temperature and presence of a dry period in summer). Microscopic observation indicated the presence of two types of trichomes: glandular (biseriate) and non-glandular (hair) which are potentially the carrying structures of the molecules of interest. I. montana is able to form calli in vitro from root, foliar and shoot explants on which leafy shoots are formed. The domestication of Inula has been successful from seed from wild plants and under agronomic conditions, sesquiterpene lactone (costunolide, artemorine, eldarin and hydrocostunolide) and phenolic compounds are generally higher than in wild plants. The different constraints applied to test the effects of environmental factors on the production of metabolites have shown: 1) that there can be no correlation between the presence of oxidative stress and an increase in metabolite levels in Inula 2) that the accumulation of lactones and phenolic compounds seems mainly favored when the plant has a surplus of carbon skeletons, not used for growth; 3) finally, the two most favorable conditions for the accumulation of metabolites in Inula, are: in the leaves, a rapid alternation of light and darkness during the photoperiod and in the flower heads, the application of methyl jasmonate. This work augurs good prospects in terms of valuation of Inula in the pharmaco-cosmetological sector. It remains to continue the description of the phytochemical profile of the plant and to precisely locate the organs and / or anatomical substructures concentrating the compounds in question. Having demonstrated that this plant has a good response to domestication, it is also proposed to continue the study of environmental levers likely to positively and significantly influence the chemical profile of Inula.
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Uporedni pregled morfo-anatomskih karakteristika biljnih organa i analiza etarskih ulja sa njihovom primenom u taksonomiji odabranih rodova tribusa Inuleae Cass. (Compositae) / Comparative review of morpho-anatomical characteristics of plant organs and analyses of essential oils with their application in taxonomy of selected genera of the tribe Inuleae Cass. (Compositae)Karanović Dunja 27 September 2017 (has links)
<p>Komparativnom analizom morfo-anatomskih i mikromorfoloških karakteristika lista, stabla, rizoma, korena, ploda i receptakuluma, kao i biohemijskom analizom etarskih ulja podzemnih organa, obuhvaćeno je ukupno 16 vrsta iz 4<br />roda, Inula (I. aschersoniana, I. bifrons, I. britannica, <em> I. conyza, I. ensifolia, I. germanica, I. helenium, I. oculus-christi, I. saslicina ssp. salicina, I. salicina ssp. aspera, I. spiraeifolia), Dittrichia (D. graveolens, D. viscosa), Limbarda (L.<br />crithmoides) i Pulicaria (P. dysenterica, P. vulgaris) iz</em> tribusa Inuleae, familije Compositae. Vrste iz različitih rodova analizirane u ovoj disertaciji ranijom klasifikacijom svrstavane su u okviru različitih sekcija roda Inula, a takođe i tipska vrsta ovog roda,<em> I. helenium L</em>., svrstavana je u okviru zasebne sekcije<em> Corvisartia.</em> Na osnovu najnovijih molekularnih filogenetskih analiza, baziranih na sekvencama plastidne i jedarne DNK, kao i na osnovu morfoloških i karioloških podataka, predloženo je da sekcija <em>Corvisartia </em> bude izdvojena u zaseban rod. Ciljevi ove<br />disertacije definisani su u skladu sa činjenicom da su podaci o morfo-anatomskoj, mikromorfološkoj i biohemijskoj građi vegetativnih i reproduktivnih organa vrsta ovog tribusa malobrojni i nepotpuni, dok su analize vršene parcijalno i<br />nezavisno kod pojedinih predstavnika, sa slabim akcentom na njihovu komparativnu analizu. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo veliki broj kvalitativnih i kvantitativnih karaktera koji su analizirani i mereni pomoću stereomikroskopa, svetlosnog, fluorescentnog i skening elektronskog mikroskopa. Dobijeni podaci statistički su obrađeni različitim metodama numeričke analize koje se inače<br />koriste pri taksonomskim istraživanjima. Ovakav tip analize za vrste rodova <em> Inula,</em> <em>Dittrichia, Limbarda i Pulicaria</em> nije zabeležen u dosadašnjoj literaturi.