Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2002. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 268-280). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington. / Bibliography: l. [179].

This master’s thesis presents language community information, a descriptive grammatical sketch and analysis of structures in maqlaqsyals (Klamath-Modoc), a severely endangered isolate language traditionally spoken in present-day southern Oregon and northern California. The basis for this thesis is data from descriptive grammars from Gatschet (1890) and Barker (1964) as well as further linguistic and academic literature surrounding maqlaqsyals. This thesis is important because there is limited literature on maqlaqsyals that is accessible to the language community and this thesis fills the literature gap. This thesis is an example in practice of linguistic sovereignty. This thesis provides accessible linguistic resources written by an Indigenous community member asserting local control. Additionally, this thesis is crucial because children are on longer learning maqlaqsyals as a first language. Second language speakers must become more knowledgeable of language structure in order to converse with other speakers, setting a future environment in which children can be taught maqlaqsyals as a first language.

Geothermal resources are characterized by a very low electrical resistivity of the reservoir formations. The application of electrical methods in the reconnaissance type exploration for such resources is discussed. It is concluded that the magneto-telluric method is very well suited for this purpose. In 1971 and 1972 a reconnaissance type magneto-telluric field program was carried out in southern and eastern Oregon by the Geophysics Group at Oregon State University. In order to reduce the field effort, the magnetic data were obtained from a fixed base station at Corvallis. Only the electrical field components were measured at the various field stations. Ten stations were occupied in the Klamath Falls area, six in central and eastern Oregon and one in the Willamette Valley. Impedance data were obtained in the .025 to 0.05 Hz frequency band of the Pc 3 micropulsations. The data were analysed on the basis of an individual event method. Only magnetic-telluric events with a good correlation are taken into account. The resulting apparent resistivities display some correlation with known geothermal manifestations in the region. The lowest resistivities of the order of 10 ohm-meters were recorded in the Klamath Falls region and at a station near Vale in eastern Oregon. As common in magneto-telluric work, the data display a considerable variability, irregular scattering and anisotropy. The results are encouraging in that they appear to indicate that the magneto-telluric method is a useful reconnaissance method in the regional exploration for geothermal resources. / Graduation date: 1974

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1969. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146-149). Also available on the World Wide Web.

The ecology of female mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and their broods was studied during 1988-90 on Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge, California. Survival of 127 radio-marked ducklings from 64 broods was 0.18 to 10 days of life, and 0.37 and 0.34 to fledging for 1988, 1989, and 1990, respectively. For the 3 years of the study, 49.2% of hens lost their entire brood; 81.2, 36.8, and 37.5% in 1988, 1989, and 1990, respectively. Ninety-three percent of mortality occurred on or before 10 days of life. No significant differences were detected in the proportion of radio-marked ducklings lost from early hatched or late hatched nests. A variety of predators consumed radio-marked ducklings; however, 49% of the cases of mortality were a result of an unknown predator. During 1989 and 1990, 3 radio-marked ducklings from 16 hens which appeared to lose their entire brood were fledged by other brood hens, and of 29 radio-marked ducklings that reached 44 days of life, 6 (20.7%) had joined other broods. Movements, home range, and habitat use were determined for 27 radio-marked broods. Relocation movements (>1000 m in 24 hrs) occurred in 12 of the 27 broods, primarily in the first week and after the fourth week of life. In 1989, significantly fewer radio-marked ducklings from broods hatching in permanent marshes survived to fledge compared to those originating in seasonal wetlands. Mean size of home ranges was 1.27 ± 0.47 km² and 0.62 ± 0.21 km² in 1989 and 1990, respectively. Most habitat selection by brood rearing hens occurred at the second order, (selection of home range area). Hens selected seasonally flooded wetlands with a cover component and avoided open or permanently flooded habitats. Estimated recruitment (females fledged/adult female in the spring population), proportional change in population size, and number of fledged young varied markedly during the 3 years of the study. Estimated recruitment was 0.31, 1.26, and 0.83 for 1988, 1989, and 1990, respectively. The estimated proportional change in population size ranged from 0.73 in 1988 to 1.29 and 1.04 during 1989 and 1990, respectively. Number of fledged young ranged from 915 in 1988 to 6,102 in 1989. Movements, habitat use, and survival of postbreeding radio-marked mallard hens were also determined. From mid-April to early August, 5,279 exposure days without the loss of a radio-marked hen were tallied. Of the 4 hens which emigrated from the study area, all were unsuccessful in rearing a brood. Unsuccessful hens moved to surveyed areas north of the study area significantly sooner than successful hens. Canals were the primary habitat utilized by postbreeding hens in 1988 while mixed seasonal and emergent permanent marsh were the most frequently used habitats in 1989 and 1990. Open seasonal and mixed seasonal marshes were the most frequently utilized habitats by incubating hens. Radio-marked hens moved a mean distance of 1,350 m from the nest to suspected feeding areas. / Graduation date: 1992

