Coho underyearlings settle toward the bottom when illumination decreases. The critical intensity for this response was found to be approximately 1 foot candle. A study of the nipping phenomenon in coho and kamloops trout revealed that coho nip more Intensively than trout in a homotypic group. However; in a heterotypic group of equal numbers, trout nip more readily. In a heterotypic group coho nip less frequently and show a preference to nip other coho. By comparison, the nipping Intensity of trout is not reduced and they nip either species equally. Factors affecting nipping are size, color and light intensity. In a group of coho or trout, there is a marked tendency for the larger members to nip the smaller. Red and orange colors are least effective in eliciting a nipping response. Light intensity changes between 4- and 12 foot candles have no significant effect; however, below k foot candles nipping declines rapidly as illumination is decreased. The social releaser for nipping is movement but size and color are important components of the releaser. Additional patterns of behavior have been described for trout, namely, "threatening" and fighting. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

The main features of a syenitic complex located near Kamloops B.C. are described. The most noteworthy of these is the abundance of andradite garnet in the rocks. The mineral is believed to have crystallized from a melt that had the composition of quartz syenite. The melt, prior to its consolidation, intruded and apparently assimilated limestone. This caused the rocks to be differentiated at or near their present site by the crystallization of calcium silicates such as the andradite garnet. Quartz -rich rocks were produced first and ultimately nepheline -bearing ones. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The "Cache Creek Group" as previously mapped in the Kamloops area actually consists of two sequences of different ages, the Late Paleozoic Harper Ranch Group (new name), and the Upper Triassic Nicola Group. The lower part of the Harper Ranch Group is a 5 km-thick sequence of hemipelagic mudstone and redeposited tuff with rare lenses of shallow marine limestone which yield fossils of Late Mississippian to Middle Pennsylvanian age. This sequence is disconformably overlain by several hundred metres of Lower Permian limestone forming the upper part of the group. Only the lower 2.3 km of the section were studied in detail. In this portion, andesitic to dacitic tuffs consist of ash produced by shallow marine eruptions, then reworked and redeposited in deep water by turbidity currents and high concentration subaqueous flows. A thin Upper Mississippian bioclastic limestone with a diverse marine fauna is found near the base of the sequence. It accumulated during a period of volcanic quiescence and shallowing of the basin floor. The Harper Ranch and Chilliwack Groups were probably parts of a Late Paleozoic volcanic arc which formed above an east-dipping subduction zone. East of the arc was an "oceanic" back-arc basin bounded on the east by orogenic lands formed by the Late Devonian to Mississippian Caribooan orogeny. This orogenic terrane supplied the lithic-rich elastics of the Late Paleozoic Anarchist Group, Mt. Roberts Formation, and the Eastern assemblage of Monger (1977). Pre-Late Triassic deformation and low grade metamorphism of the Late Paleozoic eugeoclinal rocks of southern British Columbia may have been caused by Permo-Triassic closure of the back-arc basin, and collision of the arc with the old orogenic terrane to the east. A new volcanic arc formed in the Late Triassic is represented by volcanic flows and breccias of the Nicola Group west of Kamloops. East of Kamloops, the Nicola Group consists of 3 km of sediments and volcaniclastics which accumulated in deep water within a back-arc basin. Pelagic and hemi-pelagic mudstones dominate the section, but are interbedded with redeposited tuff, lithic sandstone and conglomerate, and limestone, all of which were deposited by turbidity currents and high concentration density flows. Massive and pillowed basaltic or andesitic volcanic flows occur near the base and top of the sequence, which has been subdivided into five lithologic units. Conodonts extracted from limestones yield Karnian ages. Redeposited tuffs in the Nicola Group were probably derived from the volcanic arc to the west, and also from submarine volcanoes in the basin to the east. Lithic sandstones and conglomerates contain sedimentary and volcanic detritus, including abundant chert and cherty mudstone. These may have been derived from accreted oceanic rocks of the Cache Creek Group, exposed in the emergent Pinchi geanticline west of the volcanic arc. Detrital blue amphiboles in fine-grained turbidite limestones suggest this sediment was also derived from shallow waters surrounding the Pinchi terrane. The Nicola volcanic arc therefore seems to have been built on an east-facing paleoslope. The back-arc basin was floored by older eugeoclinal rocks, and stretched from the arc eastward to the miogeocline. The Harper Ranch and Nicola Groups are separated by a northwest-trending vertical fault, probably of Late Mesozoic or Early Tertiary age. East of the fault the lower Harper Ranch Group forms an east-facing homocline with few discernible mesoscopic folds. To the west, lithic units in the Nicola Group outline a pair of faulted northwest-trending folds: an upright syncline on the east, and a westward-overturned anticline on the west. Deformation probably took place during the Latest Triassic to Earliest Jurassic Inklinian orogeny. The Triassic rocks are intruded by the Paul Peak Stock, a zoned intrusion ranging from pyroxenite to granite in composition. This pluton is similar to zoned Alaskan-type mafic-ultramafic intrusions in composition and tectonic setting, and is probably part of the 200 m.y. plutonic suite of southern British Columbia. Numerous andesitic to rhyolitic dikes of probable Eocene to Oligocene age cut all other rock units. Prehnite-pumpellyite facies metamorphism has affected all rock units in the area, including the dikes. Alteration of volcaniclastic rocks in the Harper Ranch Group is much more complete than in the younger rocks, suggesting that the Paleozoic rocks were affected by the Permo-Triassic low grade metamorphic event recorded elsewhere in southern British Columbia. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

