Com a proposta de selecionar a melhor conformação de um forno para redução carbotérmica com micro-ondas, dois tipos de cavidades com formatos paralepipédico e hexagonal foram projetadas e construídas. Os dois com uma característica em comum, o pleno controle da potência fornecida e da medida da energia de micro-ondas efetivamente aplicada à carga em processo de redução podendo assim realizar balanços de energia e determinação de taxa de reação com altos níveis de confiança. Eles permitem, sobretudo, a medida simultânea de temperatura e de massa do material sob redução, e a fácil reprodutibilidade das condições de ensaio. Os fornos paralepipédico e hexagonal operam com geradores de micro-ondas de 2,45 GHz e potência ajustável até 6 kW. Durante os ensaios as amostras foram mantidas sob atmosfera de argônio. Nos testes operacionais dos fornos procedeu-se à redução carbotérmica de minério de ferro de Carajás, utilizando carvão mineral Chipanga como redutor através de pelotas auto redutoras. Obtiveram-se curvas cinéticas de redução de minério de ferro, temperatura e de consumo de energia durante o processo. Os dados colhidos com estes fornos permitiram realizar análises estatísticas da eficiência de cada tipo de forno através da taxa de reação obtida além da energia de micro-ondas efetivamente consumida na redução do minério. Ainda, foi construído um forno cilíndrico, portanto extrapolando o formato hexagonal, com potência de 15 kW, com o objetivo de averiguar como o conjunto pelotas/cavidade se comporta em condições mais drásticas. / This work deals with two different types of microwave cavities to be used in carbothermic reduction that were designed and built in order to select a better furnace conformation. Parallepipedic and hexagonal shapes were used for this purpose. Both of them share some common characteristics: full control of the power supplied to the furnace, and measurement of the effective microwave power applied to the load under reduction process. These characteristics help to achieve energy balance and reaction rate with high confidence levels. Simultaneous measurements of mass and temperature versus time are also easily done and helps reproduction of each test condition. The parallelepiped and hexagonal ovens are excited by 2.45 GHz microwave generators with adjustable power up to 6 kW. Argon gas atmosphere was used when processing the samples. Operational tests of the carbothermic reduction of iron ore from Carajás were done by the use of self-reducing pellets of Chipanga coal. Temperature and other data collected during the processes allowed calculation of their kinetic curves and energy consumption. The efficiency of each kind of furnace was obtained from statistical analysis of the data using reaction rate as well as the microwave energy consumption. Finally, going further from the hexagonal shape, a cylindrical furnace was built in order to verify the behavior of the pellets/cavity groups in heavier conditions with applied power up to 15 kW.

O inchamento de pelotas de minério de ferro, que pode chegar até 400%, é um assunto que desperta interesse da indústria metalúrgica por gerar diversos problemas durante processos de redução. Ele ocorre por dois motivos, a saber, a mudança da estrutura cristalina na transformação da hematita (Fe2O3) para a magnetita (Fe3O4) e o aparecimento de ferro no formato filamentar durante a última etapa de redução. Diversos fatores influenciam o comportamento das pelotas, como a basicidade binária (CaO/SiO2) e o teor de MgO. Foram realizados experimentos para avaliar o efeito destas duas variáveis em suas propriedades físicas, como resistência à compressão e porosidade, e no comportamento das pelotas durante a redução. Os teores de MgO foram de 0%, 1% e 5%, enquanto a basicidade foi de 0,61 a 1,5. Ao adicionar MgO, a porosidade e a redutibilidade aumentam, enquanto o inchamento e a resistência diminuem. Ao adicionar CaO, a porosidade cai por conta da formação de mais fase líquida durante a queima, há diminuição de inchamento. A redutibilidade aumenta até basicidade 1 e depois apresenta uma leve diminuição em basicidade 1,5. / Iron ore pellets swelling, which can reach up to 400%, is a subject that rises concern in metallurgical industry because of the problems it may cause during reduction processes. Several factors can change pellets behavior concerning swelling, such as binary basicity (CaO/SiO2) and the MgO content. Experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of these two variables in the physical properties of the pellets, such as compression strength and porosity, and in their behavior during reduction as well. MgO was added up to 5% and basicity varied in a range from 0.61 to 1.5. Addition of MgO increased porosity and reducibility, while swelling and strength decreased. Addition of CaO caused porosity to decrease because of the formation of more liquid slag during heat treatment. Is also decreased swelling. Reducibility rises when basicity reaches 1.0, but decreases with further increases in CaO content.

