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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Studies towards Developing Diastereoselective SN1 Reactions of α-Keto Carbocations

Dubland, Joshua 06 April 2010 (has links)
Although α-keto carbocations have been demonstrated to be viable intermediates in solvolysis reactions, their applications in synthesis are scarce. These species can be considered to be equivalent to “reversed polarity” enolates and, as such, could be useful for the asymmetric formation of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. In principle, facial selectivity in additions to α-keto carbocations may be induced using easily removed ester, amide, or imide chiral auxiliaries. Efforts to achieve such diastereoselective SN1 reactions of α-keto carbocations are described herein.
52

Studies towards Developing Diastereoselective SN1 Reactions of α-Keto Carbocations

Dubland, Joshua 06 April 2010 (has links)
Although α-keto carbocations have been demonstrated to be viable intermediates in solvolysis reactions, their applications in synthesis are scarce. These species can be considered to be equivalent to “reversed polarity” enolates and, as such, could be useful for the asymmetric formation of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. In principle, facial selectivity in additions to α-keto carbocations may be induced using easily removed ester, amide, or imide chiral auxiliaries. Efforts to achieve such diastereoselective SN1 reactions of α-keto carbocations are described herein.
53

Σύνθεση μη-πρωτεϊνικών αμινοξέων για εφαρμογές τους στην πεπτιδική σύνθεση σε στερεή φάση / Synthesis of unnatural amino acids for applications in solid phase peptide synthesis

Αντωνίου, Αντωνία 07 June 2013 (has links)
Στην παρούσα διατριβή παρουσιάζεται μια νέα μεθοδολογία σύνθεσης μη-πρωτεϊνικών αμινοξέων (ΜΠΑ) κατάλληλων για εφαρμογές στην πεπτιδική σύνθεση με χρήση του ασπαραγινικού οξέος ως χειρόμορφου εκμαγείου. Η μεθοδολογία αυτή βασίζεται στην επιτυχή και σε καλές αποδόσεις σύνθεση της β-αλδεΰδης του Ν-τριτυλοασπαραγινικού τριτ-βουτυλεστέρα, η οποία αποτελεί την ένωση «κλειδί». Αυτή στη συνέχεια έδωσε μια ποικιλία νέων ΜΠΑ μέσω αντιδράσεων Wittig, Horner-Emmons ή με επίδραση οργανοψευδραργυρικών αντιδραστηρίων. Ανάλογες μελέτες με σκοπό την σύνθεση των αντίστοιχων ομολόγων τους με έναν άνθρακα λιγότερο ή περισσότερο στην πλευρική αλυσίδα, ξεκινώντας από σερίνη ή γλουταμινικό οξύ δεν απέδωσαν τα αναμενόμενα αποτελέσματα ή ήταν ανεπιτυχείς. / In the present dissertation a new methodology is reported for the synthesis of novel non-proteinogenic amino acids (NPAAs) suitable for applications in solid phase peptide synthesis. This methodology involves aspartic acid as chiral template and relies on the successful and in good yields pepraration of the key N-tritylaspartic tert-butyl ester’s β-aldehyde, which when followed by Wittig, Horner-Emmons or Grignard type reactions may result in a variety of new NPAAs. Furthermore unsuccessful attempts towards the application of the present methodology for the synthesis of NPAA homologues bearing one carbon atom less or more in the side chain by using as chiral templates serine or glutamic acid, respectively, are also reported.
54

Estudos eletrossintéticos anódicos diretos e indiretos de β-ceto- e β-hidróxi-sulfetos / Studies of the Anodic eletrossintéticos - direct and indirect - of β-keto and β-hydroxy-sulfides

