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William Watters was American Methodism's first itinerant preacher born in America. Although raised in an Anglican home, Watters was converted under the preaching and influence of Methodist preachers and soon became a class leader. At the invitation of Robert Williams, one of John Wesley's earliest workers in America, Watters embarked on his first itinerant preaching journey to the southeastern region of Virginia in October 1772. Watters quickly rose to prominence in the budding Methodist movement as a preacher and leader and was appointed to his first circuit at the 1773 Conference. As the Revolutionary War against Britain grew more intense Wesley's missionaries left the country or went into hiding. As a result Watters became a significant leader of Methodism, which included becoming the first American Methodist to chair a Methodist Conference in 1778. In the late 1770's the growing problem of limited access to the ordinances of baptism and communion came to a head with Methodists in Virginia and North Carolina ordaining themselves so that they could administer the ordinances. This created a split in American Methodism since preachers north of Virginia disagreed with these actions. In 1779 and 1780 the split was even more evident, with two separate annual conferences meeting. William Watters was the only preacher determined not to allow American Methodism to suffer irreparable damage from the schism. His proactive peacemaking efforts resulted in the reunification of the movement that met in a united Conference in 1781. Watters gave America Methodism fifty years of distinguished service as an itinerant preacher, a local pastor, trustee and benefactor. Health took William Watters off the punishing circuits but it could never keep him from serving the Lord through American Methodism. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D.Th.(Church History)

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:42:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandra Filipak.pdf: 21022854 bytes, checksum: f1bb018689daabfa36334cff40e0659f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work is resulted of a study made on the Itinerant School in MST’s camps as a public politics of field education in the Paraná State. This public politic was a development from the social fight movements of the field and the new state configurations in Brazil that consider lists of claims in the cultural perspective and wide citizenship, which appears in the last years political scenery. The Itinerant School as public politics was approved in December of 2003 by the State Council of Education of the Paraná State (Advisory 1012/03 in 08/12/2003). Considering this the work intends to look to the Itinerant School ‘Caminhos do Saber’, in Maila Sabrina camp, located in Ortigueira, PR, from the diversity of their people actions and the complexity of their reality. The main objective is analyze how the public politics of field education, the Itinerant School, is appropriated and reflects in the social, cultural and political reality by people from it. The field research was made in the itinerant school daily attendance, as well as through interviews based on the teachers and local people life history involved with the education. The text is composed, initially for the presentation of thirteen narratives of life histories, following by the description and analysis of the field works and of the interaction researcher-community's experiences in that context. After that it presents a theoretical and methodological discussion in an interdisciplinary perspective among History, Sociology, Pedagogy, Psychology and Cultural Studies considering the notions of identities, oral history, subjectivity, culture, school culture, multiculturalism besides working with the revisions on of state, wide citizenship, public politics, social movements, among others. Inside those discussions, reflections and dialogues appear regarding the complexity of the social, cultural and political reality of the implantation of the public politics. / Este trabalho é resultado de um estudo realizado sobre a Escola Itinerante em acampamentos do MST como uma política pública de Educação do Campo no Estado do Paraná. Essa política pública foi um desdobramento a partir da luta dos movimentos sociais do campo e de novas configurações do Estado no Brasil que passa a considerar pautas de reivindicações na perspectiva cultural e de cidadania ampliada, que aparecem no cenário político dos últimos anos. A Escola Itinerante como política pública foi aprovada em dezembro de 2003 pelo Conselho Estadual de Educação do Paraná – (parecer nº 1012/03 de 08/12/2003). Diante disso, esse trabalho pretende olhar para a Escola Itinerante Caminhos do Saber, no acampamento Maila Sabrina, em Ortigueira, PR, a partir da diversidade de ações de seus sujeitos, da complexidade da realidade. O objetivo central é analisar como a política pública de Educação do Campo, a Escola Itinerante é apropriada e ressignificada na realidade social, cultural e política do acampamento pelos dos sujeitos que dela fazem parte. O trabalho de campo se deu no acompanhamento do cotidiano escolar da Escola Itinerante, assim como nas entrevistas de história de vida com educadores, educadoras e pessoas da comunidade acampada envolvidas com a educação. O texto está composto, inicialmente pela apresentação de treze narrativas de histórias de vida, seguido da descrição e análise dos trabalhos de campo e das experiências da interação pesquisadora-comunidade nesse contexto. Após esse início, apresenta-se uma discussão teórica e metodológica numa perspectiva interdisciplinar entre História, Sociologia, Pedagogia, Psicologia e Estudos Culturais quanto às noções de identidades, história oral, subjetividade, cultura, cultura escolar, multiculturalismo além de trabalhar com as revisões sobre Estado, cidadania ampliada, política pública, movimentos sociais, entre outros. No interior dessas discussões, surgem reflexões e diálogos a respeito da complexidade da realidade social, cultural e política da implantação de uma política pública.

