The ionosphere is a constantly changing medium. From the sun to cosmic rays, the ionosphere proves to be a continually interesting area of study. The most notable change that occurs in the ionosphere is the day and night cycle. The ionosphere is not a singular medium, but rather made up of different sections. The day side of the ionosphere consists of a D, E, F1, and F2 layer. The night day of the ionosphere consists of an E and F layer. These layers all have different properties and characteristics associated with them. A notable interaction is how radio waves propagate through the ionosphere. A radio wave can either reflect, refract, or pass through a layer of the ionosphere depending on the frequency of the signal, among other sources of disturbance. The ability to have a radio wave reflected back downwards is a core principle of an ionosonde, which measures the height of the ionosphere. A solar eclipse presents a night side ionosphere condition during the day. The change in the ionosphere that the eclipse will cause is something not a lot of research has gone into. This thesis aims to elaborate on the design and development of an ionosonde along with eventual ionosphere readings during the August 2017 total solar eclipse. / Master of Science / The atmosphere that surrounds the earth is made up of various unique regions. The region of interest for this thesis is the ionosphere. The ionosphere plays an important role in wireless communication of radio waves. It follows that changes in the ionosphere are something of great interest and study. A notable change that the ionosphere undergoes on a daily basis is the shift from the day side to the night side. A solar eclipse serves not only as a spectacular sight, but also to bring a night side condition to the day side. This thesis aims to uncover the changes that will occur to the ionosphere during the August 2017 total solar eclipse.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-10T13:39:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodolfo Jose Cavalcanti Souto.pdf: 1672049 bytes, checksum: 9d25ef84b343968c6b40907e7241f724 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-10T13:39:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodolfo Jose Cavalcanti Souto.pdf: 1672049 bytes, checksum: 9d25ef84b343968c6b40907e7241f724 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-25 / Pregnancy disease (PD) occurs mainly in sheep and goats, supplemented with concentrate, whose expression is due to negative energy balance during the transition period in which the females present in the clinical hyperketonemia, hypoglycemia, ketonuria, anorexia and signs neurological can progress to death. This paper aims to conduct a study of the biochemical and hormonal profile in sheep and goats, and pathology of the liver parenchyma and renal function in sheep with PD diagnosis. We used data (case report forms) and biological materials (serum, plasma and tissue) of 45 sheep and 22 goats that were answered in Bovine Clinic, Campus Garanhuns / UFRPE, diagnosed with PD, from January 2007 to October 2012 . The blood analyzes were: urea, creatinine, albumin, total protein, globulin, β-hydroxybutyrate, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), glucose, fructosamine, amylase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), vitamin B12 , folic acid, cortisol, insulin, and total ionized Ca, P, Ca: P ratio, Mg, Na, K. Cl. Besides the characterization of macro and histopathological findings of the liver and kidneys of sheep that died. Urine was examined in the presence of ketones employing the reagent strip commercial. Sheep subjected to necropsy were collected fragments of liver and kidneys for histopathological analysis. Marked clinical abnormalities were observed in goats with high values for urea, creatinine, NEFA, β-hydroxybutyrate, amylase and cortisol, while total protein, albumin, total calcium, ionized calcium, phosphorus, the calcium and phosphorus, sodium and insulin were found below the reference values for the species. As for glucose, 77.28% of goats were normoglycemic TP and / or hyperglycemic, while only 22.72% were hypoglycemic. The results of the sheep revealed elevated levels of urea, creatinine, glucose, fructosamine, NEFA's, β-hydroxybutyrate, cortisol, chlorine, AST, GGT amylase and folic acid as the variable insulin, total calcium, ionized calcium and potassium were values below the reference values for the species. As for glucose, 82.90% of the sheep were normoglycemic with PD and / or hyperglycemic, while only 17.10% were hypoglycemic. With regard to the macroscopic group of sheep with lower body score showed an increase of the liver, and yellowing and the cutting surface, while the sheep with higher body score these