Stress-induced JNK activity has been implicated in apoptosis. Gene disruption studies have established that JNK signaling is required for some forms of apoptosis. However, it was not clear whether and how JNK was able to deliver an apoptotic signal, because JNK and its regulated-downstream transcriptional factors control a variety of gene activities and multiple biological functions. I have studied this question by using constitutively activated JNK that is independent of upstream signaling. The results indicate that activated JNK is sufficient to deliver an apoptotic signal that causes cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Significantly, this apoptotic signal requires pro-apoptotic Bc12 proteins of Bax and Bak to mediate the downstream apoptotic program. This part of work established the apoptotic activity of JNK signal transduction and the key downstream components of JNK-stimulated apoptotic signal. Two pathways are known to mediate apoptosis in response to apoptotic stimulations: death receptor pathway and mitochondrial pathway. It has been established that JNK is required for the apoptosis mediated by mitochondria in response to ultraviolet irradiation and some genetic stress. However, the mechanisms are not fully understood. It is well known that Bax and Bak are indispensable downstream components leading to apoptotic mitochondrial changes and that other Bc12 family members can regulate the relative apoptotic activity of Bax and Bak. In conjunction with the first part of the research, I have investigated the hypothesis that JNK-mediated regulation of BH3-only Bc12 members contributes to its apoptotic activity. These results indicate that JNK-mediated phosphorylation of Bim and Bmf promotes the release of these proapoptotic BH3-only proteins from their sequestration and these factors become free to initiate apoptosis. This part of work established one mechanism of activated JNK-stimulated apoptosis. This mechanism may contribute to the phenomenon that Jnk1-/-Jnk2-/- fibroblasts are resistant to ultraviolet irradiation-induced apoptosis.

No description available.

In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the expression of many pro-destructive/pro-inflammatory proteins depends on the transcription factor AP-1. Therefore, our aim was to analyze the presence and functional relevance of mutations in the coding regions of the AP-1 subunits of the fos and jun family in peripheral blood (PB) and synovial membranes (SM) of RA and osteoarthritis patients (OA, disease control), as well as normal controls (NC). Using the non-isotopic RNAse cleavage assay, one known polymorphism (T252C: silent; rs1046117; present in RA, OA, and NC) and three novel germline mutations of the cfos gene were detected: (i) C361G/A367G: Gln121Glu/Ile123Val, denoted as “fos121/123”; present only in one OA sample; (ii) G374A: Arg125Lys, “fos125”; and (iii) C217A/G374A: Leu73Met/Arg125Lys, “fos73/125”, the latter two exclusively present in RA. In addition, three novel somatic cjun mutations (604–606ΔCAG: ΔGln202, “jun202”; C706T: Pro236Ser, “jun236”; G750A: silent) were found exclusively in the RA SM. Tansgenic expression of fos125 and fos73/125 mutants in NIH-3T3 cells induced an activation of reporter constructs containing either the MMP-1 (matrix metalloproteinase) promoter (3- and 4-fold, respectively) or a pentameric AP-1 site (approximately 5-fold). Combined expression of these two cfos mutants with cjun wildtype or mutants (jun202, jun236) further enhanced reporter expression of the pentameric AP-1 construct. Finally, genotyping for the novel functionally relevant germline mutations in 298 RA, 288 OA, and 484 NC samples revealed no association with RA. Thus, functional cfos/cjun mutants may contribute to local joint inflammation/destruction in selected patients with RA by altering the transactivation capacity of AP-1 complexes.