Epitaxial growth is an important technique for the fabrication of film structures with good crystalline quality, e.g., monoatomic overlayers, multilayers, compound materials, and ordered alloys. Such epitaxially grown films are technologically important materials with, e.g., adjustable electronic, magnetic, and optical properties. In case of coherent or pseudomorphic epitaxy, the overlayer adapts the in-plane lattice parameters of the substrate, i.e., the overlayer is strained to match the lattice parameters parallel to the substrate surface (in-plane directions). Simultaneously, a relaxation of the film dimension perpendicular to the substrate-film interface occurs (out-of-plane direction). Thus, coherent epitaxy provides a method to put phases under strain, and it can stabilise a metastable state of the film material, if the substrate lattice matches this metastable structure. Bulk-like properties in thick overlayers, which adopt the body-centred tetragonal (BCT) crystal structure and which grow coherently on a suitable substrate with quadratic surface symmetry, are modelled by the epitaxial Bain path (EBP) in this thesis. The knowledge of the EBP allows to study properties of the overlayer as function of the substrate lattice parameter. In particular, strain effects on the film material, magnetic order in the overlayer, and the existence of possible metastable states are investigated by means of density functional theory (DFT) in the local spin density approximation (LSDA), and in the singular case of uranium, employing the generalised gradient approximation (GGA). Note that a symmetry property of the BCT structure states, that it is identical to the body-centred cubic (BCC) structure or the face-centred cubic (FCC) structure for definite ratios of the tetragonal lattice parameters. Our definition of the EBP has two, previously not considered consequences for EBPs in general: an EBP can be discontinuous, and the high symmetry cubic structures (FCC and BCC) need not be points on the EBP. Both cases occurred for several elements considered in this thesis. If, however, a cubic structure is a point on the EBP, then a symmetry property guarantees that the total energy along the EBP, E(a), is stationary at this cubic structure. We computed the EBPs of all transition metals (TMs), the post TMs Zn, Cd, and Hg, the alkaline earth metals Ca, Sr, and Ba, the lanthanides La and Lu, and the actinide U (35 elements were treated in total). For each element but Zr, Hg, and U, there are exactly two structures whose energies are minima on the EBP, and which exhibit neither in-plane nor out-of-plane stresses; for Zr, Hg, and U there are three minima each. All other states on the EBP exhibit in-plane stresses because they are a strained form of the stress-free structures. The possibility of metastability of these particular, stress-free structures, i.e., stabilisation of these structures without bonding to the substrate, was investigated by stability conditions based on linear elasticity theory (except for U). We predict that ten FCC structures and three BCT structures not known from the respective phase diagrams may be metastable. We studied the properties of ferromagnetic (FM) states on the EBP for the elements Fe, Co, and Ni, and moreover predict, that Mn, Ru, Os, and U order ferromagnetically for certain states of the EBP. The latter three elements are paramagnetic in their ground states. The onset of ferromagnetism in Os and U is not accompanied by a simultaneously fulfilled Stoner criterion. According to our results, antiferromagnetic order (with moment sequences up-down or up-up-down-down on successive (001) planes) is never more stable than FM order on any EBP for any element investigated. On the basis of our comprehensive results for all TMs, we analysed trends across each of the three TM series and similarities among the three series. We demonstrate, that the type of the EBP (a classification of extrema of E(a) by symmetry into types) follows a characteristic trend across each of the three TM series. We discuss exceptions (Mn, Fe, and Zr) to this trend. Another trend, identical for the three series, is found for the BCT­-FCC structural energy difference as function of the d-band filling (evaluated for BCT structures that define extrema of E(a)), which follows a similar trend as the well studied BCC­-FCC structural energy difference. Clear similarities among the three periods of elements are also reflected in the bulk moduli and in the elastic constants of the cubic or tetragonal structures, that define the global and local minima of E(a). The mentioned similarities suggest, that many properties which are associated with the EBPs of TMs, can be attributed to the occupation of the d-band, which is the most dominant feature of the electronic structure of TMs.