Este estudo propõe uma metodologia para a simulação dinâmica da cadeia de produção mineral. A metodologia proposta permite que modelos complexos sejam construídos rapidamente e com precisão, reduzindo os custos de estudos nas fases de projeto e possibilitando reduções mais expressivas nos custos de implantação e operação do empreendimento. A metodologia proposta abrange todas as etapas de estudo desde a formulação do problema a ser analisado até a implementação dos resultados e foi aplicada em um projeto, durante as fases de FEL 2 e 3 (Projeto Conceitual e Básico). O projeto estudado consiste da produção de produtos de minério de ferro de uma empresa de mineração em Corumbá/MS, incluindo lavra, beneficiamento e transporte do minério beneficiado por ferrovia até o porto de Santos/SP. São apresentadas as premissas, dados de entrada e conceitos para criação de um modelo que integre Pátio de Estocagem da Usina de Beneficiamento, Ferrovia e Porto, além dos dados de saídas do modelo necessários para avaliação e suas análises. Com base nos resultados obtidos foram identificados as ações que podem ser tomadas para o aumento da eficiência do trabalho de modelagem. A aplicação da metodologia proposta permitiu comprovar que um modelo integrado de simulação, envolvendo as diferentes atividades da cadeira de produção mineral, oferece uma visão global dos processos envolvidos e facilita a tomada de decisão. / This study proposes a methodology for dynamic simulation of the mineral supply chain. The proposed methodology allows complex models to be built quickly and accurately, reducing the costs of studies in the design phases and enabling more substantial reductions in the costs of implementation and operation of the enterprise. The proposed methodology covers all stages of study since the problem formulation to be analyzed until the results implementation and was applied in a project, during the phases of FEL 2 and 3 (Pre-Feasibility and Feasibility Study). The project studied consists of the production of iron ore products from a mining company in Corumbá/MS, including mining, beneficiation and transportation of the processed ore by rail to the port of Santos/SP. Assumptions, input data and concepts to create a model that integrates the Stockyard of the Beneficiation Plant, Rail and Port are presented, beyond the outputs data of the model necessary for the assessment and analysis. Based on the results obtained were identified actions that can be taken to increase the efficiency of modeling work. The application of the proposed methodology allowed to demonstrate that an integrated simulation model, involving different activities of the mineral supply chain, provides an overview of the involved process and facilitates decision making.

Esta pesquisa trata da produção do espaço geográfico pela indústria mineral de ferro através do processo de industrialização brasileiro, utilizando a categoria da Formação Social e a Teoria dos Ciclos Juglarianos. A industrialização brasileira ocorreu através da substituição escalonada de importações, transferindo recursos de áreas com capacidade ociosa para áreas deficitárias. A partir da Segunda Guerra Mundial, o desenvolvimento tecnológico ampliou a capacidade de transporte das embarcações, barateando os custos de frete e isso fez com que a produção das minas localizadas em países não-tradicionais na exploração de minério de ferro fossem inseridas no mercado internacional. Os investimentos na expansão da capacidade encontraram limites na fase depressiva da década de oitenta. Na década de noventa, as grandes empresas de mineração participaram de investimentos nos serviços públicos (infra-estrutura de transportes e energia). Na década de noventa também, tem início a expansão do uso do gás natural como matriz energética para a indústria brasileira. Esse fator encaminha para a superação de parte das deficiências na infra-estrutura instalada na região Noroeste do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, onde reservas de minério de ferro e manganês são conhecidas desde a segunda metade do século XIX e onde estão localizadas duas empresas, Urucum Mineração e Mineração e Mineração Corumbaense Reunida, de propriedade, respectivamente da Companhia Vale do Rio Doce e da Rio Tinto, duas das maiores empresas de mineração do mundo. / This research deals with the production of geographic space by iron mineral industry, by means of the brazilian process of industrialization utilizing the category of Social Formation and the theory of Juglarian Cycles. The brazilian industrialization occured athwart the scaled substitution of imports transferring resources from areas of idle capacity to areas in deficit. From the Second World War on, tecnological development amplified the transport capacity of ships, cheapining freight costs and it made the production of mines localized in non-traditional countries in iron ore exploration to be inserted in the international commerce. Investments on capacity expansion encountered limits on the depressive phase in the eighty’s decade. In the ninety’s decada large mining companies participated on investments in public services (transport and energy infrastructure). In the ninety’s, it also began the expansin of natural gas use as energetic matrix for the brazilian industry. This fact leads to the overcoming of part of the infrastructrure deficis installed in the north west of Mato Grosso do Sul, where reserves of iron ore and manganese are known since the second part of the nineteenth century, and where are localized two companies of Urucum Mineração and Mineração Corumbaense Reunidas, properties of Compania Vale do Rio Doce and Rio Tinto, respectivamente, the two largest mining companies of the world.

