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State and Parametric Estimation of Li-Ion Batteries in Electrified VehiclesNarayan, Anand January 2017 (has links)
The increasing demand for electric vehicles (EVs) has led to technological advancementsin the field of battery technology. State of charge (SOC) estimation is a vital function ofthe battery management system - the heart of EVs, and Kalman filtering is a commonmethod for SOC estimation. Due to the non uniformities in tuning and testing scenarios,quantifying performance of SOC estimation algorithms is difficult. Gathering data fordifferent operational scenarios is also cumbersome. In this thesis, SOC estimation algorithmsare developed and tested for a variety of scenarios like varying sensor noise andbias properties, varying state and parameter initializations as well as different initial celltemperatures. A validated and open-source simulation plant model is used to enable easygathering of data for different operational scenarios.The simulation results show that unscented Kalman filter performs better than extendedKalman filter in presence of hard nonlinearities and high initial uncertainties. However,both filters gave similar performance under nominal conditions implying that the choiceof estimation algorithms must depend on operational scenarios. Observability analysisalso gave valuable information to aid in selection of algorithms. The simulation plantmodel facilitated easy data collection for initial development of algorithms, which werethen tested successfully using a real dataset. Further testing using real datasets is requiredto enhance validation. / Den ¨okande efterfr°agan p°a elfordon har lett till teknologiska framsteg inom omr°adet batteriteknik.Estimering av batteriets laddningstillst°and ¨ar en essentiell funktion i batteristyrsystemet,hj¨artat i ett elfordon, och g¨ors ofta genom att till¨ampa metoden Kalmanfiltrering.P°a grund av varierande implementations och testmetodik i litteraturen ¨ar detsv°art att kvantifiera estimeringsalgoritmer. I denna avhandling utvecklas algoritmer f¨oratt estimera ett batteris laddningstillst°and. Algoritmerna testas f¨or olika former av sensorfeloch initialtillst°and, samt f¨or en rad olika temperaturer. En validerad datormodell avbatteri, sensorer och omgivning nyttjas f¨or att generera representativa data f¨or de olikaf¨orh°allandena.Simuleringsresultat visar att den s°a kallade doftl¨osa varianten av Kalmanfiltret (UKF)presterade b¨attre ¨an det utvidgade Kalmanfiltret (EKF) i fall d¨ar systembeteendet ¨ar mycketolinj¨art och d°a initialtillst°andet ¨ar os¨akert. Under normala f¨orh°allanden presterardock de b°ada algoritmerna likv¨ardigt, vilket antyder att valet av algoritm b¨or g¨oras medavseende anv¨andningsscenario. En observerbarhetsanalys av de olika filtervarianterna gavytterligare v¨ardefull information f¨or valet av algoritm. Efter utveckling av filtreringsalgoritmernai simuleringsmilj¨o utf¨ordes tester p°a faktiska m¨atdata med goda resultat. F¨or attfullst¨andig validering av algoritmerna kr¨avs emellertid mer utt¨ommande tester.
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Investigation of sinusoidal ripple current charging techniques for Li-ion cellsVadivelu, Sunilkumar January 2016 (has links)
In recent years, the demand for Li-ion-type batteries has been increasing significantly in various fields of applications including portable electronics, electric vehicles, and also in renewable energy support. These applications ask for a highly efficient charging strategy in order to maintain a long life cycle of the batteries. Recently, a new charging technique referred as sinusoidal ripple current-constant voltage charging (SRC-CV) technique has been proposed and is in certain publications claimed to realize an improved charging per-formance on Li-ion batteries than conventional constant-current constant-voltage charg-ing (CC-CV) techniques. In this thesis, the charging performance of the SRC-CV charging method applied to a prismatic Li-ion cell for an automotive traction application is inves-tigated. An existing experimental setup is upgraded to realize charging of the Li-ion cells using the SRC-CV charging method. Electrochemical impedance spectrums of three Li-ion cells have been obtained using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). These spectrums were used to determine the charging ripple-current frequency where the mag-nitudes of the ac impedance of the cell are minimized. Key parameters like charging time, discharging time, and energy efficiency are calculated in order to compare the charg-ing performance of the CC-CV and SRC-CV charging techniques. The results reported from the experimental results obtained in this thesis indicate that there is no significant improvement with the SRC-CV charging method (implemented using a constant ripple-current frequency) compared to the CC-CV method in terms of charging time and energy efficiency. / På senare tid har behovet av batterier av Li-jontyp ökat kraftigt inom ett flertal applikationsområden inkluderande portabel elektronik, elfordon och miljövänlig elenergiproduktion. I dessa applikationsområden behövs en högeffektiv laddstrategi för att möjliggöra ett stort antal cyklingar av batterierna. Nyligen har en new laddmetod, benämnd sinusoidal ripple current-constant voltage-laddning (SRC-CV-laddning) föreslagits och har i vissa publikationer demonsterat en förbättring av laddprestanda hos Li-jonbatterier jämfört med konventionell constant-current constant-voltage-laddning (CC-CV-laddning). I detta examensarbete undersöks laddprestandan hos SRC-CV och CC-CV-laddning när de appliceras på prismatiska Li-jonceller avsedda för traktionsdrift. En existerande experimentuppsättning har uppgraderats för att realisera laddcykling med SRC-CV-laddning. Med hjälp av elektrokemisk impedansspektroskopi på tre Li-jonceller har den frekvens vid vilken magnituden på cellernas impedans är minimerad identifierats. Nyckelparametrar såsom laddtid, urladdningstid och energieffektivitet har uppmätts för både SRC-CV- och CC-CV-laddning. De experimentella resultaten visar ingen signifikant förbättring mellan SRC-CV-laddning (implementerat med en konstant rippelströmfrekvens) och konventionell CC-CV-laddning.
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