L’étude ici présentée porte sur l’histoire de la traduction et de la réception de Stendhal en Chine depuis les années 1920. Il s’agit de mettre en relief, par une approche comparatiste, les images nuancées du romancier et les caractéristiques de la réception de ses œuvres dans les différentes époques. En effet, les études sur Stendhal en Chine sont étroitement liées au contexte social et politique de la société chinoise. Le Rouge et le Noir, roman étranger qui connaît le plus de traductions chinoises, est considéré tantôt comme un chef-D’œuvre de la littérature réaliste, tantôt comme une « herbe vénéneuse » contre le Parti communiste. La réception de Stendhal en Chine reflète, dans une certaine mesure, celle de toute la littérature occidentale. Nous avons essayé de mettre en évidence les facteurs essentiels à la réception de Stendhal en Chine et les transformations des œuvres du romancier face à l’épreuve d’une culture et d’une société étrangères. / The study hereby presented tackles the history of the translation and reception of Stendhal in China since the 1920s. The aim is to point out, by the comparative approach, different images of the novelist and features of reception of Stendhal’s works in China during different periods. The study of Stendhal in China is closely associated with social and political contexts of China’s society. The Red and the Black, the most translated foreign novel in China, is sometimes considered as a masterpiece of realist literature, sometimes as a poisonous weed against the Communist Party. The reception of Stendhal in China reflects the whole history of reception of western literature to some degree. We have tried to reveal the essential factors for the reception of Stendhal in China and the transformation of his literary works during this experience in the foreign culture and society.

During World War II, the Army Air Force waged three strategic air offensives in and from China against Japan. At first, the Flying Tigers and 10th Air Force constituted the whole of American aid to China, but the effort soon expanded. Supported by Chiang Kai-shek, Claire Chennault and his 14th Air Force waged an anti-shipping campaign, to which the Japanese Imperial Army responded with Operation Ichigo and against which Joseph Stilwell accurately warned. 20th Bomber Command used B-29s to wage Operation Matterhorn, failed, and later conducted PACAID missions. 14th Air Force then waged a counterproductive transportation campaign as The Pacific War, also known as the Greater East Asian War, ended. Events in the China-Burma-India and China Theaters provide lessons in logistics, targeting, training, and air-ground cooperation that are applicable in the post-Cold War era.

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma of childhood, with two predominant histologic subtypes: embryonal and alveolar. These histologies display distinct clinical courses, and despite refinements in dose and duration of multimodality therapy, the 5-year overall survival of patients diagnosed with metastatic RMS remains <30%. Thus, there is an urgent need to define novel targets for therapeutic intervention. Interrogation of cancer cell signal transduction pathways that regulate the pathogenic behaviours of tumor cells has been successful in defining targets in numerous tumor types. These have ultimately yielded clinically-relevant drugs that have improved the disease-free and overall survival of patients diagnosed with cancer. Work contained in this thesis describes the interrogation of several potential targets for inhibition in RMS. Interruption of RMS cell proliferation, survival and apoptosis is examined through disruption of the protein kinase integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and the nuclear receptor estrogen-receptor β. ILK, in particular, is demonstrated to have dual competing functions through the regulation of c-jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling: an oncogene in alveolar, and a tumor suppressor in embryonal RMS. These findings are recapitulated in other tumor cell lines, indicating that expression levels of JNK1 correlate with ILK function in a broad spectrum of tumor types. Furthermore, interruption of rhabdomyosarcoma cell migration as a surrogate marker of metastasis is examined through disruption of the stromal-cell derived factor 1α/chemokine (CXC)receptor 4 signaling network, as well as through cooperative interactions between ILK and the mammalian target of rapamycin. Finally, we demonstrate that the insulin-like growth factor pathway is a potential target for therapeutic inhibition, which also distinguishes tumors of embryonal and alveolar histology. These studies provide a rationale for the development of novel agents, as well as the use of established drugs targeting these pathways in rhabdomyosarcoma.