The exploitation of natural resources lays the foundation for the economic and social development, but also is the root cause of various environmental issues. The study aims to analyze the process of natural resource exploitation, to optimize the extraction and utilization processes, maximizing their economic and social values while reducing the accompanied negative environmental impacts. This dissertation focuses on the impacts of exploitation of mineral and hydrocarbon resources in emerging countries on global warming effect, economy and society. Chapter 2 of the dissertation analyzes the life cycle GHG emissions associated with iron ore mining and processing in China. With rapid economic development and nationwide urbanization, the iron ore demand grows while the ore grade declines significantly, leading to the increasing GHG emissions from iron ore production. Results of the research show that the mean life-cycle GHG emissions for Chinese iron ore production are 270 kg CO2e/tonne, with a 90% confidence interval of 210 to 380 kg CO2e/tonne. The two largest contributors to overall GHG emissions are agglomeration (60%) and ore processing (23%). Iron content (ore grade) varies from 15% to 60% and is the largest contributor (40%) to the uncertainty of the results. Chapter 3 explores the impact of China’s outsourcing of iron resources on the global warming effect. This chapter applies the same life cycle assessment framework of Chinese iron ore in Chapter 2 to Australian and Brazilian ore production, and compares the LCA results of Australian and Brazilian ore to Chinese iron ore. Results show that among the three iron ore sources, Australian iron ore is the optimal choice for reducing GHG emissions. The mean life cycle GHG emissions of Australian iron ore fines is 60% less than that of Chinese iron ore fines (42 kg CO2e/tonne versus 110 kg CO2e/tonne). There is no significant difference between the imported iron ores sourced from Brazil versus the China’s domestic supplied iron ores, but if Chinese ore grade falls below 20% in the future, Brazilian iron ores would be preferred. The largest source of GHG emissions for Australian and Brazilian iron ores comes from ocean shipping (accounts for 58% and 75% of the overall GHG emissions respectively). Chapter 4 studies the impacts of the exploitation of pre-salt natural gas in Brazil. Natural gas production and its associated downstream industries are currently underdeveloped in Brazil, while the on-going exploitation of deep-sea pre-salt reservoir would potentially change the current situation. This study analyzes the impacts of the increasing pre-salt gas production and potential natural gas use pathways in downstream industries. Results reveal that GHG emissions associated with pre-salt gas production vary according to the stage of reservoir exploitation. At the early stage, the estimate of GHG emissions is 5.4 (90%CI: 4.5~6.4) gCO2e/MJ, and the value becomes 7.1 (90% CI: 6.3~8.0) gCO2e/MJ for the intermediate stage. All six natural gas use pathways analyzed in the study emit less GHG on average than their current corresponding incumbent pathways. The mean GHG emissions reduction from natural gas use for power generation, nitrogen fertilizer production, methanol production, as the reducing agent for steel making, ethylene-based polymer production, heavy-duty vehicle fueling are estimated to be 0.83, 2.3, 0.38, 35, 2.6 and 0.078 million tonnes CO2 equivalent per year, respectively. The specific economic profits of the six pathways are affected by the prices of natural gas and traditional fuel. Under current fuel prices, the net annual profits for the six pathways are -270, 87, 92, 1700, 190 and -1500 million dollars, respectively. The job creation potential from the pathways of power generation, nitrogen fertilizer production, methanol production and as reducing agent for steel production are estimated to be 28, 17, 5 and 36 thousand, respectively.