Claudio Luis Donnici 28 October 1988 (has links)
Neste trabalho apresenta-se o estudo do comportamento eletroquímico anódico - direto (oxidação na superfície do eletrodo) e indireto (oxidação através de um oxidante eletrogerado, ou mediador) de β-ceto-sulfetos e βhidróxi-sulfetos de estruturas variadas. Foram utilizadas as técnicas de voltametria cíclica (anodo:pérola de Pt; referência: Ag/AgI; solvente: MeCN anidra e NaClO4 0,1 M como eletrólito de suporte) e de oxidações anódicas preparativas (potencial controlado ou corrente constante; eletrodos de Pt polida 4 cm2; solvente:MeCN/H2O (9:1v/v); NaClO4 0,2 M). Foram sintetizadas e estudadas as seguintes cetonas α-sulfeniladas: 2-etiltio- (I.1), 2-etiltio-2-metil (I.2) e, 2-feniltio-(I.3)-ciclo-hexano-1-onas; 2-metiltio-(II.1) e 2-metiltio-2-metil-(II.2)-1-tetralonas; 1-fenil-2-metiltio-butano-1-ona (III.1); 2-etiltio-1,2-difenil-etano-1-ona (IV.1) e três derivados aril-substituídos [4.4-OMe (IV.2); 4-OMe (IV.3); 2.2-Cl (IV.3); 2,2-Cl (IV.4)]. Os mediadores preparados e eletroquimicamente investigados foram os derivados bromados da trifenilamina (V.1): tris(4-bromofenil)amina (V.2) e tris(2,4-dibromo-fenil)amina (V.3). Os álcoois correspondentes foram preparados por redução direta das cetonas. Os resultados dos estudos eletroquímicos das cetonas demonstraram que o diferente comportamento eletroquímico deve-se a fatores estereoeletrônicos. Somente (III.1) e (IV.1, 2 e 3) eram oxidados indiretamente. As oxidações anódicas diretas dos β-hidróxi-sulfetos mostraram-se mais seletivas que as das cetonas relativas. Além do mais, a comparação entre as oxidações direta e indireta destes álcoois revelou que enquanto diretamente obtem-se dois ou três produtos, indiretamente os sulfóxidos correspondentes são obtidos. Como único produto, de todos álcoois exceto daqueles relativos às cetonas (IV. 2, 3 e 4). Também foi observado que a estereoquimica cis entre os grupos hidroxila e alquiltio é fator determinante para as oxidações eletroquímicas indiretas. Os estereoisômeros trans não eram oxidados indiretamente. Um intermediário cíclico, formado durante o processo de oxidação, é sugerido como explicação para estes fatos. Também foi observado que ocorre clivagem da ligação carbono-carbono entre os grupos hidroxila e alquiltio na oxidação anódica, quando os carbonos substituídos são terciários (no caso de 2-etiltio-1,2-dimetil-ciclohexan-1-ol), ou estão ligados a grupos fenila (IV.1, 2, 3 e 4). São obtidos os compostos carbonílicos correspondentes em bons rendimentos. / In the present work a study of the electrochemical oxidation behaviour under direct (oxidation at the electrode) and indirect (oxidation by on in situ electrogenerated species, a mediator) conditions of several β-keto and β-hydroxysulphides is reported. Cyclic voltammetry (anode: Pt bead, reference: Ag/AgI, 0.1 M NaClO4) in anhydrous acetonitrile) and preparative scale electrolysis under controlled potential or at constant current (anode: Pt 2 x 2 cm, 0.2 M NaClO4 in acetonitrile - water (9:1 v/v) were employed. The studied mediators were tris-(4-bromophenyl) and tris-2,4-dibromophenyl)amines. The following α-sulphenylated ketones were synthesized: 2-ethylthio-(I.1), 2-ethylthio-2-methyl (I.2) and 2-phenylthio-(I.3)-cyclohexan-1-ones; 2-methylthio-(II.1) and 2-methylthio-2-methyl-(II.2)-1-tetralones; 1-phenyl-2-methylbutan-1-one (III.1); 2-ethylthio-1,2-diphenylethan-1-one (IV.1) and three aryl derivatives [4,4\'-OMe (IV.2), 4\'-Ome (IV.3), 2,2\'-Cl (IV.3)]. The corresponding alcohols were prepared by direct reduction of the ketones. The results of the electrochemical studies for the investigated ketones demonstrated that their different behaviour is due to stereoelectronic effects. Only (III.1, IV.1, IV.2 and IV.3) were indirectly oxidized. The direct anodic oxidations of the β-hydroxy-sulphides were more selective than those of the corresponding ketones. Moreover, a comparison between direct and indirect oxidations of such alcohols reveal that while the former can give two or three products, the latter yields the relatives sulphoxides as the only products with all the alcohols except the ones related to (IV.2, 3 and 4). It was also noticed that the cis stereochemistry between hydroxyl and alkylthio groups is the determining feature in the indirect electrochemical oxidation of cyclic alcohols. No oxidation was observed in the case of the trans stereoisomers. A cyclic intermediate, formed during the oxidation process, is suggested to explain these facts. In addition, a cleavage of the carbon-carbon bond between the hydroxyl and alkylthio groups was observed in the anodic oxidation, when the substituted carbons are tertiary (in the case of 2-ethylthio-1,2- dimethylciclohexan-1-ol), or linked to phenyl groups (IV.1, 2, 3 and 4). In these cases, the corresponding carbonyl compounds were obtained in good yields.
55