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma of childhood, with two predominant histologic subtypes: embryonal and alveolar. These histologies display distinct clinical courses, and despite refinements in dose and duration of multimodality therapy, the 5-year overall survival of patients diagnosed with metastatic RMS remains <30%. Thus, there is an urgent need to define novel targets for therapeutic intervention. Interrogation of cancer cell signal transduction pathways that regulate the pathogenic behaviours of tumor cells has been successful in defining targets in numerous tumor types. These have ultimately yielded clinically-relevant drugs that have improved the disease-free and overall survival of patients diagnosed with cancer. Work contained in this thesis describes the interrogation of several potential targets for inhibition in RMS. Interruption of RMS cell proliferation, survival and apoptosis is examined through disruption of the protein kinase integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and the nuclear receptor estrogen-receptor β. ILK, in particular, is demonstrated to have dual competing functions through the regulation of c-jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling: an oncogene in alveolar, and a tumor suppressor in embryonal RMS. These findings are recapitulated in other tumor cell lines, indicating that expression levels of JNK1 correlate with ILK function in a broad spectrum of tumor types. Furthermore, interruption of rhabdomyosarcoma cell migration as a surrogate marker of metastasis is examined through disruption of the stromal-cell derived factor 1α/chemokine (CXC)receptor 4 signaling network, as well as through cooperative interactions between ILK and the mammalian target of rapamycin. Finally, we demonstrate that the insulin-like growth factor pathway is a potential target for therapeutic inhibition, which also distinguishes tumors of embryonal and alveolar histology. These studies provide a rationale for the development of novel agents, as well as the use of established drugs targeting these pathways in rhabdomyosarcoma.

Ο καρκίνος της ουροδόχου κύστης είναι η τέταρτη συχνότερη κακοήθεια στους άνδρες και η δέκατη στις γυναίκες και η ετήσια επίπτωσή του αυξάνει συνεχώς στις ανεπτυγμένες χώρες. Oι προγνωστικοί παράγοντες που χρησιμοποιούνται σήμερα δεν μπορούν να προβλέψουν με βεβαιότητα την μακροπρόθεσμη έκβαση του ουροθηλιακού καρκίνου και έτσι προκύπτει η ανάγκη αναγνώρισης δεικτών με δυνατότητα πρόγνωσης της συμπεριφοράς των καρκινωμάτων. Επιπλέον, δεδομένων των περιορισμένων δυνατοτήτων των σημερινών θεραπευτικών επιλογών (χειρουργική αντιμετώπιση, χημειοθεραπεία ή ανοσοθεραπεία και ακτινοθεραπεία), απαιτούνται νέες θεραπευτικές στρατηγικές. Μία τέτοια στρατηγική είναι η στόχευση σε μεταγραφικούς παράγοντες όπως οι πυρηνικοί υποδοχείς και οι upstream ενεργοποιητές τους. Η διαταραχή αυτών των μεταγραφικών παραγόντων είναι κομβικό σημείο της έναρξης και διατήρησης του κακοήθους φαινοτύπου. O πυρηνικός υποδοχέας PPARγ εμπλέκεται στον έλεγχο του μεταβολισμού, την κυτταρική ανάπτυξη, την αγγειογένεση και την ανοσολογική και φλεγμονώδη απάντηση. Επιπρόσθετα, υπάρχουν ενδείξεις ότι ρυθμίζει τους μηχανισμούς καταστολής αλλά και προαγωγής της καρκινογένεσης. Ο RXRα είναι επίσης μέλος της υπεροικογένειας των πυρηνικών υποδοχέων και ετεροδιμερίζεται με τον PPARγ προς σχηματισμό του συμπλόκου που αλληλεπιδρά με το DNA. Οι προσδέτες των RXR υποδοχέων έχουν ήδη χρησιμοποιηθεί στη χημειοπρόληψη διαφόρων μορφών καρκίνου. Ο μεταγραφικός παράγoντας AP-1, απαρτίζεται από διμερή των Fos και Jun πρωτεϊνών και η δράση του σχετίζεται με την πρόοδο της καρκινογένεσης. Υπάρχουν πάντως και ενδείξεις για προ-αποπτωτική δράση του. Η CBP είναι ένας απ’ τους σημαντικότερους ολοκληρωτές σημάτων της μεταγραφής. Ο ανταγωνισμός μεταξύ των PPARγ και AP-1 για τη CBP είναι ένας απ’ τους μηχανισμούς που εξηγούν την αρνητική «συνομιλία» (cross-talk) μεταξύ των PPARγ και AP-1. Στην παρούσα μελέτη εξετάσαμε τόσο ξεχωριστά όσο και σε συνδυασμό μεταξύ τους, την έκφραση των πέντε μοριακών παραγόντων (PPARγ, RXRα, p-c-Jun, c-Fos, CBP) στο φυσιολογικό ουροθήλιο, τις προκαρκινικές αλλοιώσεις και τα