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Molecular genetic analysis of primary ciliary dykinesiaMeeks, Margaret Grace January 2002 (has links)
No description available.
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Avaliação da ultraestrutura e do movimento ciliar em crianças com pneumopatias crônicas e de repetição se diagnóstico definido / Evaluation of the ultrastructure and of the movement of cilia in children with chronic and repetition pneumopathies without a defined diagnosisOlm, Mary Anne Kowal 05 March 2010 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: A discinesia ciliar primária é uma doença genética que se caracteriza pela alteração da ultraestrutura e função do cílio móvel, com consequentes alterações do transporte mucociliar, causando infecções das vias aéreas superiores, inferiores e infertilidade. O diagnóstico, realizado por avaliação da ultraestrutura ou pesquisa de mutação genética, é feito mediante critérios de seleção de pacientes e testes de screening. Esta pesquisa avalia a ultraestrutura e frequência de batimento ciliar, propõe um modelo de investigação de discinesia ciliar primária, e caracteriza os pacientes diagnosticados. MÉTODO: Foi realizado um estudo transversal controlado entre janeiro de 2007 e julho de 2009, no Ambulatório de Pneumologia Pediátrica do Instituto da Criança. Foram selecionadas 28 crianças e adolescentes (6 meses a 19 anos, de ambos os sexos), de uma população de 75 crianças com pneumopatias crônicas e de repetição sem diagnóstico definido, que apresentavam ao menos um dos seguintes achados: bronquiectasia de causa desconhecida, doença de vias aéreas superiores com sintomatologia crônica, infecções pulmonares de repetição, dextrocardia e/ou situs inversus acompanhados de sintomas em vias aéreas superiores e/ou inferiores, e asma de difícil controle com sintomas em vias aéreas superiores e/ou inferiores. A presença de pneumopatias crônicas com diagnóstico definido foi utilizada como critério de exclusão por meio dos seguintes exames: dois testes do suor (exclusão de fibrose cística), tomografia computadorizada do tórax (suspeita de bronquiolite obliterante), dosagem de alfa-1 antitripsina (investigação de déficit de alfa-1 antitripsina), e exames de investigação das imunodeficiências mais frequentes (hemograma, dosagens de imunoglobulinas, contagem de linfócitos T e B, sorologias para avaliação da produção ativa de anticorpos, PPD e HIV). Foi desenvolvido um sistema medição da frequência de batimento ciliar, baseado em análise espectral. Dez adultos voluntários saudáveis (maiores ou iguais a 17 anos, de ambos os sexos), sem doença infecciosa respiratória aguda no último mês e não fumantes, formaram o grupo controle para a frequência do batimento ciliar. Foi realizada a coleta ciliar por escovado nasal. A amostra foi dividida para a avaliação da ultraestrutura e verificação da frequência do batimento ciliar. Os pacientes diagnosticados foram avaliados com tomografia de tórax e seios da face (esta última nos maiores de cinco anos), provas de função pulmonar e avaliação otorrinolaringológica. RESULTADOS: Os 28 pacientes selecionados foram submetidos ao escovado nasal. Para 24 dos 28 pacientes foi possível produzir filmes passíveis de avaliação. O grupo com ultraestrutura alterada (diagnóstico de discinesia ciliar primária) mostrou diferença das médias da frequência de batimento ciliar em relação ao grupo com ultraestrutura normal (p<0,001) e em relação ao grupo controle (p<0,001). O grupo com ultraestrutura normal e o grupo controle, quando comparados entre si, também apresentaram diferenças (p<0,005). Foram diagnosticados 12 pacientes com discinesia ciliar primária: dois com ausência de braços externos de dineína, um com encurtamento dos braços externos de dineína, cinco com defeitos nas espículas radiadas e braços internos de dineína, três com defeitos de ausência do par central com transposição, e um com ultraestrutura normal (Kartagener). Os pacientes, sete homens e cinco mulheres, com predomíno da etnia branca (11 pacientes - 91,6%), eram na maior parte fruto de pais consanguíneos (8 pacientes - 66,6%). Sete dos 12 pacientes (58,3%) apresentaram situs inversus. Sete dos dez pacientes que realizaram as provas de função pulmonar (70%) apresentaram distúrbio ventilatório obstrutivo. Achados radiológicos: Dez pacientes (83,3%) apresentaram algum grau de colapso ou consolidação, 11 (91,6%) apresentaram bronquiectasias, e todos (100%) algum grau de espessamento brônquico. A avaliação otorrinolaringológica apontou alterações em seis pacientes (50%): pólipos em três pacientes (25%), otite secretora em dois (16,6%), desvio de septo em dois (16,6%), e esclerose do tímpano em um (8,3%). CONCLUSÃO: Foi padronizada a técnica do escovado nasal para a coleta de material ciliar. Foram estabelecidos critérios de uniformidade quanto à análise dos defeitos ultraestruturais ciliares, baseados em experiência internacional. Foi desenvolvido um novo