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Proefschrift--Utrecht. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 204-213).

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This thesis critically examined gutkas – illuminated, pocket-sized anthologies of texts, hymns, and prayers that a Hindu would recite in a sacred place in the home, usually near an altar – produced in the Kashmir Valley during the mid-nineteenth century. Previously relegated to the periphery of scholarly discourse due to academic discriminations against “folk” culture, the goal here was to consider these objects and their paintings through the combined lenses of art history, cultural history, and religious studies in order to speak about gutkas in a deeper and more meaningful way. Here, gutkas from Utah State University, the Smithsonian Freer|Sackler Galleries, and the British Library were used as a tool to situate their makers within intricate familial webs of artistic practice, identify patterns of consumption and attitudes of ownership among a South Asian middle class, and reconstruct the objects’ function within Hindu devotional practice.

Late Cainozoic environmental changes in Kashmir (33°30' to 34°30' N: 74°10' to 75°30' E) have been reconstructed using a range of techniques. The sedimentary record in Kashmir consists of a thick (>1000m) basin-fill sequence known as the Karewa group, together with glacial and related sediments in the surrounding mountain flanks. The Karewa sediments are fluviolacustrine in origin and comprise alternations of conglomerates, sands and clayey silts. Work on the lower Karewa formation, which has previously been dated palaeomagnetically to between 4 and 0.4 MaBP, involved the semi- quantitative analysis of clay-mineral assemblages by X-ray diffraction.The clay minerals in the lower Karewa mudstones are interpreted as detrital clays which reflect weathering within Kashmir basin. The analyses showed a change in clay mineralogy between about 2.5 and 2.3MaBP, from abundant kaolinite to abundant smectite. Work on the upper Karewa formation involved field description and mapping of facies, sedimentological analysis, dating using thermoluminescence (TL) and amino-acid racemization, and analysis of ostracod assemblages from lacustrine sediments. Areal restriction of the lake in Kashmir occurred about 0.4MaBP with the rapid uplift of the Pir Panjal Range. Sedimentological data show that aeolian dust formed a major input into the lake. Ostracod assemblages show that the lake itself was cool, shallow, alkaline and had abundant plant macrophytes, The lake drained between 120 and SOkaBP. Stratigraphical, sedimentological and faunal evidence suggests that this was a result of tectonically-induced drainage rather than climatically-induced desiccation. The glacial history of the surrounding mountain flanks was reconstructed by field mapping of glacial sediments and dated using TL and radiocarbon methods. Present and past patterns of glaciation wore assessed by the determination of equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs), glaciation thresholds (GTs) and cirque aJtitudes. Glaciers extended to 2150 m a.s.l in the Great Himalayan flank and 2600 m a.s.l. in the Pir Panjal. There is evidence for only 2 pre-Holucene advances in Kashmir, the older of which predates 35kaBP. Present patterns of glacierization indicate a SW to NE rise in the height of ELAs and GTs suggesting topographic and precipitation control. An apparent reversal of trends during the past is explained by Quaternary uplift of the Pir Panjal Range.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1966. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