William Watters was American Methodism's first itinerant preacher born in America. Although raised in an Anglican home, Watters was converted under the preaching and influence of Methodist preachers and soon became a class leader. At the invitation of Robert Williams, one of John Wesley's earliest workers in America, Watters embarked on his first itinerant preaching journey to the southeastern region of Virginia in October 1772. Watters quickly rose to prominence in the budding Methodist movement as a preacher and leader and was appointed to his first circuit at the 1773 Conference. As the Revolutionary War against Britain grew more intense Wesley's missionaries left the country or went into hiding. As a result Watters became a significant leader of Methodism, which included becoming the first American Methodist to chair a Methodist Conference in 1778. In the late 1770's the growing problem of limited access to the ordinances of baptism and communion came to a head with Methodists in Virginia and North Carolina ordaining themselves so that they could administer the ordinances. This created a split in American Methodism since preachers north of Virginia disagreed with these actions. In 1779 and 1780 the split was even more evident, with two separate annual conferences meeting. William Watters was the only preacher determined not to allow American Methodism to suffer irreparable damage from the schism. His proactive peacemaking efforts resulted in the reunification of the movement that met in a united Conference in 1781. Watters gave America Methodism fifty years of distinguished service as an itinerant preacher, a local pastor, trustee and benefactor. Health took William Watters off the punishing circuits but it could never keep him from serving the Lord through American Methodism. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D.Th.(Church History)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-19T11:50:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 schwenck2011.pdf: 2958691 bytes, checksum: d852522775a23a85b32e495686870eff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-28 / This study verify the construction of the informational mediation of the itinerant museum Ciência Móvel: vida e saúde para todos , since the designing of their exhibitions until its completion, through the cultural and informational dynamics that took place there through several informational and communicational interactions among their actors, partners, objects, and public. It identifies various aspects of science communication that permeate its team and remarks on the cultural and social role of Moving Science in science perception of the public. For a better understanding of this scenario it was held exploratory field research applying a combination of methodological techniques derived from the qualitative methodology, by conducting field observations, document analysis and interviews with staff of the itinerant museum. By analyzing the collected data it was possible to identify where the informational exchanges take place, who are the main actors involved in these interactions, the relationships established during the process and the importance of this museum in the dissemination and popularization of science and health. / Este estudo verifica a construção da mediação informacional do museu itinerante Ciência Móvel: vida e saúde para todos , desde a concepção de suas exposições, até a sua realização, através da dinâmica cultural e informacional ocorrida em seu espaço por meio de variadas interações informacionais e comunicacionais entre seus atores, parceiros, objetos e o público. Identifica diferentes vertentes da divulgação científica que permeiam sua equipe e suas considerações sobre a função cultural e social do Ciência Móvel para a percepção pública da ciência. Para maior compreensão deste cenário, realizou-se pesquisa de campo exploratória, na qual foi aplicada uma combinação de técnicas metodológicas oriundas da metodologia qualitativa, tendo sido realizadas observações de campo, análise de documentos e entrevistas com a equipe desse museu itinerante. Com a análise dos dados coletados foi possível identificar em quais espaços ocorrem as trocas informacionais, quem são os principais atores envolvidos nestas interações, as relações que se estabelecem ao longo do processo e a importância deste museu na divulgação e popularização da ciência e da saúde.

In this thesis, I study the electronic and structural phase diagrams of the superconducting 122 iron pnictides systems Ba1-xKx(Fe1-yCoy)2As2 and EuFe2(As1-xPx)2 by means of the local probe techniques 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy (MS) and muon spin relaxation (muSR). For both isovalent substitution strategies - Co/K for Fe/Ba and P for As, respectively - the antiferromagnetic Fe ordering and orthorhombic distortion of the parent compounds BaFe2As2 and EuFe2As2 are subsequently suppressed with increasing chemical substitution and superconductivity arises, once long-range and coherent Fe magnetic order is sufficiently but not entirely suppressed. For Ba1-xKx(Fe1-yCoy)2As2 in the charge compensated state (x/2=y), a remarkably similar suppression of both, the orthorhombic distortion and Fe magnetic ordering, as a function of increasing substitution is observed and a linear relationship between the structural and the magnetic order parameter is found. Superconductivity is evidenced at intermediate substitution with a maximum Tsc of 15 K coexisting with static magnetic order on a microscopic length scale. The appearance of superconductivity within the antiferromagnetic state can by explained by the introduction of disorder due to nonmagnetic impurities to a system with a constant charge carrier density. Within this model, the experimental findings are compatible with the predicted s± pairing symmetry. For EuFe2(As1-xPx)2, the results from 57Fe MS and ZF-muSR reveal an intriguing interplay of the local Eu 2+ magnetic moments and the itinerant magnetic Fe moments due to the competing structures of the iron and europium magnetic subsystems. For the investigated single crystals with x=0.19 and 0.28, 57Fe MS evidences the interplay of Fe and Eu magnetism by the observation of a transferred hyperfine field below Tafm at which the Eu subsystem orders into a canted A-type AFM magnetic structure. Furthermore, an additional temperature dependent out-of-plane tilting of the static Fe hyperfine field is observed below the onset of static Eu ordering. ZF-muSR shows a strong increase of the local field at the muon site below Tafm=20 K and a crossover from isotropic to anisotropic Eu spin-dynamics between 30 and 10 K. The temperature dependence of the spin dynamics, as derived from the muSR dynamic relaxation rates, are related to a critical slowing down of Eu-spin fluctuations which extends to even much higher temperatures (~100 K). They also effect the experimental linewidth observed in the 57Fe MS experiments. The strong influence of the Eu magnetic order onto the primary observables in both methods prevents conclusive interpretation of the experimental data with respect to a putative interplay of Fe magnetism and superconductivity.