Two regional scale deformation events are observed in the Kamloops region. A Late Triassic-Early Jurassic southwest directed compressional event and a later Tertiary extensional deformation episode, manifested in the uplift of the Nicola horst. The Nicola horst is bounded to the northeast by the Cherry Creek Tectonic Zone, a northwest striking fault zone that separates schistose footwall rocks of the Nicola horst from relatively undeformed Nicola Group rocks in the hanging wall. The fault is interpreted to have accommodated multiple episodes of movement associated with both compressional and extensional tectonics. A pervasive metamorphic fabric, exposed in the horst and cross-cut by the 144.8 5.9 Ma LeJeune granodiorite, is interpreted to represent a broad, Middle Jurassic shear zone, formed by east-directed translation of the Nicola arc during contractional tectonics inboard of an east dipping subduction zone. Variations in orientation of the fabric suggest subsequent east-directed compression during post-Jurassic, pre-Eocene deformation.

No description available.

The general trend toward community care of the mentally ill is a relatively recent development in the treatment and rehabilitation of this segment of society. The purpose of this study was to examine a group of boarding home residents who are psychiatrically handicapped in order to discover whether they were satisfied with their situation in the community and whether they had achieved an appropriate level of social functioning. Another question addressed was whether the cost of maintaining the patients in the community is less than that of institutional care. The scope of the study was restricted to individuals residing in mental health boarding homes in the Kamloops, British Columbia area. The majority of these had been patients at the Tranquille School, facility for the retarded. However, included in the 69 subjects interviewed were those with other psychiatric handicaps. One questionnaire was administered to residents, boarding home operators, employers, and workshop staff. A subjective response was elicited from the boarders regarding their satisfaction with their situation; in addition to the subjective-response, "satisfaction" was measured quantitatively with regard to social activities, that is, contacts with friends and family as well as attendance at community activities. Other items on the questionnaire related to social functioning of the subjects and included adjustment in the home and at work, and interpersonal relationships. Ability to remain in the community was considered to be an important indicator of social functioning, as well as moving on to independent living. Fifty-eight of the sixty-nine (84.06%) responded that they were satisfied with their situation in the community. These represented a substantial number of the moderately retarded. Contact with relatives and friends were found to be infrequent, and most subjects were dissatisfied with this. A high percentage of the respondents (88.4%) attended community activities at least once a week, and 30.43% at least twice a week or more often. These factors may have contributed to the boarders' satisfaction with community living. Social functioning was felt to be closely connected to some form of community employment. A total of 68.12% of subjects were away from home in some work related activity, a fairly high indicator of social functioning. Amount of supervision needed in such activities as eating, sleeping, toilet, dress, and spending money was considered in the study as being a measure of social functioning. With regard to the rate of returning to institution, the .5% per month compared favorably to the Province wide average of less than 1% per month. 6.8% of the boarding residents were found to have moved on to independent living in 1973, as compared with the provincial average of 11%. The possibly high percentage of retarded subjects in boarding homes in the Kamloops area as compared with other districts in the Province may have influenced both of these findings. A tentative conclusion was reached that the cost of maintaining patients in the community is considerably less than institutional care, but a more comprehensive study would seem to be indicated. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