The Nkout (Cameroon) and Putu (Liberia) oxide facies iron ore deposits comprise fresh magnetite banded iron formation (BIF) at depth, which weathers towards the surface, forming high grade martite–goethite ores. This study aimed to improve the mineralogical understanding of these deposits in order to predict their metallurgical responses. It concentrated on developing the QEMSCAN® technique and testing its application to these ore types, but also used a variety of other analysis methods. The QEMSCAN® species identification protocol was developed to include three goethite entries: goethite/limonite, phosphorus-bearing and aluminium-bearing goethite. QEMSCAN® was also used to distinguish between the iron oxides using their backscattered electron signals. To test the correlation between the mineralogy and metallurgical characteristics, magnetic separations were carried out. The samples were divided into 4 main groups based on their whole rock Fe content, determined by XRF analysis, and their degree of weathering: enriched material, weathered magnetite itabirite, transitional magnetite itabirite and magnetite itabirite. Quartz and Al oxide and hydroxide minerals such as gibbsite are the major gangue minerals in the magnetite BIF and martite–goethite ores respectively. From the QEMSCAN® analysis it was concluded that the iron oxides are closely associated and liberation of them individually is poor. Liberation increases when they are grouped together as iron oxide. Chamosite concentrations > 6 wt. % significantly lower liberation of the iron oxides. From the metallurgical testing, it was concluded that iron oxide modal mineralogy gives an indication of iron recovery but other QEMSCAN® data such as mineral association and liberation could be important especially if the iron oxide minerals are not liberated. Grain size and instrument characteristics also affect recovery of iron minerals. There is no evidence to show that there is any structural control on the BIF mineralisation at Nkout because metamorphism has significantly affected the lithological characteristics. The BIF mineralised zones occur as stacks with no particular stratigraphic relationship. Alteration and stratigraphy are the main controls on the martite–goethite ores. These results are applicable to most other BIFs so that as direct shipping ores are exhausted, the approach used here can help to develop the lower grade portions of the deposits.

Extensive work is reported in literature on the reduction of iron oxides with carbonaceous reductants. Most of this work considered isothermal reaction of the material mixture, although as shown in some studies, isothermal reaction conditions are not often the norm because of sample size and heating arrangement in the experiment. In industrial processes, such as the rotary hearth type processes and the IFCON® process for iron ore reduction, the norm is non-isothermal reaction. Simulation of industrial processes should take non-isothermal reaction into account if the heat transfer effects within the process are to be investigated. To avoid the complications of coal volatiles in the experimental set-up, few studies were done with coal as reductant. The primary aim of the work presented here is to quantify radiation heat transfer to the surface of an iron ore and coal mixture heated uni-directionally from the sample surface to show the importance of heat transfer in the IFCON® process. Secondary aim of this work are to show the effects of layer thickness, coal volatiles, phase chemistry and particle size in this reaction system. The experimental set-up consists of a tube furnace modified to transport the sample into and out of the experimental tube furnace heating zone under a protected atmosphere, whilst the product gas is analysed throughout the experiment by quadropole mass spectrometer. The sample surface temperature, heating zone temperatures and material bed temperatures were measured throughout the experiment. A sample cutter-splitter was developed to divide the reacted sample into three horizontal segments for chemical analyses. The sample surface temperature and the heating zone temperatures were used as inputs to a radiation network calculation to quantify radiation heat transferred to the sample surface. The radiation network calculation was calibrated against heat-mass balance calculations for pre-reduced ore and graphite samples reacted at furnace temperatures of 1300, 1400 and 1500°C. The results show that radiative and conduction heat transfer control prevails for 16 mm to 40 mm material layers heated uni-directionally from the material layer surface. It is shown that coal volatiles contribute to reduction in the stagnant material layer. Also, smaller particle sizes result in increased reaction rates because of a decrease in the diffusion limited effects which were seen in reaction of the base size of coal and ore particles. / Thesis (PhD (Metallurgical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering / unrestricted

Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia inovadora de seqüenciamento de lavra em minério de ferro a qual, além de considerar os parâmetros operacionais e econômicos das técnicas tradicionais, permite uma abordagem ambiental proativa para sequenciar a lavra de forma a antecipar a exaustão de parte da cava para disposição do estéril dentro da cava final. A metodologia proposta de seqüenciamento ordenado de lavra permite reduzir a área degradada a ser reabilitada na mina, com significativos benefícios associados à reducão do impacto ambiental, sem comprometer as metas de produtividade e competitividade econômica da lavra. A metodologia de seqüenciamento ordenado de lavra foi aplicada em um estudo de caso de projeto de lavra de minério de ferro, e os resultados alcançados comprovaram os benefícios esperados com a aplicação da metodologia proposta. / This paper presents a innovative approach for an environmentally pro-active mine scheduling process. The proposed methodology has been developed for identifying a mine sequence that meets all operational and economical constraints in iron-ore mining, and takes into account a pro-active approach for scheduling the mine according to environmental criteria. The proposed methodology allows a significant reduction of the environmental impact related to the mining operation without compromising productivity and the economical feasibility of the mine. The methodology has been applied to a case study of iron ore mining in Brazil, where the expected benefits have been proven.