The Condrey Mountain Schist (CMS) occupies a window through Late Triassic amphibolite facies melange in the north central Klamath Mountains in northern California and southwest Oregon. The schists owe their present level of exposure to a large structural dome centered on the Condrey Mountain Window. Transitional blueschist-greenschist facies assemblages are widespread in mafic schists in the structurally lowest levels of the window; structurally higher CMS near the window margins contains medium- to high-pressure greenschist facies parageneses. An ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar crossite age indicates a late Middle Jurassic age of metamorphism. All subunits of the CMS contain evidence of progressive, polyphase deformational and metamorphic histories. The styles and geometries of minor structures in the central part of the window suggest that early folding and transposition was the result of noncoaxial deformation, and that rotational strains were replaced by irrotational flattening strains with time. Rotational strains were accompanied by the development of epidote-crossite assemblages and the growth of deerite in meta-ironstones; irrotational flattening strains were accompanied and followed by the growth of albite, actinolite, spessartine, and the Ba-silicate, cymrite. Pressure-temperature estimates, the relative ages of mineral growth and deformation, and strain geometries are consistent with, but not restricted to, a subduction zone environment. High shear strains may reflect descent and burial, whereas flattening and late, static mineral growth occur during uplift. Pressure-temperature estimates for the overlying CMS greenschists suggest temperatures similar to those in the central part of the window, but at slightly lower pressures. Thrusting of the overlying amphibolites at 150-156 Ma occurred while the amphibolites were above about 500°C. Stretching lineations indicate a movement vector of about N45W. Comparisons of the sequence and timing of metamorphic and structural events, radiometric ages, and movement directions during thrusting indicate the CMS does not represent an inlier of Klamath Western Jurassic Belt flysch but is instead an older, isolated thrust plate. Similarities with the age of metamorphism and plutonism in the overlying amphibolites suggest the two plates may be remnants of the same Middle Jurassic paired metamorphic belt. / text

