Thesis (doctoral)--Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin, 1863. / Vita.

Thèse : Mécanique : Faculté des sciences de Paris : 1831. Thèse : Astronomie : Faculté des sciences de Paris : 1831. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre.

A study of laminar free convection about horizontal plates of finite width with one side heated isothermally and the other insulated is presented in this thesis. This investigation forms part of a continuing program, and its technological origin and significance are discussed in the introduction. The governing partial differential equations comprising the continuity, momentum and energy equations are solved numerically through a finite difference method using a successive-over relaxation technique for a Rayleigh number range from 0.22 to 500, at three values of Prandtl number (0.72, 5.0 and 10.0). The variation of the flow, vorticity and temperature fields with the change of both Grashof and Prandtl numbers is discussed on the basis of the streamline, iso-vorticity and isothermal plots obtained . The effect of Prandtl number alone on the momentum field, energy distribution and heat transfer rate is discussed, by a comparison of the isotherms, streamlines and correlation curves obtained for the three different Prandtl numbers. The theoretical analysis places emphasis on the singular nature of the boundary conditions specified and on the influence of the finite size of the domain of the finite difference scheme. Some results for an upward facing horizontal isothermally heated plate of finite width were also obtained, and were compared to data for the downward facing case. A semi-focussing Schlieren colour system was used order to investigate experimentally the flow behaviour on a horizontal plate with the heated surface facing-downward The experimental results sought were evidence of the non-boundary layer nature of the flow. The evidence of non-boundary layer flow was obtained conclusively. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Mechanical Engineering, Department of / Graduate

Orientador: Paulo Roberto Mei / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T12:29:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Finamor_FelipePereira_M.pdf: 7096775 bytes, checksum: f9779c193bdb5089e6373c577ae23cc9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O aumento da razão da carga transportada por eixo tem sido fundamental para redução dos custos de transporte, porém é exigido cada vez mais das interações roda-trilho. Neste aspecto para se garantir a segurança dos bens transportados e o menor desgaste da roda é necessário o desenvolvimento de novos aços com maior dureza, porém sem redução de ductilidade. Uma das estratégias é se adicionar aos mesmos microadições (< 0,5 % em massa) de nióbio ou vanádio, os quais, em solução sólida na austenita atrasam sua decomposição em produtos difusionais, elevando a resistência mecânica dos aços. Neste trabalho foram avaliados dois aços com 0,7 %C microligados ou não ao nióbio-molidbênio e produzidos pela MWL Brasil para a fabricação de rodas ferroviárias, segundo a classe D da AAR (Association of American Railroads). Foram realizados ensaios dilatométricos para o levantamento das curvas de transformação isotérmica e o estudo das curvas de escoamento à quente dos aços microligados e não microligados através dos ensaios de compressão à quente de único passe. A adição dos microligantes provocaram atrasos na cinética de transformação austenita/perlita na ordem de 4 vezes e um pequeno aumento da dureza dos produtos de reação no aço microligado ao nióbio e molibdênio para as transformações isotérmicas avaliadas por dilatometria e aumentaram numa razão de 1,3 a 1,4 as tensões de pico e em 1,5 a 3 as deformações de pico para todas as faixas de temperatura e deformação analisadas para o aço microligado / Abstract: The increase in cargo transported by axis has been a critical factor in reducing transportation costs, requiring more and more of the wheel-rail interaction. In this aspect to ensure the safety of transported goods and the a reduction in the wear of the railwheel is necessary to develop new steels with higher hardness without loosing ductility. One strategy is to add small amounts of alloy elements (<0.5 wt%) of niobium or vanadium which in solid solution in austenite retards the diffusional decomposition and raise the mechanical strength of the steels. The object of this study was to evaluate two steels with 0.7 % C microalloyed or not with niobium-molybdenum, which were produced by MWL Brasil for the production of railway wheels, according to Class D of AAR (Association of American Railroads) standards. Dilatometric tests were carried out to evaluate the isothermal transformation of microalloyed or not steels, and the flow curves were evaluated through microalloyed steels or not in a single hot compression tests. The addition of microalloying elements have delayed the kinetics of austenite transformation to pearlite in the order of 4 times and slightly increase the hardness of the reaction products in niobium and molybdenum microalloyed steel for isothermal transformations evaluated by dilatometry and increased in a ratio of 1.3 to 1.4 the peak stresses and 1.5 to 3 the peak strain for all ranges of temperature and strain analyzed for the microalloyed steel / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

This work focuses on the hydration of four calcium aluminate phases – C3A, C12A7, CA and CA2. Above all, the influence of particle size and method of preparation on hydration behaviour were studied. Influence of these factors on hydration products were also investigated. Calcium aluminates were prepared by solid state synthesis and amorphous citrate method. Both methods were described in detail. The particle size was determined by laser diffraction. Isothermic calorimetry was used to investigate the process of hydration. Hydration products were identified by X-ray diffraction analysis and simultaneous thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis.