ουροθηλιακά καρκινώματα (ΟΚ). Τα ιστικά δείγματα προήλθαν από 88 ασθενείς οι οποίοι υπέστησαν διαγνωστική βιοψία ή θεραπευτική κυστεκτομή, νεφρεκτομή ή ουρητηρεκτομή. Εφαρμόστηκε η ανοσοϊστοχημική μέθοδος σε τομές παραφίνης και εκτιμήθηκε η σχετική έκφραση των μελετώμενων παραγόντων στα ενδοκυττάρια διαμερίσματα, τις ενδοεπιθηλιακές στιβάδες και τις φυσιολογικές ή παθολογικές ιστολογικές βαθμίδες. Όλοι οι παράγοντες παρουσίασαν κυρίως πυρηνική εντόπιση. Η έκφραση του p-c-Jun ελαττώνεται στους ασθενείς άνω των 70 ετών σε σχέση με τους νεώτερους, ενώ κανένα άλλο απ’ τα μελετώμενα μόρια δε φαίνεται να επηρεάζεται από την ηλικία. Η έκφραση των PPARγ, CBP, p-c-Jun και c-Fos σημειώνει αύξηση κατά την πορεία προς τον καρκίνο. Όσο αφορά στα ΟΚ, οι PPARγ και CBP παρουσιάζουν αρνητική συσχέτιση με την αποδιαφοροποίηση. Επιπλέον ο PPARγ συσχετίζεται αρνητικά με την απόκτηση χαρακτήρων διήθησης στα ΟΚ. Αντιθέτως, η έκφραση του RXRα δεν διακυμαίνεται στατιστικώς σημαντικά σε όλη την πορεία της καρκινογένεσης. Η ανάλυση της συνδυασμένης έκφρασης των πέντε παραγόντων έγινε με σκοπό την αποκάλυψη ενδεχόμενων αλληλεπιδράσεων μεταξύ τους. Η προστατευτική δράση του PPARγ στο ουροθήλιο συνοδεύεται από ταυτόχρονη μέτρια ή ισχυρή έκφραση των RXRα, p-c-Jun και c-Fos. Αναλυτικά, η αυξανόμενη έκφραση του p-c-Jun συμπίπτει με ενίσχυση της θετικής συσχέτισης του PPARγ με καλύτερα διαφοροποιημένους, λιγότερο διηθητικούς όγκους, ενώ ο c-Fos φαίνεται να εξασθενίζει ήπια την ευνοϊκή δράση του PPARγ στη διαφοροποίηση του ουροθηλίου. Η αυξανόμενη έκφραση της CBP έδειξε να εξασθενίζει και τελικά να εκμηδενίζει τη στατιστικά σημαντική αύξηση του PPARγ στην πορεία προς τον καρκίνο και την επαγωγή του στους μη διηθητικούς όγκους σε σύγκριση με τους διηθητικούς. Ταυτόχρονα, η αρνητική σχέση της CBP με την αποδιαφοροποίηση και την αύξηση της κακοήθειας των ΟΚ επηρεάζεται από την παρουσία των PPARγ και AP-1, επιβεβαιώνοντας την υπόθεση της συνομιλίας αυτών των μοριακών παραγόντων. Ενδιαφέρουσα είναι η παρατήρηση ότι οι περισσότερες από τις αναφερθείσες πιο πάνω συσχτίσεις μεταξύ των μοριακών παραγόντων ίσχυαν για μεγαλύτερους των 70 ετών αλλά όχι πάντα για τους νεώτερους ασθενείς. Τα αποτελέσματα της παρούσας μελέτης μπορούν πιθανόν να οδηγήσουν σε συμπεράσματα με εφαρμογή σε χημειοπροληπτικές και θεραπευτικές στρατηγικές για τον ουροθηλιακό καρκίνο. / Bladder cancer is the fourth and tenth most common malignancy in men and women, respectively, and its incidence is increasing annually in the developed countries. Current prognostic parameters cannot predict with certainty the long-term outcome of bladder cancer and as a result there is a need to identify markers that may predict tumor behavior. Furthermore, given the limitations of current therapeutic options (surgery, chemotherapy or immunotherapy and radiotherapy), novel treatment strategies are very much needed. One such strategy targets transcription factors such as nuclear receptors and their upstream activators. Disruption of these transcription factors is a key element in the initiation and maintenance of a malignant phenotype. The nuclear receptor PPARγ is involved in controlling metabolism, cell growth, angiogenesis, and immune and inflammatory responses. In addition, it has also been suggested that it regulates tumor suppression as well as tumor promotion. RXRα is another member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, that partners PPARγ to form the DNA-binding complex. RXR ligands are already being used as chemopreventive agents in various types of cancer. The transcription factor AP-1 is formed by dimerization of Jun and Fos proteins and its activity is often associated with tumor progression. On the other hand, there is also evidence that AP-1 may enhance apoptosis. CBP is one of the most important transcriptional integrators. The competition of PPARγ and AP-1 for CBP is one of the multiple mechanisms that explain the negative PPARγ/AP-1 cross-talk. In the present study, we assessed separate and concurrent expression of the five factors (PPARγ, RXRα, p-c-Jun, c-Fos, CBP) in normal urothelium, precancerous lesions and urothelial carcinomas (UC). Clinical samples were derived from 88 