método de medição da frequência de batimento ciliar baseado em metodologia de análise espectral e vídeos de alta velocidade. Os pacientes diagnosticados com discinesia ciliar primária foram caracterizados, sendo a maioria: da etnia branca, de pais consanguíneos, com predomínio dos defeitos de espículas radiadas e braços internos de dineína, situs inversus, e distúrbio ventilatório obstrutivo. Problemas otorrinolaringológicos foram encontrados em metade dos pacientes. / INTRODUCTION: Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetic disorder of the ultrastructure and function of mobile cilia, with consequent impairment of mucociliary clearance, leading to upper and lower airways respiratory infection and infertility. The diagnosis, based on ultrastructure evaluation or genetic scan, is performed according to patient selection and screening tests. This research evaluates cilia ultrastructure and beat frequency, proposes a model for investigating primary ciliary dyskinesia, and characterizes the patients diagnosed.METHOD: A controlled and observational study was carried out at the Pediatric Pulmonology Ambulatory of the Instituto da Criança between January 2007 and July 2009. Twenty eight children and teenagers (ages between 6 months and 19 years) were selected, from a population of 75 patients with chronic and repetition pneumopathies without a defined diagnosis, which met at least one of the following inclusion criteria: bronchiectasis of unknown cause, upper respiratory disease with chronic symptoms, repetition pulmonary infections, dextrocardia and/or situs inversus with symptoms in upper and/or lower respiratory airways, and asthma of difficult control with symptoms in upper and/or lower respiratory airways. The presence of cronic pneumopathies with a defined diagnosis was used as exclusion criterion, based on the following exams: two sweat tests (cystic fibrosis exclusion), lung CT scan (bronchiolitis obliterans exclusion), seric levels of alpha-1 anti-trypsin (alpha-1 anti-trypsin deficit evaluation), and evaluation of more frequent immunodeficiency disorders (white blood cells, T and B lymphocytes levels, and sorology tests for humoral immunity, PPD and HIV). A cilia beat frequency measurement system was developed, based on spectral analysis. Ten healthy adult volunteers (ages greater than or equal to 17 years old, of both sexes), without an acute respiratory disease in the last month, and non-smoking, formed the control group for the cilia beat frequency measurements. Cilia samples were collected employing nasal brushing. The sample was divided for cilia ultrastructure evaluation and for cilia beat frequency measurement. Diagnosed patients were sent to lung and sinuses CT scan (> 5 years), pulmonary function tests and ear, nose and throat evaluation. RESULTS: For the 28 patients selected a nasal brushing was performed. For 24 of the 28 patients it was possible to make films suitable for evaluation. The average cilia beat frequency of the defective ultrastructure group (primary ciliary dyskinesia group) was different from the average frequency of the normal ultrastructure group (p<0.001) and from the control group (p<0.001). The average cilia beat frequency of the normal ultrastructure group was different from the average frequency of the control group (p<0.005). Twelve patients were diagnosed with primary ciliary dyskinesia: two with absence of outer dynein arm, one with a shortened outer dynein arm, five with radial spoke and inner dynein arm, three with absence of central par and transposition, and one with a normal ultrastructure (Kartagener). The patients, seven men and five women, were mostly white (11 patients 91.6%) and had parents who were relatives (eight patients 66.6%). Seven of the twelve patients (58.3%) had Situs inversus. Seven of the ten patients (70%) for whom pulmonary function tests were performed presented a ventilatory obstructive pattern. Radiological findings: Ten patients (83.3%) presented signs of consolidation or collapse, eleven patients (91.6%) had bronchiectasis, and 12 (100%) presented some degree of bronchial wall thickening. Otorhinolaryngologycal evaluation indicated impairments in 6 patients (50%): polips in three patients (25%), effusion otitis in two (16.6%), sept problems in two (16.6%) and timpanus sclerosis in one (8,3%). CONCLUSION: The nasal brushing technique was standardized for the collection of cilia. Uniform criteria for the analysis of ultrastructural cilia defects were established, based on international experience. A new method of cilia beat frequency measurement was developed, based on spectral analysis and high speed video images. Patients diagnosed with primary ciliary dyskinesia were characterized. The majority was white, had parents who were also relatives, had a prevalence of radial spoke and inner dynein arm defects, situs inversus, and ventilatory obstructive pattern. Otorhinolaryngologycal problems were found in 50% of the patients.