Volume overload is a common feature in patients on haemodialysis (HD). This contributes significantly to the cardiovascular disease burden seen in these patients. Clinical assessments of the volume state are often inaccurate. Techniques such as interdialytic blood pressure, relative blood volume monitoring, bioimpedance are available to improve clinical effectives. However all these techniques exhibit significant shortcomings in their accuracy, reliability and applicability at the bed side. We evaluated the usefulness of a dual compartment monitoring technique using Continuous Segmental Bioimpedance Spectroscopy (CSBIS) and Relative Blood Volume (RBV) as a tool to assess hydration status and determine dry weight. We also sought to evaluate the role of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) and B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) as a volume marker in dialysis patients. The Retrospective analysis of a historical cohort (n = 376, 55 Diabetic) showed a significant reduction in post-dialysis weights in the first three months of dialysis (72.5 to 70kg, p<0.027) with a non-significant increase in weight between months 6-12. The use of anti-hypertensive agents reduced insignificantly in the first 3 months, increased marginally between months 3-6 and significantly increased over the subsequent 6 months. The residual urea clearance (KRU) fell and dialysis times increased. The cohort was very different to that dialysing at Tassin and showed a dissociation between weight reduction and BP control. This may relate to occult volume overload. CSBIS-RBV monitoring in 9 patients with pulse ultrafiltration (pulse UF) showed distinct reproducible patterns relating to extra cellular fluid (ECF) and RBV rebound. An empirical Refill Ratio was then used to define the patterns of change and this was related to the state of their hydration. A value closer to unity was consistent with the attainment of best achievable target weight. The refill ratio fell significantly between the first (earlier) and third (last) rebound phase (1.97 ± 0.92 vs 1.32 ± 0.2). CSBIS monitoring was then carried out in 31 subjects, whilst varying dialysate composition, temperature and patient posture to analyse the effects of these changes on the ECF trace and to ascertain whether any of these interventions can trigger a change in the slope of the ECF trace distinct to that caused by UF. Only, isovolemic HD caused a change in both RBV and ECF in some patients that was explained by volume re-distribution due to gravitational shifts, poor vascular reactivity, sodium gradient between plasma and dialysate and the use of vasodilating antihypertensive agents. This has not been described previously. These will need to be explored further. The study did demonstrate a significant lack of comparability of absolute values of RECF between dialysis sessions even in the same patient. This too has not been described previously. This is likely to be due to subtle changes in fluid distribution between compartments. Therefore a relative changes must be studied. This sensitivity to subtle changes may increase the usefulness of the technique for ECF tracking through dialysis. The potential of dual compartment monitoring to track volume changes in real time was further explored in 29 patients of whom 21 achieved weight reductions and were able to be restudied. The Refill Ratio decreased significantly in the 21 patients who had their dry weights reduced by 0.95 ± 1.13 kg (1.41 ± 0.25 vs 1.25 ± 0.31). Blood pressure changes did not reach statistical significance. The technique was then used to examine differences in vascular refill between a 36oC and isothermic dialysis session in 20 stable prevalent patients. Pulse UF was carried out in both these sessions. There were no significant differences in Refill Ratios, energy removed and blood pressure response between the two sessions. The core temperature (CT) of these patients was close to 36oC and administering isothermic HD did not confer any additional benefit. Mean BNP levels in 12 patients during isovolemic HD and HD with UF did not relate to volume changes. ANP concentrations fell during a dialysis session in 11 patients from a mean 249 ± 143 pg/ml (mean ± SD) at the start of dialysis to 77 ± 65 pg/ml at the end of the session (p<0.001). During isolated UF levels did not change but fell in the ensuing sham phase indicating a time lag between volume loss and decreased generation. (136±99 pg/ml to 101±77.2 pg/ml; p<0.02) In a subsequent study ANP concentrations were measured throughout dialysis and in the post-HD period for 2 hours. A rebound in ANP concentration was observed occurring at around 90 min post-HD. The degree of this rebound may reflect the prevailing fluid state and merit further study. We have shown the utility of dual compartment monitoring with CSBIS-RBV technique and its potential in assessing volume changes in real time in haemodialysis patients. We have also shown the potential of ANP as an independent marker of volume status in the same setting. Both these techniques merit further study.