Nepilnamečių ir jaunuolių prisipažinimas buvo daugiausiai tiriamas teisine, kriminologine kryptimis. Tačiau svarbu suprasti ir prisipažinimo psichologinius aspektus, jų sąsajas su asmens vidine darna bei nusikaltimo motyvacija. Tik supratus nepilnamečių ir jaunuolių prisipažinimą psichologiniu lygmeniu, galima išvengti manipuliavimo įrodymais bei išorinio ir vidinio spaudimo darymo apklausos metu. Taip pat svarbu svarbus rodiklis prisipažinimo procese yra vidinės darnos stiprumas bei nusikaltimo motyvacijos veiksniai. Atliekant tyrimą buvo siekiama ištirti nepilnamečių ir jaunuolių, lietuvių ir kitų tautų įtariamųjų, prisipažinimo veiksnių ypatumus bei sąsajas su nusikaltimo motyvacija ir vidine darna, išanalizuoti psichologinę mokslinę literatūrą apie jaunuolių prisipažinimo dažnį, jo veiksnių tarpusavio ryšį, atlikti nepilnamečių ir jaunuolių įtariamųjų prisipažinimo statistinę analizę bei pateikti praktines rekomendacijas. Tyrimo metu buvo ištirta 83 Kalėjimų departamento prie Lietuvos Respublikos teisingumo ministerijos Vilniaus regiono pataisos inspekcijos Vilniaus miesto ir rajono pataisos inspekcijos įskaitoje esančių nepilnamečių ir jaunuolių bei Lukiškių tardymo izoliatoriuje kalėjime esančių nepilnamečiai. Anketavimo metodais gauti duomenys atskleidžia, jog nepilnamečių ir jaunuolių prisipažinimo dažnis yra panašus, prisipažinimui turi įtakos nusikaltimo motyvacijos motyvai bei vidinės darnos stiprumas. Šis darbas atskleidžia nepilnamečių ir jaunuolių prisipažinimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This master paper primarily deals with the confession of under-aged and young adults, which was research from legal and criminological aspects. Although, it could be stated, that psychological aspects as well as the connection with the sense of coherence and motivation for crime commitment, are none the less important. It could only be possible to avoid the manipulation of evidence and inner as well as outer pressure during the interrogation, if psychological aspects of under-aged and your adults are well understood. Other important indices in the process of confession are the strength of sense of coherence and crime motivation factors. During the research it was determined to find out what are the major specifications of confession of under-aged and young adults and the correlation between this factor, crime motivation and sense of coherence; to analyze scientific psychological literature regarding frequency of the confession of juveniles; to determine the inner correlation between these factors; to perform the statistical analysis of suspects, who are under-aged and young adults; and to make practical recommendations. During the research we analyzed 83 research subjects, who were under-aged and young adults, and whose information was found in the suspect books at Vilnius District Correction Inspection, The Prison Department under The Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Lithuania and The Lukiskes Remand Prison. Using the methods of questionnaire, we found out the... [to full text]

Reducing juvenile delinquency is an important issue because today’s juvenile population will become the next generation of contributing members to society. Therefore, the juvenile justice system is faced with the challenge of creating effective methods of decreasing delinquency and providing necessary treatment to juvenile offenders. Legislators implemented juvenile transfer to adult criminal court with the intent of increasing punishments in order to deter future juvenile crime and to hold juvenile offenders accountable for their criminal behavior. This paper shows why juvenile transfer is not an effective method in addressing the issues of juvenile delinquency by looking at several studies that analyze the negative effects of transfer in increasing recidivism and serious violent crimes. Furthermore, research shows that juvenile transfer undermines the criminal culpability of juvenile offenders who are undoubtedly not as mature and psychosocially developed as adult offenders. This implies that the juvenile justice system is faced with the ongoing challenge of finding new ways to address juvenile delinquency. This paper suggests that the juvenile justice system should return to an individualized rehabilitative system that focuses on the needs of individual offenders in providing appropriate treatment and services that will allow the juvenile to re-integrate back into the community.