The study presented aims to provide the most viable seismic retrofit solution for rural masonry. Muzffarabad is one such region where excess of unreinforced masonry structures claimed thousands of lives during 2005 earthquake. Field study was conducted in the region to familiarize with the dynamics of local construction industry before suggesting a suitable retrofit solution. Polypropylene (PP-) band retrofit has been selected as the most viable solution for retrofitting existing masonry structures in terms of cost, material availability and ease of application. To prove the efficiency of PP-band retrofit, numerical simulations and laboratory tests were conducted to assess the seismic efficiency of PP-band retrofit. Material tests were conducted in accordance with BS-EN to familiarize with the mechanical properties of locally available materials in Kashmir region and to provide material data for numerical analysis. Tests revealed lower strength and elasticity for bricks in comparison to materials found in developed countries, due to the unregulated and non-standardized manufacturing of masonry units and high water content in mortars. Shake table tests were conducted to test the effectiveness of PP-band retrofit masonry under dynamic vibrations. Results show that PP-band retrofit can enhance the post peak performance by at least 7 times in comparison to non-retrofit specimen. Real-scale structure retrofit with PP-band survived accelerations of up to 2g without any life-threatening damage, thus, proving to be an economic and efficient strengthening solution for rural communities. Following the shortcomings observed in Room-1, connection detail for PP-bands in Room-2 was revised to achieve a 100% performance enhancement. Numerical models were developed to predict cracks in masonry and analyse diagonal compression test models, in accordance with ASTM standards. The results showed 30% higher residual strength after cracking for PP- band retrofit masonry and the wall integrity was maintained for higher deformations.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor Of Philosophy (Development Studies) in the Department of Anthropology and Development Studies at the University of Zululand, 2018 / The thesis explores the conflict between India and Pakistan over Kashmir as a dispute symbol. It highlights the socio-economic implications of the conflict on the conflicting states of India and Pakistan. The conflicting symbol, Kashmir, as well as the entire South Asia that house all of them, with a view to suggest a lasting solution which it gives as, the creation of an independent Kashmir State. It is argued here that domestic politics in both India and Pakistan complicates the Kashmiri issue. In Pakistan, it has enabled the military to assume a dominant and pre-eminent position in politics. In India, a penchant for coalition government creates an immobility that is felt on the Kashmir crisis. In general, there is an on-going, serious and intense arms race between India and Pakistan that has increasingly led to a diversion of resources to investment in nuclear technology by both countries. Holding on to Kashmir has made India vulnerable to terrorist attacks, with the consequences of not only diverting developmental resources to enhancing security, but also exacerbating conflict with Pakistan. Economic relations between the main antagonists have remained marginal since the partition. Initiatives such as cooperation in water resource management between the two countries, and proposed joint development of oil and gas pipelines have failed to materialize. This led to the conclusion that both countries have allowed their economic relations with potential for huge benefits to be held hostage to the Kashmir crisis. In terms of the level of economic development, India holds big advantage. This advantage is harnessed into a superior conventional military capability which has also enabled India to rule out first strike as its nuclear doctrine. However, the disadvantageous position of Pakistan makes it view nuclear weapons as the equalizer, and the possibility of a first use is not ruled out. As a possible negotiated solution to the Kashmir conflict, it is argued here that as long as both India and Pakistan cling to their historically-entrenched positions, there is hardly any chance for permanent peace in Kashmir, thereby complicating their strategic stance in the region. It also argues that the Independence of Kashmir is the only guarantee of a lasting solution to the Kashmir conflict and South East Asia development crisis. The theories of Neo-Realism and Neo-Liberalism are central in this thesis to explain outcomes towards peace initiatives between India and Pakistan, and the implications for South Asia. Three specific concepts advanced by neo-realists and neo-liberal theorists are chosen to explore and explain the three principles of this study: The Balance of Power, Security and Economic Co-operation. Kashmir’s embroidery of encounters from forces of brutality, state repression particularly on the Indian occupied territories, massive militarization, stunted infrastructural and socio-economic development, insecurity to gross human rights violations leaves impacts so grave for social structures needed for modernity and sense of decent livelihood. Methodologically, the thesis provides a conceptual definition of the right to self-determination particularly from the United Nations perspective. It then applies the United Nations declared right of self-determination to Kashmir. This is achieved by outlining United Nations action on Kashmiri self-determination and then by applying the components of the right to Kashmir. The thesis concludes with some observations regarding resolving the Kashmir crisis. The central of this is the inevitable position that the realization of the right to self-determination will bring to fore in realizing peace and development for the region as a whole and to the parties involved in the crisis.

Thesis advisor: Timothy Crawford / Since 1947, India and Pakistan have gone to war four times and faced several other regional crises over the disputed status of Kashmir. Since 1998, the Kashmir conflict has been characterized by increasingly aggressive nuclear rhetoric and signaling. Nuclear use by either India and Pakistan, even for counterforce targeting, would result in the deaths of millions on the continent and forever damage the taboo surrounding nuclear first-use. This paper will explore the ways in which the ongoing Indo-Pakistan conflict in Kashmir may escalate to the nuclear level. I will argue that a nuclear exchange between India and Pakistan, in reference to the Kashmir conflict, is within the realm of plausibility and therefore deserves careful consideration. I will map out four plausible pathways to nuclear first-use to draw conclusions about what aspects of the Indo-Pakistani relationship are most threatening to regional stability. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2019. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Departmental Honors. / Discipline: Political Science.

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