Développement de procédés originaux et compétitifs de synthèse de méthionine, à partir de nouvelles matières premières / Development of new and competitive process for methionine production from new raw materials

Huchede, Maxime 06 December 2017 (has links)
Résumé confidentiel / Résumé confidentiel
56

Lipid-based Oxidative Protein Modifications in Glaucoma

Annangudi Palani, Suresh Babu January 2006 (has links)
No description available.
57

Prospecção de genes biossintéticos de policetídeos a partir de fungos isolados de cana-de-açúcar. / Screening of polyketides biosynthetic genes from sugarcane derived fungi.

Rojas, Juan Diego Rojas 03 November 2010 (has links)
A partir de 280 isolados fúngicos de cana-de-açúcar, 18 cepas foram avaliadas quanto á presença de genes da policetídeo sintase por meio da técnica do PCR. Estes fungos foram identificados taxonomicamente por uma abordagem polifásica, classificando-os dentro de quatro ordens e nove gêneros. A avaliação da atividade biológica demonstrou a presença de metabolitos com propriedades antibióticas quando enfrentados a micro-organismos patogênicos. Segundo a análise de correspondência múltipla, esta atividade poderia estar associada com a local de isolamento dos fungos. Foram detectadas 36 seqüências similares a genes PKS a partir de 17 destes fungos. A análise filogenética do domínio KS, conduzida pelo método de neighbor-joining, indicou que 16 seqüências se acomodaram dentro do grupo monofilético dos PKS envolvidos na produção de policetídeos não reduzidos e as outras 10 seqüências se acomodaram dentro do grupo monofilético dos PKS envolvidos na produção de policetídeos reduzidos. A análise do domínio CMT também apontou que as seqüências podiam se acomodaram em grupos de PKS dependendo do grau de redução do policetídeo, todas as seqüências CMT se relacionaram com PKS envolvidos na produção de policetídeos reduzidos. As análises dos modelos estruturais também demonstraram que as seqüências estavam altamente relacionadas com estruturas protéicas da família das enzimas de condensação, destacando a presença de uma hélice característica que carrega o resíduo de cisteína, responsável pela atividade de condensação. Extratos orgânicos obtidos de cultivos dos fungos foram avaliados parar detectar a presença de compostos tipo lovastatina. Por meio de cromatografia CCDS, detectaram-se bandas de 10 extratos com o mesmo deslocamento que a lovastatina padrão, mas apenas 6 destas foram confirmados por CLAE. O isolado A. flavus CBMAI 1023, foi selecionado para a realização de experimentos de produção a maior escala onde foi possível isolar e caracterizar um novo policetídeo. / From a group of 280 sugarcane-derived fungi 18 strains were assessed for the presence of polyketide synthase genes by PCR approaches. These fungi were identified taxonomically by a polyphasic approach classifying into four orders and nine genres. Biological activity tests showed the presence of antibiotic metabolites against pathogenic microorganisms and the relationship of this activity might be linked with the fungal isolate location by multiple correspondence analyses. 36 sequences similar to PKS genes fragments were detected from 17 of these fungi. A neighbor-joining phylogenetic analysis of the KS domain showed that 16 sequences fit on the monophyletic group of PKS evolved with production of non reduced polyketides, and the other 10 sequences fit on the monophyletic group of PKS evolved with the production of reduced polyketides. CMT domain analysis also pointed that the sequences fit with groups of PKS depending on polyketide reduction grade, all ten related to PKS evolved with the synthesis of reduced polyketides. Protein structural analysis also pointed out that these sequences are closely related with proteins from condensing enzyme family, highlighting the presence of a characteristic helix elbow that bears the cysteine residue responsible for the condensation activity. The fungi were also tested for their capacity of producing lovastatin compounds where chromatographic TLC detected bands from 10 extracts with the same dislocation compared to a lovastatin, but only 6 were confirmed by HPLC. The A. flavus CBMAI (1023) were selected for upscale production experiments, from where it was possible isolate and characterize a new polyketide compound.
58