findings were more intense. Kidney was observed on the surface in some pallor of lean animals and light yellowish in animal fat. Regarding histological alterations, it was found in animals with lower body condition, liver vacuolated ranging from rare discreet. As the renal injury, rare tubular vacuolation of epithelial cells were observed in 28,57%. In sheep with higher body condition scores greater percentage of vacuolation in the liver was observed and ranged from moderate to severe. Regarding renal lesions, 33.33% of the animals showed severe lesion vacuolization of tubular epithelial cells. Marked clinical and metabolic changes were observed in goats and sheep PD, in which the increase of the energy profile certain metabolites and hormones are important diagnostic tools for assessing the magnitude of negative energy balance and the clinical condition of the animals. In sheep PD causes significant changes in renal parenchyma, characterized by vacuolization of cells that are associated tubular body condition score of the animal. / A toxemia da prenhez (TP) ocorre principalmente em ovelhas e cabras, suplementadas com concentrado, cuja manifestação se deve a um balanço energético negativo durante o período de transição, no qual as fêmeas apresentam quadro clínico de hipercetonemia, hipoglicemia, cetonúria, anorexia e sinais neurológicos que pode evoluir para a morte. Este trabalho se propõe a realizar um estudo do perfil bioquímico e hormonal em cabras e ovelhas, e anatomopatológico do parênquima hepático e renal em ovelhas com diagnóstico de TP. Foram utilizados dados (fichas clínicas) e material biológico (soro, plasma e tecido) de 45 ovelhas e 22 cabras que foram atendidas na Clínica de Bovinos, Campus Garanhuns/UFRPE, diagnosticadas com TP, no período de janeiro de 2007 a outubro de 2012. As análises realizadas no sangue foram: uréia, creatinina, albumina, proteína total, globulina, β-hidroxibutirato, ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE), glicose, frutosamina, amilase, aspartato aminotransferase (AST), gama glutamiltransferase (GGT), vitamina B12, ácido fólico, cortisol, insulina, Ca total e ionizável, P, relação Ca:P, Mg, Na, K. Cl. Além da caracterização dos achados macro e histopatológicos do fígado e rins das ovelhas que vieram a óbito. Na urina foi examinada a presença de corpos cetônicos empregando-se a fita reagente comercial. Das ovelhas submetidas à necropsia foram coletados fragmentos de fígado e rins para análise histopatológica. Marcadas alterações clínicas foram observadas nas cabras, com valores elevados para ureia, creatinina, AGNE, β-hidroxibutirato, amilase e cortisol, enquanto que a proteína total, albumina, cálcio total, cálcio ionizado, fósforo, a relação cálcio e fósforo, o sódio e a insulina encontraram-se abaixo dos valores de referência para a espécie. Quanto à glicemia, 77,28% das cabras com TP eram normoglicêmicas e/ou hiperglicêmicas, enquanto apenas 22,72% eram hipoglicêmicas. Os resultados obtidos das ovelhas revelaram valores elevados de ureia, creatinina, glicose, frutosamina, AGNE’s, β-hidroxibutirato, cortisol, cloro, AST, GGT amilase e ácido fólico enquanto que a variável insulina, cálcio total, cálcio ionizado e potássio estavam com valores abaixo dos valores de referência para a espécie. Quanto à glicemia, 82,90% das ovelhas com TP eram normoglicêmicas e/ou hiperglicêmicas, enquanto apenas 17,10% eram hipoglicêmicas. Quanto aos achados macroscópicos no grupo de ovelhas com menor escore corporal, foi observado aumento do fígado, além de coloração amarelada na superfície e ao corte, enquanto que nas ovelhas com maior escore corporal estes achados foram mais intensos. Nos rins foi observada palidez na superfície em alguns dos animais magros e leve coloração amarelada em animais gordos. Quanto às alterações histológicas, verificou-se, nos animais com menor escore corporal, fígado com vacuolização que variou de rara a discreta. Quanto às lesões renais, raras vacuolizações em células epiteliais tubulares foram observadas em 28,57%. Nas ovelhas com maior escore corporal maior percentual de vacuolização no fígado foi observada e variou de moderada a acentuada. Quanto às lesões renais, 33,33% dos animais apresentaram lesão acentuada de vacuolizações em células epiteliais tubulares. Marcadas alterações clínicas e metabólicas foram observadas em cabras e ovelhas com TP, em que o aumento de certos metabólitos do perfil energético e hormonal tornam-se importantes ferramentas de diagnóstico para avaliar o balanço energético negativo e a magnitude da condição clínica dos animais. Em ovelhas a TP provoca alterações significativas no parênquima renal, caracterizadas por vacuolização de células tubulares e que estão associados ao escore corporal dos animais.