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Volatile geochemistry and eruption dynamics at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'iSides, Isobel Ruth January 2013 (has links)
No description available.
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A chemical study of Hawaiian volcanic gasesFinlayson, James Bruce January 1967 (has links)
Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii, 1967. / Bibliography: leaves [175]-181. / vii, 181 l illus., map, tables
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Olivine Crystallization Depths within Kilauea's Lower East Rift Zone: The Use of Rehomogenized Melt Inclusions to Interpret Magma Transport, Storage, and Energetic FountainingTuohy, Robin 17 June 2014 (has links)
H2O and CO2 concentrations in olivine-hosted melt inclusions, assuming vapor saturation at the time of trapping, can be used to estimate crystallization depths for the olivine host. Estimating the true CO2 in melt inclusions is difficult, as much is lost to shrinkage bubbles, which form upon post-entrapment cooling and crystallization. Reheating olivine to temperatures above the melt inclusion trapping temperature and then quenching rapidly can restore CO2 to the glass because the CO2 in the bubble redissolves at high temperature. Previous work has established that olivine crystallization for the1959 Kilauea Iki eruption took place in the shallow summit reservoir, but crystallization depths have not been established for the rift extension of the eruption, at Kapoho. The new data presented here suggest that the most primitive Kilauea Iki component bypassed the summit reservoir for the east rift zone prior to the start of the eruption and was later erupted at Kapoho.
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The hydrothermal system of the lower East rift zone of Kilauea volcano : conceptual and numerical models of energy and solute transportGingerich, Stephen B January 1995 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 207-215). / Microfiche. / xiii, 215 leaves, bound maps (some col.) 29 cm
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Fumarolic Alteration of Basalt on Mauna Ulu, Kilauea Volcano, HawaiiMathews, Catherine 04 1900 (has links)
<p> Altered olivine tholeiite basalt on Mauna Ulu Volcano,
Hawaii was examined petrographically and chemically to determine
the mineralogy of the alteration products. Colour plays an
important role in determining a general trend of alteration. </p> <p> The processes involved in the formation of Mauna
Ulu have little effect on the alteration. The major influence
is the type of volcanic gas and its constant interaction with
the basaltic lava over an eight year period. The gas is
oxidized as it cools, resulting in a zoning of different
alteration products in a variety of colours and compositions. </p> <p> The major alteration phase was determined to be
amorphous opaline silica. Other species present are hematite
and sulphur, with minor halides, sulphates and sheet silicate
(chlorite). </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Science (BSc)
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Electromagnetic Transient Soundings on the East Rrift Geothermal Area of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: A Study of Interpretational TechniquesKauahikaua, James 12 1900 (has links)
Seventeen electromagnetic transient soundings were done on the lower east flank of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. Each sounding is based on the response or the earth as a function of time to a step function of current in a horizontal linear source. Interpretation of these response measurements is usually done by matching the data to standard model curves or asymptotic expressions; however, these methods presuppose that each datum has been measured with a relative precision (e.g. a precision of 5%) whereas, sounding, each datum is commonly measured with an absolute precision (e.g. a precision of 10µv). Therefore, a general inversion technique based on linear comparisons between the data and model values was used for the interpretations of the data in this study. The resulting geoelectric model shows that the structure is uniform vertically to a depth of 1000 m below sea level. There are broad, but distinct, lateral variations in the interpreted conductivity values ranging from 0.10 to 0.16 -mho/m in most of east Puna to anomalous values of 0.30 to 0.50 mho/m in a particular area south of the rift at Puu Honuaula (see Figure 7). Based on these conductivity estimates, groundwater temperatures in the anomalous area are not expected to exceed 1500 C to depths of 1000 m below sea level. / ill / maps
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The Subsurface Resistivity Structure of Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'iKauahikaua, James P 5 1900 (has links)