The Ajax-Monte Carlo property is a small porphyry copper deposit located approximately six miles south of Kamloops, British Columbia on the south flank of the Iron Mask Batholith. The Batholith and successor intrusives were emplaced in a northwest-trending structural element named the Carabine Creek Lineament. Early phases of the batholith were basic and coarse-grained and form the core of the complex. Later phases, of intermediate to acidic composition, were emplaced along the structurally weak margins of the core. Three stages of fracturing were recognized at the property. The earliest brecciated the coarse-grained phases prior to the emplacement of the fine-grained intrusions. The second stage of fracturing was synchronous with the alteration; the final stage created the stockwork in which the mineralization was concentrated. The propylitic alteration facies developed at the property is typical of porphyry copper deposits except that only minor quantities of quartz are present. The potassic facies is distinctly different in that it lacks abundant red orthoclase and biotite. Pyrite and chalcopyrite are the most abundant sulfides; and bornite is occasionally observed. Magnetite is a common accessory in the basic intrusives. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The established trend of increasing raw land values, combined with a forecast of this pattern to continue, is both reinforcing and perpetuating general opinions with respect to the causes of the unit price increase of raw land. Specifically, the stigma attached to the term "land speculation" is rapidly increasing. The existence of these circumstances makes it imperative to identify the motives initiating 'speculative activity' involving undeveloped land in order to either substantiate the basis for the growing criticism of so-called "speculators" or disprove, with empirical evidence, the concepts on which the misconceptions of speculation and the resulting criticism are founded. Consequently, following a general discussion of existing attitudes toward land in North America and the presumed effects of land speculation, this study attempts to establish empirically to what extent speculation in undeveloped land exists in the City of Kamloops, its causes and actual effects on the unit price of raw land. The study incorporates in its framework an extensive review of existing related literature under the general heading of "Land Speculation - A General Discussion". The purpose of this section of the study (Chapter II) is to identify and summarize varied observations documented by several authors who have both supported and rejected basic misconceptions with respect to land speculators. In addition, Chapter II provides a useful basis for comparing the personal observations of reviewed authors with the subsequent actual results of the analysis. The primary objective of the study is to measure the changes in raw land values from 1949-1970 in the City of Kamloops, and to rationalize these changes in terms of market behaviour. The approach used in an effort to achieve this objective is a time series analysis to isolate the causes contributing to changes in raw land values and as a result recreate the market behaviour of raw land sales in the intertemporary period. The subject of the analysis and primary source of data, is the City of Kamloops, exclusive of the unincorporated districts contiguous to the City's boundaries. Due to the economic substitutability of land use, it would have been more desirable to include the contiguous unincorporated areas; however, this was impossible as the required data was unavailable. The sales data is derived from a sample of 620 properties representing ten percent of the total population of legally defined parcels. The sample was obtained by extending two rays to the City's perimeter from a predetermined origin. The origin was chosen after completing an analysis of demographic and land use data in order to establish the most appropriate areas for the study. A third line was extended across the area which presently reflects the greatest concentration of new residential growth. The information requirements for each sample parcel, acquired from Land Registry Titles and Assessment Cards, were designed to reflect the type and number of bona fide transactions, price trends, land turnover rates, holding time, and pattern of development in each sample area from 1949-1970. It is important to note that the data input derived for Sample X (North Kamloops) is representative of an area which developed almost completely in the absence of subdivision controls while, in comparison, the data collected for Sample W (Sa-Hali) conversely represents an area which is presently developing under rigid municipal control. The importance of this factor is reemphasized in the analysis of the data and ensuing conclusions. It should also be noted in this connection that when the sample areas were chosen the researchers were unaware of the areas where development controls have been legislated and this factor did not prejudice the extensive data collection process. The significant areas of investigation directly relate to a widely quoted definition of the concept of speculation stating that land speculation is "the holding of land out of use pending its sale at a higher price". Comprehensive data indicates generally for the City of Kamloops whether land is being held off the market and if so by whom and for what holding periods. It also establishes a pattern of growth, price trends for residential lots, and relates to what degree accessibility dictates a pattern of growth. The analysis strongly supports a general conclusion that, in the historical growth of Kamloops excessive speculation in undeveloped land, either as previously defined or conversely represented by a premature conversion to a higher use, has occurred predominantly in the absence of legislated subdivision controls resulting in inferior subdivisions and urban sprawl. That is, speculation in itself has only been detrimental to the raw land market in Kamloops in the absence of legislative controls available to the Civic government as empowered by the Municipal Act of British Columbia. / Business, Sauder School of / Real Estate Division / Graduate