Epitaxial growth is an important technique for the fabrication of film structures with good crystalline quality, e.g., monoatomic overlayers, multilayers, compound materials, and ordered alloys. Such epitaxially grown films are technologically important materials with, e.g., adjustable electronic, magnetic, and optical properties. In case of coherent or pseudomorphic epitaxy, the overlayer adapts the in-plane lattice parameters of the substrate, i.e., the overlayer is strained to match the lattice parameters parallel to the substrate surface (in-plane directions). Simultaneously, a relaxation of the film dimension perpendicular to the substrate-film interface occurs (out-of-plane direction). Thus, coherent epitaxy provides a method to put phases under strain, and it can stabilise a metastable state of the film material, if the substrate lattice matches this metastable structure. Bulk-like properties in thick overlayers, which adopt the body-centred tetragonal (BCT) crystal structure and which grow coherently on a suitable substrate with quadratic surface symmetry, are modelled by the epitaxial Bain path (EBP) in this thesis. The knowledge of the EBP allows to study properties of the overlayer as function of the substrate lattice parameter. In particular, strain effects on the film material, magnetic order in the overlayer, and the existence of possible metastable states are investigated by means of density functional theory (DFT) in the local spin density approximation (LSDA), and in the singular case of uranium, employing the generalised gradient approximation (GGA). Note that a symmetry property of the BCT structure states, that it is identical to the body-centred cubic (BCC) structure or the face-centred cubic (FCC) structure for definite ratios of the tetragonal lattice parameters. Our definition of the EBP has two, previously not considered consequences for EBPs in general: an EBP can be discontinuous, and the high symmetry cubic structures (FCC and BCC) need not be points on the EBP. Both cases occurred for several elements considered in this thesis. If, however, a cubic structure is a point on the EBP, then a symmetry property guarantees that the total energy along the EBP, E(a), is stationary at this cubic structure. We computed the EBPs of all transition metals (TMs), the post TMs Zn, Cd, and Hg, the alkaline earth metals Ca, Sr, and Ba, the lanthanides La and Lu, and the actinide U (35 elements were treated in total). For each element but Zr, Hg, and U, there are exactly two structures whose energies are minima on the EBP, and which exhibit neither in-plane nor out-of-plane stresses; for Zr, Hg, and U there are three minima each. All other states on the EBP exhibit in-plane stresses because they are a strained form of the stress-free structures. The possibility of metastability of these particular, stress-free structures, i.e., stabilisation of these structures without bonding to the substrate, was investigated by stability conditions based on linear elasticity theory (except for U). We predict that ten FCC structures and three BCT structures not known from the respective phase diagrams may be metastable. We studied the properties of ferromagnetic (FM) states on the EBP for the elements Fe, Co, and Ni, and moreover predict, that Mn, Ru, Os, and U order ferromagnetically for certain states of the EBP. The latter three elements are paramagnetic in their ground states. The onset of ferromagnetism in Os and U is not accompanied by a simultaneously fulfilled Stoner criterion. According to our results, antiferromagnetic order (with moment sequences up-down or up-up-down-down on successive (001) planes) is never more stable than FM order on any EBP for any element investigated. On the basis of our comprehensive results for all TMs, we analysed trends across each of the three TM series and similarities among the three series. We demonstrate, that the type of the EBP (a classification of extrema of E(a) by symmetry into types) follows a characteristic trend across each of the three TM series. We discuss exceptions (Mn, Fe, and Zr) to this trend. Another trend, identical for the three series, is found for the BCT­-FCC structural energy difference as function of the d-band filling (evaluated for BCT structures that define extrema of E(a)), which follows a similar trend as the well studied BCC­-FCC structural energy difference. Clear similarities among the three periods of elements are also reflected in the bulk moduli and in the elastic constants of the cubic or tetragonal structures, that define the global and local minima of E(a). The mentioned similarities suggest, that many properties which are associated with the EBPs of TMs, can be attributed to the occupation of the d-band, which is the most dominant feature of the electronic structure of TMs.

No description available.