A realização deste estudo teve por objetivo caracterizar o funcionamento de uma célula pneumática de flotação e comparar o seu desempenho às diferentes tecnologias [células mecânicas e colunas de flotação] já instaladas e em operação nos circuitos industriais da Samarco Mineração - no Circuito de Grossos e no Circuito de Finos. Utilizou-se, para a realização dos ensaios e/ou das análises, uma célula mecânica laboratorial [modelo Wemco®], uma célula pneumática piloto [modelo MBE®] e um medidor de tamanho de bolhas e de velocidade superficial do ar [modelo APBS®]. Neste estudo, utilizaram-se amostras coletadas na alimentação dos dois referidos circuitos industriais de flotação - executando-se, posteriormente, etapas complementares de caracterização mineralógica, levantamento de dados e análise estatística dos resultados. Como conclusões, em maior relevância, citam-se: a) Para as células pneumáticas, maiores aplicabilidades industriais foram identificadas para o modelo Pneuflot®, processando carvão e em operações na China. Foram mapeadas células de 4,1 a 5,0 m de diâmetro processando volumes de polpa superiores a 1.000 m3/h; b) Em análise de influência das variáveis, foi identificado que o percentual de sólidos da alimentação e a velocidade da polpa no distribuidor possuem elevada influência sobre as variáveis respostas do processo de flotação; c) Em célula pneumática, em escala piloto e em regime batch, observou-se que: para a flotabilidade de sílica, a constante cinética (k) foi fortemente influenciada pela granulometria, sendo de 0,719 min-1 para a amostra CG e de 0,237 min-1 para a amostra CF; d) Utilizando-se de modelos cinéticos, dimensionaram-se circuitos de células pneumáticas. Conforme especificações atualmente praticadas e sem otimizações, seriam necessárias 8 células para o Circuito de Grossos e 11 células para o Circuito de Finos. e) Em comparativos entre células mecânicas e colunas de flotação [em escala industrial], constataram-se maiores eficiências de circuitos contendo células pneumáticas [dimensionados a partir de resultados em escala piloto]; e f) Em análise de dispersão do ar, realizaram-se medições e/ou identificação das correlações existentes entre as variáveis velocidade superficial do ar (Jg), diâmetro médio de bolhas ou diâmetro de Sauter (d32), hold-up do ar (Eg) e fluxo superficial de área de bolhas (Sb). / This study aimed to characterize the operation of pneumatic cells and compare their performance to other different technologies [mechanical cells and columns] already installed and in operation in the industrial circuits of the company Samarco Mineração - Circuit of Coarse materials and Circuit of Fine materials. It was used, for the tests and/or assays, a laboratorial mechanical cell [Wemco® model], a pilot pneumatic cell [MBE® model] and a bubbles size and superficial air velocity measurer [APBS® model]. For these, feed samples of both industrial flotation circuits were taken - followed by complementary steps of mineralogical characterization, data collection and statistical analyzes of results. As conclusions, in higher relevance, have been noted: a) For the pneumatic cells, larger industrial applications were identified for the Pneuflot® model, processing coal and in operation in China. Cells measuring from 4,1 to 5,0 m of diameter were listed processing volumes higher than 1.000 m3/h; b) In an analysis of the influence of variables, it was identified that the percentage of solids in the feed and the velocity of slurry in the distributor have high influence on the process responses of flotation; c) In a pneumatic cell, on a pilot scale and under batch regime, for the floatability of silica, the kinetic constant (k) was strongly influenced by the size of particles, of 0,719 min-1 for the sample CG [from Coarse Circuit] and of 0,237 min-1 for the sample CF [from Fine Circuit]; d) Using kinetic models, circuits of pneumatic cells have been designed. According to the current specifications and without optimizations, 8 cells would be necessary for the Coarse Circuit and 11 cells for the Fine Circuit; e) In comparisons between mechanical cells and columns [on an industrial scale], greater efficiencies were noted for circuits containing pneumatic cells [designed from results on a pilot scale]; and f) In an analysis of the air dispersion, measurements and/or identification of existing correlations between the variables superficial air velocity (Jg), bubble size diameter (d32), air hold-up (Eg) and superficial area bubble flux (Sb) have been done.