patients who had undergone diagnostic biopsy or therapeutic excision of the bladder, the kidney or the ureter. Parafin section immunohistochemistry was utilized and relative expression was estimated in intracellular compartments, intraepithelial layers and histologic categories of urothelium. All five factors had mainly nuclear pattern of expression. P-c-jun was downregulated in patients older than 70 years old compared to younger ones, whereas age did not affect the expression of the rest four factors. PPARγ, CBP, p-c-Jun and c-Fos were upregulated towards tumorigenesis. PPARγ and CBP showed an inverse relationship with carcinoma level of differentiation. Moreover, PPARγ expression downregulated significantly in invasive tumors compared to non-invasive ones. On the contrary, RXRα expression did not vary significantly along the carcinogenesis course. The following correlations were based on coexpression analysis to reveal molecular interactions between the five factors. The established protective effect of PPARγ on urothelium was accompanied by concomitant RXRα, p-c-Jun and c-Fos moderate or strong expression. In detail, p-c-Jun’s increasing expression strengthened the positive relation of PPARγ with better differentiated, less invasive tumors, whereas c-Fos seemed to mildly lessen PPARγ’s favourable effect in urothelium differentiation. Statistically significant PPARγ upregulation in malignant tissues compared to normal urothelium and in non-invasive tumors compared to invasive ones is suppressed and finally cancelled by CBP’s increasing expression. PPARγ and AP-1 seemed to influence the negative relation of CBP with loss of differentiation and increase of malignant potential in UC, an observation that denotes a cross-talk between these molecular factors. Interestingly, most of the aforementioned correlations were noticed in patients older than 70 years old, but not all of them were plausible in younger patients. The results from the present study could lead to conclusions possibly applicable in chemoprevention and therapy strategies for urothelial carcinomas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ItaloBS_DISSERT_Parcial.pdf: 1092449 bytes, checksum: 84033c6935995f4df8913ea7b715a8e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-16 / The study of complex systems has become a prestigious area of science, although relatively young . Its importance was demonstrated by the diversity of applications that several studies have already provided to various fields such as biology , economics and Climatology . In physics , the approach of complex systems is creating paradigms that influence markedly the new methods , bringing to Statistical Physics problems macroscopic level no longer restricted to classical studies such as those of thermodynamics . The present work aims to make a comparison and verification of statistical data on clusters of profiles Sonic ( DT ) , Gamma Ray ( GR ) , induction ( ILD ) , neutron ( NPHI ) and density ( RHOB ) to be physical measured quantities during exploratory drilling of fundamental importance to locate , identify and characterize oil reservoirs . Software were used : Statistica , Matlab R2006a , Origin 6.1 and Fortran for comparison and verification of the data profiles of oil wells ceded the field Namorado School by ANP ( National Petroleum Agency ) . It was possible to demonstrate the importance of the DFA method and that it proved quite satisfactory in that work, coming to the conclusion that the data H ( Hurst exponent ) produce spatial data with greater congestion . Therefore , we find that it is possible to find spatial pattern using the Hurst coefficient . The profiles of 56 wells have confirmed the existence of spatial patterns of Hurst exponents , ie parameter B. The profile does not directly assessed catalogs verification of geological lithology , but reveals a non-random spatial distribution / O estudo dos sistemas complexos tornou-se uma ?rea prestigiada da ci?ncia, apesar de ser relativamente jovem. Sua import?ncia foi comprovada pela diversidade de aplica??es que v?rios estudos j? proporcionaram para campos diversos como os da Biologia, Economia e Climatologia. Na F?sica, a abordagem dos sistemas complexos vem criando paradigmas que influenciam de forma marcante os novos m?todos, trazendo para a F?sica Estat?stica problemas de n?vel macrosc?pico n?o mais restritos a estudos cl?ssicos como os da Termodin?mica. