Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging paradigm about building a massive internet to link billions of non-living things to make smart decisions for humans and improve their quality of life. For many of IoT devices, such as wireless sensor nodes dispersed in the environment, there is not much control over their placements or orientations. Thus, there is a need to develop orientation insensitive antennas that ensure reliable data transmission irrespective of devices’ positions or orientations. As billions of such IoT devices required in the future, a low-cost fabrication process suitable for mass manufacturing must be adapted. Antenna in package (AiP) concept is beneficial that the package is utilized to realize the antennas, not only saving space but also reducing the overall cost. For orientation insensitivity, antennas must be near isotropic and even have to maintain their radiation pattern for multi-bands or wide bandwidths in most applications. However, there is a dearth in the literature about design methodologies for near isotropic antennas, particularly for multi-bands near isotropic AiP designs. In addition, a near isotropic behavior is also important for polarization, particularly for CP antennas. To have simultaneous isotropy in radiation pattern and circular polarization is challenging. In the nut shell, this thesis presents theoretical models and derives conditions for wire AiP design for different specifications, single-band and dual-band near isotropic antennas, null free near isotropic antenna with wide CP coverage, and a full CP antenna with decent near isotropy (with very narrow null beam). The single-band AiP has only 5.05 dB gain variation at WiFi/BLE band and the dual-band AiP has a decent near isotropic radiation property and covers both GSM900 and GSM1800 bands. The theoretical model for null-free near isotropic antenna with wide CP coverage is presented with particle swarm optimization (PSO). The full CP antenna has a measured CP coverage of 70% with a small null in the radiation pattern. The results are promising and indicate that the conditions and methods proposed are useful for the future near isotropic AiP design. Also, this work provides designers flexibility to adjust the AiP design according to their own applications.

ITC/USA 2011 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Seventh Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2011 / Bally's Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada / The Isotropic radiator, a device capable of radiating energy evenly in all directions is an abstraction, itsʼ real counterpart is called an omnidirectional (omni) antenna. The omnidirectional antenna is found on many vehicles. Ideally, only one receiving system is ever needed to acquire an omni, no matter the vehicle orientation, given the range is not excessive. There are trade-offs with antenna efficiency, with gain typically around -15 dBi (95% coverage). This paper proposes abandoning this paradigm. If a vehicle knows where the ground is why radiate energy up into the sky, where there are no receiving stations. This can be achieved by integrating some instrumentation with a discrete antenna array so that it radiates only from selected elements. The accuracy required is modest, an inexpensive Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) is sufficient to improve link margin by 10, 20dB or more. These numbers are credible, as outlandish as they are, and substantiated in this paper. Ironically, from the ground this non-isotropic antenna looks very isotropic. Of significant benefit, this Smarter Antenna concept enables spatial discrimination and with that comes spectrum efficiency gains beyond that achieved by other means including advanced modulation formats.