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Avaliação da ultraestrutura e do movimento ciliar em crianças com pneumopatias crônicas e de repetição se diagnóstico definido / Evaluation of the ultrastructure and of the movement of cilia in children with chronic and repetition pneumopathies without a defined diagnosisMary Anne Kowal Olm 05 March 2010 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: A discinesia ciliar primária é uma doença genética que se caracteriza pela alteração da ultraestrutura e função do cílio móvel, com consequentes alterações do transporte mucociliar, causando infecções das vias aéreas superiores, inferiores e infertilidade. O diagnóstico, realizado por avaliação da ultraestrutura ou pesquisa de mutação genética, é feito mediante critérios de seleção de pacientes e testes de screening. Esta pesquisa avalia a ultraestrutura e frequência de batimento ciliar, propõe um modelo de investigação de discinesia ciliar primária, e caracteriza os pacientes diagnosticados. MÉTODO: Foi realizado um estudo transversal controlado entre janeiro de 2007 e julho de 2009, no Ambulatório de Pneumologia Pediátrica do Instituto da Criança. Foram selecionadas 28 crianças e adolescentes (6 meses a 19 anos, de ambos os sexos), de uma população de 75 crianças com pneumopatias crônicas e de repetição sem diagnóstico definido, que apresentavam ao menos um dos seguintes achados: bronquiectasia de causa desconhecida, doença de vias aéreas superiores com sintomatologia crônica, infecções pulmonares de repetição, dextrocardia e/ou situs inversus acompanhados de sintomas em vias aéreas superiores e/ou inferiores, e asma de difícil controle com sintomas em vias aéreas superiores e/ou inferiores. A presença de pneumopatias crônicas com diagnóstico definido foi utilizada como critério de exclusão por meio dos seguintes exames: dois testes do suor (exclusão de fibrose cística), tomografia computadorizada do tórax (suspeita de bronquiolite obliterante), dosagem de alfa-1 antitripsina (investigação de déficit de alfa-1 antitripsina), e exames de investigação das imunodeficiências mais frequentes (hemograma, dosagens de imunoglobulinas, contagem de linfócitos T e B, sorologias para avaliação da produção ativa de anticorpos, PPD e HIV). Foi desenvolvido um sistema medição da frequência de batimento ciliar, baseado em análise espectral. Dez adultos voluntários saudáveis (maiores ou iguais a 17 anos, de ambos os sexos), sem doença infecciosa respiratória aguda no último mês e não fumantes, formaram o grupo controle para a frequência do batimento ciliar. Foi realizada a coleta ciliar por escovado nasal. A amostra foi dividida para a avaliação da ultraestrutura e verificação da frequência do batimento ciliar. Os pacientes diagnosticados foram avaliados com tomografia de tórax e seios da face (esta última nos maiores de cinco anos), provas de função pulmonar e avaliação otorrinolaringológica. RESULTADOS: Os 28 pacientes selecionados foram submetidos ao escovado nasal. Para 24 dos 28 pacientes foi possível produzir filmes passíveis de avaliação. O grupo com ultraestrutura alterada (diagnóstico de discinesia ciliar primária) mostrou diferença das médias da frequência de batimento ciliar em relação ao grupo com ultraestrutura normal (p<0,001) e em relação ao grupo controle (p<0,001). O grupo com ultraestrutura normal e o grupo controle, quando comparados entre si, também apresentaram diferenças (p<0,005). Foram diagnosticados 12 pacientes com discinesia ciliar primária: dois com ausência de braços externos de dineína, um com encurtamento dos braços externos de dineína, cinco com defeitos nas espículas radiadas e braços internos de dineína, três com defeitos de ausência do par central com transposição, e um com ultraestrutura normal (Kartagener). Os pacientes, sete homens e cinco mulheres, com predomíno da etnia branca (11 pacientes - 91,6%), eram na maior parte fruto de pais consanguíneos (8 pacientes - 66,6%). Sete dos 12 pacientes (58,3%) apresentaram situs inversus. Sete dos dez pacientes que realizaram as provas de função pulmonar (70%) apresentaram distúrbio ventilatório obstrutivo. Achados radiológicos: Dez pacientes (83,3%) apresentaram algum grau de colapso ou consolidação, 11 (91,6%) apresentaram bronquiectasias, e todos (100%) algum