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo fazer uma compara??o e verifica??o dos aglomerados estat?sticos de dados relativos aos perfis de S?nico (DT), Raio Gama (GR), Indu??o (ILD), Neutr?nico (NPHI) e Densidade (RHOB) por serem grandezas f?sicas medidas durante a perfura??o de po?os explorat?rios de fundamental import?ncia para localizar, identificar e caracterizar reservat?rios de petr?leo. Foram utilizados os softwares: Statistica, Matlab R2006a, Origin 6.1 e Fortran para a compara??o e verifica??o dos dados dos perfis de po?os de petr?leo da Escola Campo Namorado cedidos pela ANP (Ag?ncia nacional de petr?leo). Foi poss?vel evidenciar a import?ncia do m?todo DFA e que o mesmo mostrou-se bastante satisfat?rio no referido trabalho, chegando-se a conclus?o que os dados do H (expoente de Hurst) produzem dados espaciais com uma maior aglomera??o. Portanto, constatamos que ? poss?vel encontrar padr?o espacial usando o coeficiente de Hurst. Os perfis dos 56 po?os comprovaram a exist?ncia de padr?es espaciais dos expoentes de Hurst, ou seja, par?metro B. O perfil avaliado n?o cataloga diretamente a verifica??o da litologia geol?gica, mas revela a exist?ncia de uma distribui??o espacial n?o aleat?ria / 2024-12-31

Pyrazoloanthrone and its analogues form the central core of the thesis and the work is focused on the evaluation of chemical and biological applications of pyrazoloanthrones. Selective and sensitive detection of biologically, environmentally and industrially important molecular species such as fluoride, cyanide and picric acid by using pyrazoloanthrones as sensors form the first part while the second part deals with selective and specific kinase inhibition by pyrazoloanthrones to moderate inflammation associated disorders like septic shock. All the investigations are based on extensive crystallographic studies of the participating molecules. Chapter 1 provides a brief review on the history and biological importance of 1,9-pyrazoloanthrones. The potential of these molecules as probes in sensor chemistry and protein kinase inhibition is envisaged. A short account of the techniques employed for the investigations along with a preamble is presented. Chapter 2 is divided into two parts. Part A deals with the design of a colorimetric and “turn-on” fluorescent chemosensor based on 1,9-pyrazoloanthrone specifically for cyanide and fluoride ion detection. A remarkable solid state reaction indicated by the development of intense red color occurs when crystals of tetrabutylammonium cyanide/fluoride are brought in physical contact with 1,9¬pyrazoloanthrone resulting in corresponding molecular complexes (Figure 1). X-ray crystal structures of these complexes and also of 1,9-pyrazoloanthrone have been determined and the ion sensing activity has been substantiated on the basis of spectroscopic (absorption, fluorescence and NMR) and structural analyses. The crystal structure of the parent compound exhibits a disorder as a consequence of tautomerism and the disorder gets carried on to the complexes as well with even the cyanide and the fluoride ions showing partial occupancy sites. The presence of the –NH group and associated intramolecular charge transfer upon complex formation is attributed to the extreme sensitivity of 1,9-pyrazoloanthrone for cyanide and fluoride (detection limits of 0.2 ppb and 2 ppb) ions respectively. Figure 1. Development of intense red color during the solid state reaction (shown on left) and the turn on fluorescence behavior (shown to the right) Part B demonstrates the utilization of electron rich N-alkyl substituted pyrazoloanthrones to design sensors for detecting explosive and electron deficient nitro aromatics such as picric acid (PA). The N-alkyl derivative of 1,9-pyrazoloanthrone has been synthesized, characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies and evaluated as a potent sensor for picric acid. NMR and fluorescence lifetime