Using the controlled-source electromagnetic technique, resistivity soundings were obtained at 49 •locations around the summit caldera and upper rift zones of Kilauea volcano. Each sounding consisted of vector measurements of the magnetic field induced by a large-moment horizontal loop current source at discrete frequencies between 0.04 and 8 Hz. The source-to-sensor distances ranged from 2.5 to 13 km. The data have been computer-inverted to produce a best-fitting horizontally layered earth model. Although each sounding's interpretation is different in detail, the volcano’s structure appears simple and can be represented by four, subhorizontal layers. The surface layer is highly resistive and coincid.es with. the dry, basaltic overburden. At a depth of 500 to 1000 m, resistivities decrease abruptly to between 30 and 50 ohm-m, marking the top of the water-saturated zone. The third layer occurs between 2 and 3 km depth and has a resistivity of less than 10 ohm-m and a total conductance of about 200 mhos. This layer is underlain everywhere by highly resistive rock to a depth of at least 6 km, the estimated limit of penetration by this study. Pockets of low resistivity (less than 20 ohm--m) occur irregularly within the high-resistivity basement. Because of its widespread occurrence, 'the shallower conductive layer (layer 3) is probably water-saturated rock at high, temperature; however, the possibility of thin, intruded sills of magma contributing to the low resistivities cannot be refuted, The pockets of low resistivity within layer 4 occur at a depth of 5 km and are believed to be magma chamber 2 to 3 km deeper than models derived from earthquake hypocenter location and surface deformation studies. / ill
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Magmatic processes at basaltic volcanoes : insights from the crystal cargoSalem, Lois Claire January 2018 (has links)
A plethora of magmatic processing occurs in magma reservoirs, where melts are stored prior to eruption. Magma reservoirs are complex, open systems, and often multiple reservoirs are partially inter-connected from source to surface, giving rise to the term 'volcanic plumbing system'. Parental melts feeding these reservoirs can have diverse and distinct geochemical and petrological characteristics, and be variably evolved or enriched. These melts can also bring with them a crystal cargo that may remain in equilibrium in the magma reservoir, but may also be modified by reaction, resorption, crystallisation and diffusion. Melts and crystals can be transported between reservoirs, from the upper mantle and through the crust, leading to melt mixing, reactions and volatile exsolution. Basaltic volcanic systems are fed by primitive melts, and due to the rapid ascent of melts and short magma storage times, these volcanoes provide the best means of unravelling the mantle and crustal contribution to geochemical heterogeneity observed in erupted samples. Despite the potential chemical complexity of a magma reservoir, evidence for magma processing and reaction can be preserved in melt inclusion suites and the compositional structure of their host crystals. Magmatic processes during storage and transport at two basaltic volcanoes are investigated using two carefully selected eruptions: the 1669 eruption at Mt. Etna, and the 2007 Father's Day eruption at Kīlauea. A suite of diverse geochemical, petrological and petrographical observations, made at a range of length-scales, are combined and interpreted in tandem with geophysical monitoring data. The conclusions of these studies shed light on the architecture of each volcano's plumbing systems and basaltic plumbing systems in general. This thesis is divided into two parts. The first study unravels the crustal and mantle processes controlling melt geochemical heterogeneity at Mt. Etna, Sicily, during the 1669 eruption, the largest eruption in historical times. The 1669 melt inclusion suite arises from the mixing of two basaltic melts with similar major element compositions but very different trace and volatile element compositions. The melt geochemistry suggests that at least one end-member melt has been heavily influenced by assimilation of carbonate in the crust. The elevation in alkalis, caused by carbonate assimilation, enhances carbon and sulfur solubility in one end member. The melt inclusion suite indicates that mixing of these melts occurred in the shallow crust shortly before eruption and this mixing may be the cause of the enhanced $CO_{2}$ fluxes prior to eruptions at Mt. Etna. The second study is split into two parts. Each uses the eruptive products of the Father's Day eruption at Kīlauea and aims to unravel the connectivity of the plumbing system between the summit and East Rift Zone, with a focus on timescales of storage and transport. The first part investigates the melt geochemistry in terms of heterogeneity and volatile composition, and the second investigates the crystal cargo in terms of features of the macro-scale crystal cargo distribution and the micro-scale geochemical zoning of individual crystals. The integration of observations and models from these two studies constrains the pressure, temperature and composition of source magma feeding the Father's Day eruption. The eruption is investigated in the context of the "magma surge'' event that preceded the intrusion, as well as within the context of the longer-term trends in Kīlauea geochemistry at the summit and East Rift Zone. Melt inclusion and matrix glass volatile systematics provide insights into the degassing path of the magma and the duration of magma transport to the surface is constrained by diffusion modelling. Estimated timescales for ascent by diffusion modelling of macrocryst major element composition, melt inclusion water content and the melt Fe$^{3+}$/Fe$_{tot}$ ratio are in agreement with timescales observed from the geophysical data of $< $8 hours from reservoir depth to eruption. Both studies emphasise how petrological observations can supplement geophysical monitoring datasets collected at the surface to aid our interpretation of volcanic behaviour and eruption forecasting.