Magíster en Educación con mención en Curriculum y Comunidad Educativa / Durante los años 60 Jorge Peña Hen, director de orquesta da inicio a la creación de orquestas juveniles, inspirado en las experiencias norteamericanas de los estudiantes que participaban en orquestas escolares. La creación de orquestas infantiles y juveniles en nuestro país, surge de la inquietud del director motivado por su gran compromiso con la difusión de la música, el arte, la cultura y la justicia social, pensamiento de Peña que es plasmado en su discurso realizado en el Teatro Municipal de Santiago “hay que dirigirnos al pueblo mismo para crearle un sentimiento de amor por la música y el arte en general.” Es así como se da inicio al programa de Orquestas infantiles en la ciudad de La Serena, expandiéndose a las ciudades de Copiapó, Ovalle y Antofagasta, experiencia que queda congelada por razones políticas que coinciden con el asesinato de Peña (1973). Esta hermosa iniciativa queda en la memoria colectiva de un importante número de músicos, quienes tuvieron la visión, misión y compromiso en la continuación del legado de Jorge Peña, a través de la creación de la Fundación de Orquestas Juveniles e Infantiles, cuyo propósito es la permanencia de un trabajo inconcluso heredado por este comprometido músico nacional. La participación en Orquestas infantiles representa una instancia que genera una oportunidad de inclusión y movilidad social, integrando a los sectores pobres y vulnerables (vulnerados)de la sociedad en esta actividad cultural, cuyo financiamiento ha sido la incorporación en la política pública a través de la creación de la fundación de Orquestas Juveniles con el objetivo de apoyar el movimiento orquestal en el país, a partir de la generación de los distintos programas. Esta fundación cuenta con apoyo y financiamiento de importantes instituciones nacionales relacionadas con el fomento del Arte y la Cultura

Explica la construcción de las trayectorias delictivas graves o persistentes mediante la obtención de los factores de riesgo más asociados y su impacto psicosocial y evolutivo en la vida de las personas bajo una metodología mixta de diseño explicativo secuencial de investigación. Primero, se trabaja con tres muestras de adolescentes infractores de alto riesgo y se las contrasta con un grupo de adolescentes no infractores y dos grupos de infractores de bajo riesgo delictivo, en todos los casos provenientes de distritos de Lima Metropolitana, Callao y Trujillo, en diversos factores de riesgo a nivel individual, escolar, familiar, de pares y de comunidad; y segundo, se entrevista a tres agentes: vecinos, especialistas, adolescentes y jóvenes en el delito para, mediante esta triangulación, generar un modelo evolutivo y psicosocial. Los resultados indican que a nivel cuantitativo todos los factores de riesgo analizados, a excepción del rendimiento escolar, están asociados a las trayectorias delictivas graves, y de los resultados cualitativos emerge un modelo de desvinculaciónvinculación antisocial el cual indica que a lo largo de la vida las condiciones de riesgo del sujeto se configuran las tres categorías dinámicas de socialización antisocial próxima, transición evolutiva deficiente y construcción de una identidad social delictiva que explican como bajo el enfoque de desarrollo surgen las trayectorias antisociales más graves. Finalmente, se generan sugerencia a nivel de la política criminal preventiva del Perú y las futuras investigaciones en nuestro contexto. / Tesis

No description available.