measurements validate that the fluorescence quenching of sensor compound by PA (Figure 2) as due to the formation of excited state charge-transfer complex resulting in dynamic quenching. Figure 2. Fluorescence quenching measurements demonstrating the dynamic quenching in the charge transfer complex. Chapter 3 deals with the biological evaluation of 1,9-pyrazoloanthrone and its alkyl derivatives towards the inhibition of a decisive protein kinase called c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK), an important member of MAP kinase family. JNK controls crucial cellular processes like apoptosis and cell proliferation and is implicated in disorders associated with inflammation such as septic shock, arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, etc. Therapeutic inhibition of JNK activity by small molecules has proven to be advantageous in the treatment of diseases coupled with derailed inflammation. In this context, it is already established that 1,9-pyrazoloanthrone (SP600125) effectively and selectively inhibits JNK at concentrations beyond 10 M. A series of alkyl isomers of pyrazoloanthrone derivatives have been synthesized to evaluate the structural implications of inhibition and to elevate both selectivity and sensitivity at lower concentrations. The crystal structures of these isomers have been characterized and their utility as inhibitors has been tested for their in vitro inhibitory activity over c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). The minimum inhibitory concentrations required by these molecules to inhibit JNK was found to be lesser as compared to 1,9-pyrazoloanthrone (<5 µM; Figure 3). Critically, it turns out that among the various inhibitors synthesized, the lead candidates SPP1 and SPB1 display specific inhibition of JNK among other LPS activated MAP kinases like ERK1/2 and p38. These results suggest that N-alkyl (propyl and butyl) bearing pyrazoloanthrone scaffolds provide promising therapeutic inhibitors for JNK in regulating inflammation associated disorders. Figure 3. Inhibition of JNK in macrophages by the SPP1 and SPB1 compared to the known SP600125. Inspired by the results reported in the previous chapter, Chapter 4 is devoted to the generation of a library of compounds based on SPP1 and SPB1 with a purpose to design inhibitors of JNK which perform at the lowest possible concentrations and the consequent evaluation of their potential on endotoxin induced septic shock. Severe sepsis or septic shock is one of the rising causes for mortality worldwide representing nearly 10% of intensive care unit admissions. Susceptibility to sepsis is identified to be mediated by innate pattern recognition receptors and responsive signaling pathways of the host. The c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK)-mediated signaling events play critical role in bacterial infection triggered multi-organ failure, cardiac dysfunction and mortality. Figure 4. Two selected molecules for specific inhibition studies of JNK at lower concentrations. It is demonstrated that alkyl and halogen substitution on the periphery of anthrapyrazolone increases the binding potency of the inhibitors specifically towards JNK. Based on the results from both in vitro with macrophages and in vivo with the mouse model of septicemia, the potential role of two selected molecules D1 and D2 (Figure 4) in regulating endotoxin induced inflammation is firmly established. Further, it is demonstrated that hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions generated by these small molecules effectively block endotoxin-induced inflammatory genes expression in in vitro and septic shock in vivo, in a mouse model, with remarkable efficacies. Altogether, the in vitro as well as the in vivo data clearly potentiates the selective inhibitory capacity of small molecule inhibitors like D1 and D2 which can facilitate the treatment of current inflammatory disorders when used in combination with the available drugs having varied efficacies. The results rationalize the significance of the diversity oriented synthesis of small molecules for selective inhibition of JNK and their potential in the treatment of severe sepsis.