<br />Sprovedena analiza pokazala je da ni jedan vegetativni biljni organ pojedinačno ne pruža dovoljno informacija na osnovukojih bi se sa statističkom sigurnošću mogle izdvojiti određene grupe vrsta, niti rodovi prema postojećoj podeli. U okviru analiziranih anatomskih i mikromorfoloških karakteristika ploda i receptakuluma, organizacija sklerenhimskog tkiva u zrelom plodu i karakteristike receptakuluma predstavljaju karaktere koji su dijagnostički za rodove. Karakteri koji razdvajaju analizirane taksone jesu: karakteristike papusa kod vrsta roda <em> Pulicaria; </em>prstenasato suženje između baze papusa i cipsele, organizacija<br />sklerenhimskog tkiva ploda i tip trihoma na površini receptakuluma kod vrsta roda<em> Dittrichia</em>; sekretorni kanali u perikarpu ploda, odsustvo trihoma i slabo izražena rebra na površini receptakuluma kod vrste<em> L. crithmoides</em>. Plod vrste <em> I.</em><br /><em>helenium</em> razlikuje se od plodova svih preostalih analiziranih vrsta na osnovu njegovih dimenzija, većeg broja sklerenhimskih vrpci koje nisu istaknute u rebra, kao i na osnovu slabo izraženih rebara na receptakulumu, između karpopodijalnih otisaka, na kojima se nalaze žlezdane i nežlezdane trihome. Rezultati su<br />ukazali na to da se vrsta I. helenium izdvaja kao zaseban takson na osnovu anatomskih i mikromorfoloških karakteristika ploda i receptakuluma sa jednako malim stepenom statističke podrške koji takođe podržava izdvajanje rodova <em>Dittrichia, Limbarda i Pulicaria</em> u zasebne rodove. Stoga, naši rezultati podržavaju tvrdnju da vrsta I. helenium treba biti izdvojena od preostalih<br />vrsta roda Inula u zaseban rod, pri čemu je njena autentičnost evidentna na nivou anatomije i mikromorfologije vegetativnih i reproduktivnih organa.<br />Rezultati hemijske analize etarskog ulja pružili su do sada nepoznate podatke o kvalitativnom i kvantitativnom sastavu etarskog ulja podzemnih organa analiziranih taksona i ukazali na mogućnost njihove primene u taksonomiji ispitivanog tribusa na nivou identifikacije pojedinačnih taksona. Takođe, dobijeni<br />rezultati ukazali su na nove potencijalno lekovite vrste koje predstavljaju potencijalni resurs za farmaceutsku industriju. Rezultati analize osnovnih komponenti kao i rezultati korespodentne analize ukazali su na odsustvo tendencije grupisanja taksona koji pripadaju istom rodu prema trenutno<br />važećoj klasifikaciji. Zbog velike varijabilnosti uslovljene faktorima spoljašnje sredine sastav etarskih ulja ne može se koristiti samostalno kao pouzdan hemotaksonomski marker. Ipak, rezultati o sastavu etarskih ulja značajni su u smislu njihove primene u medicinske i kozmetičke svrhe, u industriji<br />gde se etarska ulja koriste kao sirovina, te su dobijeni rezultati značajni i u kontekstu evaluacije kvaliteta etarskih ulja ispitivanih vrsta.<br />Sprovedeno istraživanje daje značajan doprinos u pogledu tačnije klasifikacije unutar tribusa koja se danas bazira uglavnom na morfološkim karakteristikama. Detaljno opisani morfo-anatomski i mikromorfološki karakteri analiziranih<br />vegetativnih i reproduktivnih organa doprinose boljem poznavanju karakteristika vrsta analiziranih rodova i predstavljaju dopunu postojećim podacima o analiziranimtaksonima. Takođe, na bazi morfo-anatomskih karakteristika ploda i receptakuluma izrađen je dihotomi ključ za determinaciju analiziranih rodova i vrsta. Korišćenjem metoda diskriminantne i korespodentne analize izdvojeni su i karakteri na osnovu kojih je moguće izvršiti diskriminaciju određenih grupa u okviru<br />analiziranih taksona.</p> / <p>A comparative analysis of morpho-anatomical and micromorphological characteristics of leaf, stem, rhizome, root, fruit and receptacle, as well as biochemical analysis of essential oils of underground organs, was conducted over 16 species of 4 genera, <em> Inula (I. aschersoniana, I. bifrons, I. britannica, I.conyza, I. ensifolia, I. germanica, I. helenium, I. oculus-christi, I. saslicina ssp. salicina, I. salicina ssp. aspera, I. spiraeifolia), Dittrichia (D. graveolens, D. viscosa), Limbarda (L. crithmoides) and Pulicaria (P. dysenterica, P. vulgaris)</em> tribe Inuleae, Compositae. In addition to the fact that the species from different genera analysed in this paper were previously placed in different sections within <em>Inula, I. helenium L</em>., as the type species of the genus <em> Inula,</em> has also been placed in a separate section Corvisartia. According to the latest molecular phylogenetic analyses, based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequence data, as well as morphological and karyological data, it is suggested that section Corvisartia should be segregated from the remaining Inula species as a separate genus, thus achieving a greater morphological homogeneity of the genus <em>Inula. </em> The objectives of dissertation are defined in accordance with the fact that the data