Laboratory bioassays results suggest that early life stages of freshwater mussels are sensitivity to toxicants. However, toxicological databases for unionids are rather limited because standard test methods are yet developed, and no published studies report endpoints for chronic test that are > 9 days. The primary goals of my thesis research were to assess acute and chronic toxicities of chlorine and mercury to early life stages. Inter- and intra-specific species variability in the tolerances of glochidia was observed during acute laboratory bioassays as endpoints were between 8 - 43 ppb for Hg tests, 1.0 - 2.5 ppm for NaCl tests, and 70 - 260 ppb for chlorine (TRC) tests. Glochidia of several species had equal or greater sensitivities to Hg and NaCl than test organisms commonly used to assess environmental risk (i.e.Ceridaphnia dubia, Daphnia magna, Pimephales promelas), whereas they were far more tolerant to TRC than many species. Twenty-one day chronic test endpoints for juveniles were substantially lower than those calculated during acute bioassays with glochidia. Villosa iris 3-mo old juveniles were found to be quite sensitive to Hg as growth was significantly impaired at 8 ppb Hg. Chronic bioassays with TRC revealed a distinct decrease in susceptibility with increased aged for V. iris (relative sensitivities 3-mo > 6-mo > 12-mo), and that 2-mo old Epioblasma capsaeformis were more sensitive than comparable age classes of V. iris. However, both species were tolerant compared to other aquatic organisms, as the lowest endpoint was 20 ppb TRC. / Master of Science

Darbe nagrinėjamas riboto pakaltinamumo institutas Lietuvos Respublikos baudžiamojoje teisėje: jo istorinė raida, atsiradimo ypatumai, turinys bei reikšmė, taip pat nustatymo klausimai bei problemos. Kadangi šis institutas pakankamai platus ir apima ne vien jo turinį sudarančius kriterijus ir jų požymius, tačiau ir apibrėžia asmenų baudžiamąją atsakomybę bei numato galimybę taikyti baudžiamojo poveikio ar medicinos prievartos priemones, apsiribota tyrinėjamo objekto nagrinėjimu Lietuvos baudžiamojoje teisėje, trumpai apžvelgiant kitose valstybėse įtvirtintus panašius institutus. Ypatingas dėmesys darbe skiriamas riboto pakaltinamumo turinį sudarančių medicininio ir juridinio kriterijų atskleidimui, jų nustatymo ypatumams ir būdams, aptariami dažniausiai pasitaikantys psichikos sutrikimai, lemiantys minėtų kriterijų nustatymą. Be to, nagrinėjamas riboto pakaltinamumo ir amžiaus santykis, socialinio nebrandumo priskyrimas riboto pakaltinamumo medicininiam kriterijui, atskirai aptariamos afekto ir pogimdyvinė psichofiziologinė būsenos, jų santykis su ribotu pakaltinamumu bei Lietuvos Respublikos baudžiamajame kodekse įtvirtintos, su minėtomis būsenomis siejamos nusikalstamos veikos. Lietuvos baudžiamojoje teisėje riboto pakaltinamumo institutas pakankamai „jaunas,“ todėl jo taikymo praktika vis dar formuojasi. Remiantis Lietuvos teismų praktika, darbe stengtasi iškelti minėto instituto taikyme bei reglamentavime pastebėtas problemas, pasiūlyti jų sprendimo variantus. / This article analyses diminished capacity in Lithuanian penal law: its historical development, peculiarities of instilment, its content, its importance, also questions of its evaluation and occurring problems. Whereas the institution of diminished capacity is quite wide, it includes not only its content, content’s criteria ant their features, but it also determines criminal liability of an individual, foresees the application of punitive and forced medical measures, therefore in this article diminished capacity is analyzed within limits of Lithuanian penal law, with brief overlook of similar institutions implemented in penal law of other countries. Special attention is paid to the medical and juridical criteria of the content of diminished capacity, the disclosure of their content, peculiarities and means of their evaluation. Due to that most common mental affections that determine the measurement of above-mentioned criteria are discussed. Moreover the relation of age and diminished capacity and attribution of social immaturity to the medical criterion are researched. Apart of all mentioned above, diminished capacity relations with the state of affect and special postnatal state of women is analyzed likewise crimes associated with aforesaid states are also scrutinized. The institution of diminished capacity in Lithuanian penal law is quite „young“ therefore its practice of its implementation is still shaped. Also, according to the practise of Lithuanian courts, the main... [to full text]