grau de espessamento brônquico. A avaliação otorrinolaringológica apontou alterações em seis pacientes (50%): pólipos em três pacientes (25%), otite secretora em dois (16,6%), desvio de septo em dois (16,6%), e esclerose do tímpano em um (8,3%). CONCLUSÃO: Foi padronizada a técnica do escovado nasal para a coleta de material ciliar. Foram estabelecidos critérios de uniformidade quanto à análise dos defeitos ultraestruturais ciliares, baseados em experiência internacional. Foi desenvolvido um novo método de medição da frequência de batimento ciliar baseado em metodologia de análise espectral e vídeos de alta velocidade. Os pacientes diagnosticados com discinesia ciliar primária foram caracterizados, sendo a maioria: da etnia branca, de pais consanguíneos, com predomínio dos defeitos de espículas radiadas e braços internos de dineína, situs inversus, e distúrbio ventilatório obstrutivo. Problemas otorrinolaringológicos foram encontrados em metade dos pacientes. / INTRODUCTION: Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetic disorder of the ultrastructure and function of mobile cilia, with consequent impairment of mucociliary clearance, leading to upper and lower airways respiratory infection and infertility. The diagnosis, based on ultrastructure evaluation or genetic scan, is performed according to patient selection and screening tests. This research evaluates cilia ultrastructure and beat frequency, proposes a model for investigating primary ciliary dyskinesia, and characterizes the patients diagnosed.METHOD: A controlled and observational study was carried out at the Pediatric Pulmonology Ambulatory of the Instituto da Criança between January 2007 and July 2009. Twenty eight children and teenagers (ages between 6 months and 19 years) were selected, from a population of 75 patients with chronic and repetition pneumopathies without a defined diagnosis, which met at least one of the following inclusion criteria: bronchiectasis of unknown cause, upper respiratory disease with chronic symptoms, repetition pulmonary infections, dextrocardia and/or situs inversus with symptoms in upper and/or lower respiratory airways, and asthma of difficult control with symptoms in upper and/or lower respiratory airways. The presence of cronic pneumopathies with a defined diagnosis was used as exclusion criterion, based on the following exams: two sweat tests (cystic fibrosis exclusion), lung CT scan (bronchiolitis obliterans exclusion), seric levels of alpha-1 anti-trypsin (alpha-1 anti-trypsin deficit evaluation), and evaluation of more frequent immunodeficiency disorders (white blood cells, T and B lymphocytes levels, and sorology tests for humoral immunity, PPD and HIV). A cilia beat frequency measurement system was developed, based on spectral analysis. Ten healthy adult volunteers (ages greater than or equal to 17 years old, of both sexes), without an acute respiratory disease in the last month, and non-smoking, formed the control group for the cilia beat frequency measurements. Cilia samples were collected employing nasal brushing. The sample was divided for cilia ultrastructure evaluation and for cilia beat frequency measurement. Diagnosed patients were sent to lung and sinuses CT scan (> 5 years), pulmonary function tests and ear, nose and throat evaluation. RESULTS: For the 28 patients selected a nasal brushing was performed. For 24 of the 28 patients it was possible to make films suitable for evaluation. The average cilia beat frequency of the defective ultrastructure group (primary ciliary dyskinesia group) was different from the average frequency of the normal ultrastructure group (p<0.001) and from the control group (p<0.001). The average cilia beat frequency of the normal ultrastructure group was different from the average frequency of the control group (p<0.005). Twelve patients were diagnosed with primary ciliary dyskinesia: two with absence of outer dynein arm, one with a shortened outer dynein arm, five with radial spoke and inner dynein arm, three with absence of central par and transposition, and one with a normal ultrastructure (Kartagener). The patients, seven men and five women, were mostly white (11 patients 91.6%) and had parents who were relatives (eight patients 66.6%). Seven of the twelve patients (58.3%) had Situs