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The Oxidation State of Hawaiian MagmasVollinger, Michael 27 October 2017 (has links)
In order to estimate the oxygen fugacity of Hawaiian lavas I have measured the ferric/ferrous ratios of samples from the 1984 eruption of Mauna Loa volcano and from the ongoing (1983-2017) Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea volcano. Fifteen samples were studied from the 21 day Mauna Loa eruption and 86 samples, erupted between 1983 and 2004, of the 34 year long Kilauea eruption. Both studies show that, in order to obtain reliable estimates of oxygen fugacity when, where, and how basaltic lava is sampled is of critical importance. Water-quenched lavas and spatter sampled at, or near vents, are less oxidized than water-quenched samples taken from open flow channels several kilometers away from the vent, or from slowly-cooled solidified flows. Additionally, samples of water-quenched lava traveling in lava tubes are less prone to oxidation than lava flowing in open channels, with oxygen fugacities similar to those of near vent quenched samples. The oxidation state of the rapidly quenched near vent or lava tube samples is at or below magnetite-wüstite (MW). This contrasts with the oxidation state of previously reported values for Hawaiian lavas, which are closer to fayalite-magnetite-quartz (FMQ) or nickel-nickel oxide (NNO). From this I conclude that the initial oxygen fugacity of Hawaiian parental magmas is close to MW and not FMQ, and that previous estimates of the oxidation state of Hawaiian magmas, based on data from solidified lava flows, were too high. This implies that the plume source of both Mauna Loa and Kilauea magmas is also close to MW, but not as reduced as the mantle source of mid-ocean ridge basalts.
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Mécanismes de solidification des magmas basaltiques : Étude quantitative texturale et géochimique des laves du volcan Kilauea, HawaïVinet, Nicolas 16 August 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Le volcan Kilauea, Hawaï, est probablement le système magmatique basaltique actif le plus étudié sur Terre, et représente donc un site privilégié pour l'étude des processus de solidification basaltique en milieu naturel. Une meilleure compréhension de la solidification magmatique est d'importance majeure dans le raffinement de modèles expliquant le dynamisme des chambres magmatiques, et son étude détaillée est susceptible de grandement améliorer notre connaissance de l'évolution globale des systèmes magmatiques. Dans ce contexte volcanique, les lacs de lave offrent une rare opportunité d'étudier directement la solidification magmatique et peuvent être considérés, en première approximation, comme des analogues superficiels de petites chambres magmatiques. Le but premier de ce doctorat est de déterminer et quantifier les principaux processus de solidification magmatiques à l'œuvre dans la genèse des basaltes tholéiitiques. Ce travail s'articule autour du minéral olivine comme composant central. Dans les deux premiers chapitres, l'approche est double, texture et géochimie, mais l'emphase porte sur l'aspect textural dont l'analyse de la distribution de la taille des cristaux (CSD) est la composante phare. Ce travail a été réalisé sur les laves produites par les éruptions de 1969-1974 (Mauna Ulu) et 1959 (Kilauea Iki) du volcan Kilauea. L'étude des coulées de lave produites par l'éruption du Mauna Ulu permet de mieux comprendre les processus actifs de solidification dans tout le système magmatique superficiel (la "tuyauterie") de l'édifice. L'étude du lac de lave Kilauea Iki renseigne quant à elle sur la solidification en système semi-fermé en sub-surface. Dans un dernier temps, il est question d'évaluer plus en détail l'influence de la déformation magmatique sur la structure interne des olivines, et de la quantifier, en utilisant une technique in situ récente de micro-diffraction des rayons X. Chacun des trois chapitres de cette thèse est un article publié ou destiné à la publication dans une revue scientifique internationale. L'article 1 présente les résultats en éléments majeurs et traces (roche totale), les compositions de l'olivine, et les CSDs de 11 échantillons de laves du Mauna Ulu. Les variations chimiques en roche totale sont interprétées comme étant partiellement produites par addition d'olivine dans le système magmatique. Les profiles CSD suggèrent qu'au moins deux populations d'olivines interviennent : (1) une population d'âges 3-40 ans, caractérisée par une faible densité de "gros" cristaux et des pentes CSD relativement faibles ; et (2) une population d'âges 1,5-15 ans, marquée