This study utilized a qualitative/phenomenological research methodology to study the development of child molestation. Five volunteer male juvenile perpetrators of child molestation and their consenting family members participated in three one-on-one in-depth interviews. The juveniles were referred by juvenile justice departments in Texas. The investigation was pursued along three paths: (1) what factors in the perpetrators' life experiences may have influenced the formation of molesting thought and behavior patterns? (2) how did the perpetrators construe social relationships? (3) in developing sexual preference, what process did the perpetrators utilize to achieve the degree of sexual arousal needed to motivate the act of molestation? During analysis, 16 categories and 9 subcategories were developed from the data; these were evaluated in order to address the lines of inquiry listed above. Factors contributing toward deviancy were identified: these included general environmental factors and relationship issues with both parents and peers. The data also elucidated the perpetrators' characteristic ways of viewing themselves and other people, as well as the strategies that they relied upon to cope with their lives. These same strategies were subsequently used in their molesting. The results revealed that the answers to the investigational questions posed above were synthesized by the individual across the lifespan, with origins in childhood when the concepts of self, others, social convention and interpersonal relationships were forming. It is likely that the typical interest in sexual expression that occurs at the onset of puberty was a catalyst that facilitated molesting behavior. The lack of ability to interact successfully with age mates appeared to influence the perpetrators' selection of children as targets. Recommendations were presented for consideration by the mental health and criminal justice communities based on the findings. Also, preventative measures for the public sector were offered.

Magister en Psicología, mención Psicología Clínica Infanto Juvenil / La presente investigación, tiene como objetivo comprender la construcción de significado asociada a la experiencia de agresión sexual de niñas preescolares, escolares y adolescentes, que han sido víctimas de esta experiencia, a través de sus narrativas obtenidas desde la entrevista investigativa en el marco del proyecto FONDEF- CA13I10238 “Desarrollo de Instrumentos para reducir la Victimización Secundaria en Víctimas Infantiles de Delitos Sexuales”. Para dar cumplimiento a este objetivo, se abordan los principales postulados de la perspectiva constructivista evolutiva, para posteriormente realizar una conceptualización de la problemática de las agresiones sexuales en la infancia y adolescencia, sus características y consecuencias, entre ellas el trauma asociado a esta experiencia, dando paso al concepto de narrativas de trauma vinculadas a la experiencia de agresión sexual. Esta investigación es de carácter cualitativo, con un análisis de tipo narrativo realizado a la primera entrevista de seis niñas preescolares, escolares y adolescentes en un contexto de denuncia. Los resultados mostraron que en lo referente a la caracterización de la estructura narrativa respecto a la experiencia de agresión sexual se observó una tendencia a mostrar mayor cantidad de detalles y respuestas centrales en la narrativa analizada considerando la etapa del desarrollo en que se encontraban las participantes. Las diferencias a nivel evolutivo más significativas, se observaron entre las niñas preescolar y adolescentes, existiendo mayor similitud entre las escolares y adolescentes. Lo anterior da cuenta de una progresión que desde lo evolutivo se distingue cómo el proceso de adquisición de capacidades tanto cognitivas como emocionales que influyen en la construcción narrativa, y que dan cuenta de una construcción de significados vinculados a la experiencia de agresión sexual unida a la etapa evolutiva en que se encuentran las niñas y adolescentes

Název diplomové práce v anglickém jazyce, abstrakt v anglickém jazyce a klíčová slova Title of the thesis: The selected problems of juvenile justice Abstract This diploma thesis deals with the issue of criminal punishment of juveniles in the context of law and psychology in order to focus on the problematic areas of legal regulation, evaluate those areas and present proposals de lege ferenda in this context. The thesis is divided into three consecutive chapters. The first chapter deals with the selected legal regulation of the juvenile justice, especially with the emphasis on sanctioning the youth. More specifically, this chapter focuses on the models of dealing with delinquent youth, the principles of sanctioning juveniles, the sanction system, the problem of sanctioning of children under the age of 15 and the question of the age limit of criminal responsibility and its determination. At the end of the chapter the statistical data, which relate to the above-mentioned institutes, are presented. The second chapter is devoted to the psychological aspects of the juvenile justice. Within the framework of this chapter are gradually described selected basic issues of developmental psychology. In particular, the thesis deals with the general characteristics of the relevant development periods of the individual and...