inversus. Seven of the ten patients (70%) for whom pulmonary function tests were performed presented a ventilatory obstructive pattern. Radiological findings: Ten patients (83.3%) presented signs of consolidation or collapse, eleven patients (91.6%) had bronchiectasis, and 12 (100%) presented some degree of bronchial wall thickening. Otorhinolaryngologycal evaluation indicated impairments in 6 patients (50%): polips in three patients (25%), effusion otitis in two (16.6%), sept problems in two (16.6%) and timpanus sclerosis in one (8,3%). CONCLUSION: The nasal brushing technique was standardized for the collection of cilia. Uniform criteria for the analysis of ultrastructural cilia defects were established, based on international experience. A new method of cilia beat frequency measurement was developed, based on spectral analysis and high speed video images. Patients diagnosed with primary ciliary dyskinesia were characterized. The majority was white, had parents who were also relatives, had a prevalence of radial spoke and inner dynein arm defects, situs inversus, and ventilatory obstructive pattern. Otorhinolaryngologycal problems were found in 50% of the patients.
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Proof of genetic heterogeneity in cardiac septal defects and in heterotaxyGutierrez Roelens, Ilse 01 July 2005 (has links)
The prevalence of congenital heart defects is approximately 1% of all births, yet the causative factors remain largely uncharacterized. For the majority, the physiopathogenesis is believed to be multifactorial, hindering the identification of causative factors. However, several genes have been identified for septation defects that are part of a syndrome. Yet, in non-syndromic septal defects it has been difficult to identify predisposing genetic factors.
When I started this thesis project, only one gene had been identified to be responsible for non-syndromic septal defects. We collected families in which two or more individuals were affected with non-syndromic cardiac septal defects. In five families, arrhythmia was associated with ASD/VSD. We screened the CSX/NKX2-5 gene, previously identified to be responsible for ASD and PR prolongation, and identified 3 novel missense mutations. In parallel, we screened the CSX/NKX2-5 gene in sporadic and familial cases of other cardiopathies, but additional mutations were not found. Substitutions in this gene seem to be a rare cause of cardiopathies without conduction defect. The absence of CSX/NKX2-5 mutations in two families suggest locus heterogeneity.
We also examined whether the VEGF gene, which modifies the cardiac phenotype in del22q11 patients, could be responsible for the phenotypic variability observed in the three CSX/NKX2-5 mutated families. No statistically significant association was observed.
We also evaluated the role of five candidate genes (GATA4, FOG2, CRELD1, HEY2 and BMP4) in a series of 66 patients affected with structural cardiac malformations, especially septal defects. Twenty nine nucleotide changes were identified. Based on their presence on dbSNP, dbEST and their position in multiple alignements, they were not considered to be mutations. However, we cannot exclude that some of them have an effect on RNA stability or abnormal splicing. We conclude that none of these five genes is a major cause of structural cardiac defects in man.
Finally, we studied the genetic basis of heterotaxy. Among the collected families, there was one which was consanguineous, composed of two unaffected parents and three children, two of which presented situs inversus with or without Kartagener syndrome. We hypothezised an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Genotype analysis with polymorphic markers did not show linkage to known candidate genes or to loci causing laterality disorders. Array CGH did not detect duplication or microdeletion. Genome wide screening using 10K Affymetrix SNP chips allowed the identification of two autozygous regions, one in chromosome 1 and the other in chromosome 7. Interestingly, the kinesin associated protein 3 (KIF3AP) gene is located in chromosome 1q23.1-1q32.1. We screened this gene for mutations in all members of the family and excluded that mutations in this gene caused the situs inversus/Kartagener syndrome.