The Kamloops Group is a widespread assemblage of Eocene volcanic and sedimentary rocks in south-central British Columbia. Detailed mapping of the type area near Kamloops has resulted in its subdivision into two formations and thirteen formal and informal members. The Tranquille Formation, 0-450 metres thick, consists of lacustrine sediments which grade upward into pillowed flows, hyaloclastite breccia and aquagene tuff. The overlying Dewdrop Flats Formation, with nine members, consists of up to 1000 metres of basalt to andesite phreatic breccia, flow breccia and flat-lying flows. In one large and four minor volcanic cones, basal phreatic volcanic rocks pass upward into subaerial flows and breccia. A fault zone of inferred strike-slip displacement to the southwest, and a complex reverse-faulted zone to the south of the area, localized deposition of the Tranquille Formation. Later fault activity created the complex Tranquille Canyon graben, in part filled with Dewdrop Flats Formation volcanics. Reconnaissance of the Kamloops Group throughout the Thompson-Okanagan region, and detailed mapping at McAbee and Savona, have shown that most Kamloops Group sections consist of a lower sedimentary and volcanosedimentary unit, followed by thicker, dominantly basalt to andesite, flow and breccia units. Thick sedimentary accumulations were localized in zones of extension within a network of strike-slip faults. The Kamloops Group is a high-alkali calc-alkaline volcanic suite dominated by augite - pigeonite - labradorite andesite and basalt, with unusually high K, Sr and Ba. Initial strontium isotopic ratios distinguish a boundary between 'old' crust upper mantle to the east and 'young' or Rb-depleted materials to the west. Petrographic and chemical data are consistent with magma genesis by partial melting of alkali-enriched peridotite between 40 and 75 km depth, with subsequent deep- and shallow-level fractional crystallization producing the observed volcanic chemistry. Compilation of Paleogene geology and geochronometry in the Pacific Northwest shows the Kamloops Group to be part of a robust calc-alkaline volcanic arc extending from Wyoming to Alaska. Superimposed on this arc were dextral, strike-slip faults, sedimentary basins and reset metamorphic terranes. These elements formed a tectonic, network which accommodated 90 to 450 kilometres of right-lateral displacement between coastal British Columbia and North America. A tentative plate-tectonic reconstruction is based on the compilation. A northeast-dipping subduction zone, active along the entire coast of the Paleocene Pacific Northwest, ceased to be active after 53 Ma. The transform motion between Pacific and North American plates was distributed inland, driving the Eocene tectonic activity, while the remnant subducted slab gave rise to the Eocene magmatic arc. Transform motion later became localized along the continental margin, as the east-dipping subduction zone south of 49° latitude intiated the Cascade volcanic arc in the Late Eocene and Oligocene. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

Community-based museums in British Columbia are testaments to the importance of belonging and social identity. Three case studies, the Saanich Pioneer Museum, the Kamloops Museum Association and the Langley Centennial Museum in Fort Langley demonstrate how community identity was the focus of collective memory construction. Museum buildings were also iconographic sites. This research draws on museum society minutes, records, journals and displays, and personal interviews. It examines the role of earlier groups and events, from agricultural fairs to fraternal organizations in these museums' origins. The influence of provincial and federal government policies and funding, Centennial celebrations, and umbrella organizations such as the British Columbia Museums Association are also analysed. Socialization, interaction, memorabilia, commemorations and celebrations were all part of the creation of collective memory, and demonstrate how belonging was vital to these museums' creation and histories. / Graduate