on the morpho-anatomical, micromorphological and biochemical structure of the vegetative and reproductive organs of species of examined tribe are sparse and incomplete, while the analyses were carried out on few species of <em>Inula, Pulicaria, Dittrichia</em> and<em> Limbarda</em>, but less emphasis was placed on comparative purpose. The research involved a large number of qualitative and quantitative characters that were analysed and measured using a stereomicroscope, light, fluorescent and scanning electron microscope. The obtained data were statistically processed by various numerical analysis methods usually used in taxonomic research. These types of analyses for the species of the generaInula<em>, Dittrichia, Limbard </em> and <em> Pulicaria </em> have not been recorded in the literature so far. The conducted analysis showed that vegetative organs do not provide enough information on the basis of which certain groups of species could be singled out with statistically significant suport, neither the genera according to the actual classification. The yielded results indicated that the species from different genera were clearly delimited on the basis of their carpological and receptacular micromorphological and anatomical characteristics. Receptacle features and organisation of sclerenchyma tissue in a fruit are traits that tend to be diagnostic for genera. The features that separate analysed taxa are: two rows of pappus hairs in <em> Pulicaria </em>species; the ring constriction of the fruit over which it passes into pappus, the sclerenchymatous tissue in fruit in form of continuous ring, the type of trichomes on the receptacular surface in <em> Dittrichia </em>species; the fruit with secretory ducts, and the receptacular surface with weakly pronounced ridges without glands in L. crithmoides. I. helenium fruits differ from those of all the other species by their size, greater number of inconspicuous sclerenchymatic bundles, and poorly expressed ridges among carpopodial prints with glandular and non-glandular trichomes distributed along them. Results revealed that I. helenium stands out as a separate taxon, based on the anatomical and micromorphological characteristics of its fruit and receptacle, with equally small percentage of statistical support, which also supports the recognition of<em> Pulicaria, </em> <em>Dittrichia</em> and<em> Limabarda</em> as separate genera. Obtained results support the claim that I. helenium should be separated from the Inula genus, whereby its authenticity is evident at the level of anatomy and micromorphology of vegetative and reproductive organs. The chemical analysis of the essential oil has provided new data on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the essential oil of the underground organs of the analysed taxa and pointed out the possibility of their application in taxonomy. Also, the obtained results indicated potentially new medicinal plants that represent a potential resource for the pharmaceutical industry. Principal component analysis as well as the results of the Correspondent analysis indicated the absence of the grouping tendency of taxa belonging to the same genus, according to the actual classification. Due to the high variability conditioned by the environmental factors the composition of essential oils cannot be used independently as a reliable chemotaxonomic marker. However, the results of the composition of essential oils are significant in terms of their application for medical and cosmetic purposes, in the industry where oils are used as raw materials, and the results obtained are also significant in the context of evaluation of the quality of investigated essential oils.The conducted research makes a significant contribution to more precise classification within the tribe, which is now basedmainly on morphological characteristics. The detailed description of morpho-anatomical and micromorphological characters of the analysed vegetative and reproductive organs contributes to better knowledge of the characteristics of the analysed species and complements the existing data on them. Also, on the basis of morpho-anatomical characteristics of the fruit and the receptacle a dichotomous key for the determination of the analysed genera and species was developed. According to the Discriminant and Correspodent analysis the characteristics on which is possible to discriminate certain groups within the analysed genera are also distinguished.</p>
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