In conclusion, we identified three new mutations in the CSX/NKX2-5 gene, evaluated the role of five candidate genes in structural cardiac malformations and identified two new candidate loci in situs inversus/Kartagener syndrome. / Les anomalies cardiaques ont une fréquence de 1% chez les nouveaux-nés. Leurs causes peuvent être multiples, mais pour la plupart l'étiologie n'a pas encore été élucidée. Cependant plusieurs gènes ont déjà été identifiés dans les défauts de septation non-syndromiques. En ce qui concerne les anomalies touchant la septation et ne faisant pas partie d'un syndrome, très peu est encore connu.
Lorsque j'ai commencé mon travail de thèse, un seul gène était impliqué dans les défauts de septation non-syndromiques. Parmi les familles collectées, cinq familles présentant des défauts de septation associés à des troubles de conduction nous ont particulièrement intéressés. Nous avons criblé le gène CSX/NKX2-5, dont des mutations avaient été décrites auparavant comme étant responsables de CIA associées à des prolongements de l'intervalle PR. Ceci nous a permis d'identifier trois nouvelles mutations dans le gène CSX/NKX2-5. En parallèle, nous avons étudié la fréquence des mutations dans ce gène parmi des patients sporadiques et des cas familiaux atteints de diverses cardiopathies. Comme aucune nouvelle mutation n'a été identifiée, ce gène ne semble donc pas être fréquemment impliqué dans les cardiopathies non associées à des troubles de conduction. L'absence de mutations dans les deux autres familles suggère une hétérogénéité de locus.
Nous avons de plus étudié si le gène VEGF, qui modifie le phénotype cardiaque chez les patients atteints du syndrome de DiGeorge, pouvait être responsable de la variabilité phénotypique observée dans les trois familles ayant des mutations dans le gène CSX/NKX2-5. Aucune association significative n'a été observée.
Nous avons aussi évalué l'implication de cinq gènes candidats (GATA4, FOG2, CRELD1, HEY2 et BMP4) dans une série de 66 patients atteints de malformations cardiaques structurelles, constituées en grande partie par des défauts de septation. Vingt neuf changements nucléotidiques ont été identifiés. Aucun de ces changements nucléotidiques n'a été considéré comme étant une mutation sur base de leur présence dans les banques de données dbSNP et/ou dbEST. De même l'exclusion s'est basée sur le fait que les changements en acide aminé étaient localisés dans un domaine conservé. Nous ne pouvons cependant pas exclure que les variations des régions non codantes ou exons non transcrits, n'induisent pas une instabilité au niveau de l'ARN ou un épissage anormal. Cette étude nous a permis de conclure que les cinq gènes candidats n'ont aucune implication majeure dans les malformations cardiaques structurelles chez l'homme.
La dernière partie du travail a été consacrée à l'étude de l'hétérotaxie. Parmi toutes les familles contactées, une famille consanguine présentait un intérêt particulier. Les parents n'étaient pas atteints et deux de leur trois enfants présentaient un situs inversus ou un syndrome de Kartagener. Sur base de ces données, nous avons émis l'hypothèse d'un mode de transmission autosmique récessif. Tous les gènes et loci connus, de même que des nouveaux candidats ont été exclus à l'aide du génotypage de marqueurs polymorphiques. L'analyse par array CGH n'a pas démontré la présence de microdélétion ou d'amplification. Nous avons donc entrepris un criblage du génome entier sur puce à SNP d'Affymetrix. Ceci nous a permis d'identifier deux régions homozygotes candidates, l'une dans le chromosome 1 et l'autre dans le chromosome 7. Un gène candidat, KIF3AP, situé dans le chromosome 1q23.1-1q32.1 et codant une protéine qui s'associe à la kinésine a été criblé pour tous les membres de la famille. Nous avons exclu l'implication de ce gène dans le situs inversus et le syndrome de Kartagener de la famille étudiée.
En conclusion, nous avons identifié trois nouvelles mutations dans le gène CSX/NKX2-5, étudié l'implication de cinq gènes candidats dans des malformations cardiaques structurelles et finalement identifié deux nouveaux loci associés au situs inversus et au syndrome de Kartagener.
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