Esta dissertação está baseada no trabalho desenvolvido para adequar a usina de Conceição 1 (da Vale S.A.) para o processamento de itabiritos compactos e semi compactos, situada em Itabira-MG. Até 2014, a usina de Conceição 1 foi alimentada com hematitas e itabiritos friáveis e produzia cerca de 22 Mt/ano. Com o consumo progressivo das reservas de minérios friáveis, tornou-se necessário que a usina processasse minérios mais competentes e com menor teor de Fe: itabiritos compactos e semi compactos (40%Fe). Até então, este material era considerado estéril, uma vez que os circuitos de beneficiamento não possuíam capacidade para transformá-lo em concentrados, tendo em vista às exigências de mercado. Portanto, o principal objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o processo de ramp-up para aumentar a capacidade de alimentação da planta para 34 Mt/ano. O dimensionamento dos equipamentos, desenho dos circuitos, bem como as premissas adotadas durante o projeto de adequação serão apresentados neste estudo. Comparando a curvas de ramp-up prevista à praticada, notou-se que houve perdas mássicas consideráveis. Dentre os principais fatores responsáveis, está a grande quantidade de materiais compactos alimentados à usina com granulometria e, talvez, dureza maior do que poderia ser previsto. Os teores de ferro na alimentação da flotação e a qualidade dos concentrados (sínter feed e pellet feed) mostraram-se um pouco abaixo, também, do previsto, porém satisfatórios A estratégia de divisão por fases teve forte impacto positivo, evitando perdas maiores, pois reduziu o número de dias de parada consideravelmente. O desenvolvimento do projeto, denominado FRAGCOM (fragmentação e cominuição), pode ter ajudado a revelar as soluções para os problemas encontrados: este visou a obter melhorias no processo de desmonte e, consequentemente, na cominuição. Os resultados analisados de alguns testes deste projeto mostraram que, na britagem, a usina atingiu maiores taxas de produtividade nesta ocasião. Dado que a britagem é o primeiro circuito de processamento (um gargalo), isto é um fator relevante. Para estes testes foi utilizada uma razão de carga maior no desmonte. Com esta e outras melhorias, uma maior quantidade de material compacto pôde ser processado. Por fim, os resultados mostraram que a falta de aderência da curva de produção prevista com respeito à praticada, deveu-se entre outros fatores, à maior dificuldade de alimentação do circuito de moagem, impactado pelo baixo rendimento operacional da britagem. / This dissertation is based on the work developed to adapt the plant of Conceição 1 (Vale S.A.) to the processing of compact and semicompact itabirites, located in Itabira-MG, southeastern Brazil. Conceição 1 plant was fed with friable hematite and itabirite and produced 22 Mt/year) until 2014. With the progressive consumption of friable ore reserves, it became necessary to process more competent and lower grade ores: compact and semicompact itabirites. Until then, this material was considered waste, since the beneficiation circuits did not have the capacity to transform it into concentrates, especially regarding market requirements. Therefore, the main objective of this work was to analyze the ramp up process in order to fed 34Mt/year. The adopted strategies and their impacts on ramp up process to achieve the production rate were analyzed. Equipment scaling, circuit design, as well as, premises and tests, which were performed during the adaptation project, are presented in this study. Comparing the planned ramp-up curve to the implemented curve, it was noted considerable mass losses. The amount of compacts that fed the plant with particle size and perhaps hardness greater than could be predicted is among main responsible factors The content of Fe in the feed of the flotation and the quality of the concentrates (sinter feed and pellet feed) was a little lower than was expected, but satisfactory. The phasing strategy had a strong positive impact, avoiding greater losses, as it considerably reduced the number of shutdown days. The development of the FRAGCOM (fragmentation and comminution) project may have helped to reveal solutions to the encountered problems: this project aimed to improve the blasting process and, consequently, the comminution. The results of some tests of this project showed that the crushing achieved higher productivity rates at that time. Since crushing is the first processing circuit (a bottleneck), this is a relevant factor. For these tests, a higher blasting load ratio was used. With this and other improvements, a greater amount of compact material could be processed. Finally, the results suggested that the mass losses occurred greater difficulty in feeding the grinding circuit, impacted by the low operational efficiency of the crushing.