Hypoxia-inducible factor hydroxylases are oxygen sensors in the brain /

Dalgard, Clifton Lee. January 2005 (has links) (PDF)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 2005. / Typescript (photocopy).
59

Prospecção de genes biossintéticos de policetídeos a partir de fungos isolados de cana-de-açúcar. / Screening of polyketides biosynthetic genes from sugarcane derived fungi.

Juan Diego Rojas Rojas 03 November 2010 (has links)
A partir de 280 isolados fúngicos de cana-de-açúcar, 18 cepas foram avaliadas quanto á presença de genes da policetídeo sintase por meio da técnica do PCR. Estes fungos foram identificados taxonomicamente por uma abordagem polifásica, classificando-os dentro de quatro ordens e nove gêneros. A avaliação da atividade biológica demonstrou a presença de metabolitos com propriedades antibióticas quando enfrentados a micro-organismos patogênicos. Segundo a análise de correspondência múltipla, esta atividade poderia estar associada com a local de isolamento dos fungos. Foram detectadas 36 seqüências similares a genes PKS a partir de 17 destes fungos. A análise filogenética do domínio KS, conduzida pelo método de neighbor-joining, indicou que 16 seqüências se acomodaram dentro do grupo monofilético dos PKS envolvidos na produção de policetídeos não reduzidos e as outras 10 seqüências se acomodaram dentro do grupo monofilético dos PKS envolvidos na produção de policetídeos reduzidos. A análise do domínio CMT também apontou que as seqüências podiam se acomodaram em grupos de PKS dependendo do grau de redução do policetídeo, todas as seqüências CMT se relacionaram com PKS envolvidos na produção de policetídeos reduzidos. As análises dos modelos estruturais também demonstraram que as seqüências estavam altamente relacionadas com estruturas protéicas da família das enzimas de condensação, destacando a presença de uma hélice característica que carrega o resíduo de cisteína, responsável pela atividade de condensação. Extratos orgânicos obtidos de cultivos dos fungos foram avaliados parar detectar a presença de compostos tipo lovastatina. Por meio de cromatografia CCDS, detectaram-se bandas de 10 extratos com o mesmo deslocamento que a lovastatina padrão, mas apenas 6 destas foram confirmados por CLAE. O isolado A. flavus CBMAI 1023, foi selecionado para a realização de experimentos de produção a maior escala onde foi possível isolar e caracterizar um novo policetídeo. / From a group of 280 sugarcane-derived fungi 18 strains were assessed for the presence of polyketide synthase genes by PCR approaches. These fungi were identified taxonomically by a polyphasic approach classifying into four orders and nine genres. Biological activity tests showed the presence of antibiotic metabolites against pathogenic microorganisms and the relationship of this activity might be linked with the fungal isolate location by multiple correspondence analyses. 36 sequences similar to PKS genes fragments were detected from 17 of these fungi. A neighbor-joining phylogenetic analysis of the KS domain showed that 16 sequences fit on the monophyletic group of PKS evolved with production of non reduced polyketides, and the other 10 sequences fit on the monophyletic group of PKS evolved with the production of reduced polyketides. CMT domain analysis also pointed that the sequences fit with groups of PKS depending on polyketide reduction grade, all ten related to PKS evolved with the synthesis of reduced polyketides. Protein structural analysis also pointed out that these sequences are closely related with proteins from condensing enzyme family, highlighting the presence of a characteristic helix elbow that bears the cysteine residue responsible for the condensation activity. The fungi were also tested for their capacity of producing lovastatin compounds where chromatographic TLC detected bands from 10 extracts with the same dislocation compared to a lovastatin, but only 6 were confirmed by HPLC. The A. flavus CBMAI (1023) were selected for upscale production experiments, from where it was possible isolate and characterize a new polyketide compound.

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