par une forte densité de petits cristaux et des pentes CSD plus fortes. La gamme de compositions de l'olivine suggère que ces cristaux se sont formés à partir de magmas différents, probablement reliés par crystallisation fractionnée. La présence d'olivines déformées de toutes tailles couvrant la totalité de la gamme de compositions, montre que la population 1 provient principalement de la désintégration et assimilation d'un cumulat déformé. Cette population d'olivines représente un composant magmatique cumulatif précoce qui a subi du mûrissement textural. A l'inverse, la population 2 représente un composant magmatique tardif formé dans la région sommitale de stockage de magma. Nos résultats sont en accord avec l'hypothèse que ces deux composants magmatiques ont suivi deux trajets différents avant d'alimenter l'éruption du Mauna Ulu. Le magma contenant les olivines déformées aurait transité le long du décollement basal sous le Kilauea, puis remonté verticalement par des conduits de type "pipe" sous le rift du Mauna Ulu. Le magma contenant la plupart des olivines non déformées aurait quant à lui transité vers le réservoir sommital à travers le conduit magmatique principal, puis le long de la rift zone où les magmas se seraient finalement mélangés dans de petites chambres magmatiques satellites. La présence de fines zonalités inverses à la bordure de certains cristaux suggère que le mélange s'est fait juste avant l'éruption. L'article 2 présente les compositions et CSDs d'olivine provenant de scories et d'échantillons de forage (0-90 m de profondeur) du lac de lave Kilauea Iki. Trois populations d'olivines sont distinguées sur la base de leur composition en forstérite (Fo) : (1) une population riche en Fo (Fo85-88) ; (2) une population intermédiaire (Fo77-81) ; et (3) une population mineure appauvrie en Fo (Fo72-76). Les populations 1 et 2 sont composées à la fois de cristaux déformés et non déformés. La troisième population pourrait résulter d'une phase de recroissance tardive. Dans les 60 derniers mètres du lac, l'olivine est moins riche en Fo et la proportion de cristaux déformés augmente. Ces observations laissent penser à l'existence d'une stratification minéralogique et chimique verticale dans le lac de lave. L'analyse CSD a permis d'estimer les temps de résidence des olivines dans le magma, 1-60 ans, valeurs qui sont en accord avec les estimations préexistantes. Les CSDs sont globalement uniformes eu égard à la profondeur. Cependant, certaines caractéristiques spécifiques ressortent. Ainsi, les CSDs courbées sont considérées comme évidence de mélange de magmas ou de cristaux. L'inversion de pente aux petites tailles de la plupart des CSDs du lac de lave est interprétée comme résultant du mûrissement. Les résultats de la modélisation CSD suggèrent que la décantation / sédimentation des olivines et la convection à grande échelle ne sont pas significatives dans l'évolution du lac de lave. Enfin, la stratification verticale du lac peut être expliquée de différentes façons. Il peut s'agir d'une caractéristique originelle, résultat de la stratification de la chambre magmatique source. Cependant, plusieurs évidences montrent que le magma du lac a été fortement brassé pendant toute la durée de l'éruption ; cette première hypothèse n'est donc pas crédible. Le remplissage par la base du lac durant l'éruption serait une autre hypothèse à même d'expliquer cette stratification. Cependant, il nous manque encore de quoi définitivement valider cette théorie. L'article 3 présente l'analyse microstructurale in situ par micro-diffraction des rayons X (µXRD) d'olivines déformées et non déformées provenant d'une sélection d'échantillons préalablement étudiés dans les articles 1 et 2. Cette étude utilise une technique innovante, non destructive, peu coûteuse et rapide à mettre en œuvre permettant de recueillir des informations sur la structure interne des cristaux, ainsi que le mode et l'intensité de déformation. Les résultats ont permis de valider les observations pétrographiques de déformation faites à l'aide du microscope. Cette analyse µXRD a aussi permis de confirmer la présence de déformation pour toutes les tailles de grains d'olivine, sans corrélation simple avec leur chimie, et de quantifier cette déformation. Cette technique ne permet cependant pas une estimation simple des conditions pression-température de déformation ou de formation des cristaux, ni d'apporter d'informations sur l'histoire magmatique. Il a cependant été possible de fixer un seuil quantitatif au-delà duquel toute olivine est déformée de façon significative : full width at half maximum (FWHM) > 1°.
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