Within the Upper Klamath Basin, Oregon, the native status of anadromous salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) has been a long standing question. Ongoing efforts to establish if these fish were native to the region prior to the construction of the Copco I Dam on the Klamath River (c.1917) have relied on sparse, contradictory and sometimes unreliable historic documentation and informant testimony. Current restoration projects with very high financial and social costs necessitate accurate and reliable data on salmonid species which once called the region home. Often, archaeolofaunal remains present a novel way to determine species present in an area prior to major habitat losses. This project analyzed fish remains from five previously excavated archaeological sites within the Upper Klamath Basin to determine which salmonid species were present prior to dam construction. A total of 5,859 fish remains were identified to at least taxonomic order using morphological distinctions. Site collections were dominated by those of catostomids (suckers) and cyprinids (minnows). Archaeological deposits at these sites dated as far back as approximately 7,500 BP but were primarily from the last 2,000 years. Only eighty-one salmonid remains were observed within the sites included in this project. The low frequency of salmonid remains in these sites may be the result of cultural and/or natural processes such as density mediated attrition and archaeological sampling. Of these 81 specimens, 38 were subjected to mtDNA analysis for species identification. Seven specimens did not yield DNA sufficient for species identification, six specimens were identified as O. tshawytscha (Chinook) and the remaining 25 specimens were identified as O. mykiss (steelhead or redband trout). Geochemical analysis was used to determine the life history of the fish represented by the remains within these collections. Strontium Calcium (Sr:Ca) ratios were measured on twenty-eight specimens. Three specimens were determined to be from freshwater resident fish and 25 were determined to be from anadromous fish. The specimens which were genetically identified as O. tshawytscha were all determined to be anadromous. Of the 18 specimens which were identified as O. mykiss and were subjected to geochemical analysis two were from freshwater resident fish and sixteen were from anadromous fish. Four samples were not characterized genetically but were subjected to geochemical analysis; three of these were determined to be from anadromous fish and one from a freshwater resident fish. Thus, the remains of anadromous O. mykiss and O. tshawytscha were identified in archaeological deposits predating construction of the Copco I dam in the Upper Klamath Basin While the genetic and geochemical analyses confirm the presence of skeletal remains from anadromous salmonids in the Upper Klamath Basin archaeological sites prior to dam construction these remains may, represent fish caught elsewhere and traded in. Two hypotheses address the introduction of these fish remains into pre-dam archaeological deposits, either they were traded/transported in from elsewhere (Trade/Transport Hypothesis) or they were caught locally (Local Catch Hypothesis). Expectations linked to each of these hypotheses were generated using ethnographic information from across the Pacific Northwest, including modern testimony from the Klamath Basin. Fish heads were often removed soon after capture in order to reduce spoilage of the rest of the fish. Thus, assemblages with many head parts are probably the result of local catch while those without head parts are probably the result of trade and/or transport. Two approaches were used to estimate the extent to which fish heads were deposited in sites. Basic proportions of cranial to post cranial remains from two sites provided a varied picture and did not readily support either the Local Catch or Trade/Transport hypotheses. Evaluation using scaled proportions based on frequency of skeletal elements within the body (Minimum Animal Units) show that four of the five assemblages were dominated by cranial remains and therefore suggest these fish were locally caught. Small samples sizes make it difficult to rigorously evaluate the hypotheses, though the dominance of cranial remains suggests salmonids were taken locally. Together these data indicate that anadromous O. tshawytscha and O. mykiss were taken from waters within the Upper Klamath Basin prior to the construction of Copco I. This study has provided accurate and reliable data, using a novel approach, on which restoration efforts in the region can rely for proper species reintroduction and habitat restoration efforts.

Low copy number anonymous nuclear loci were used to search for species markers in four species of Klamath Basin suckers. We sequenced 28 randomly chosen loci representing 10,421 bp; 21 loci were similar to sequences in GenBank. Eight fixed sequence differences were found among Klamath species. Locus 120 contained rare but diagnostic markers for Deltistes luxatus and for Catostomus rimiculus. Locus 4 also contained three rare but unique sites in Catostomus rimiculus. No sequence differences were found between Chasmistes brevirostris and Catostomus snyderi. Loci 4 and 120 exhibited allele frequency differences between Rogue River C. rimiculus and all Klamath Basin suckers. Genotype BB of locus 4 was a fixed diagnostic marker and genotype BB of locus 120 was a frequency dependent marker for Rogue C. rimiculus. Although Klamath suckers represent three genera, very limited variation was found among 10,431 base pairs. We examined phylogenetic patterns of five loci in eleven catostomid genera and 25 species to determine if the homogeneity in the Upper Klamath Basin was due to massive hybridization and introgression or to retention of ancestral sequences. Two loci with no similarity to GenBank sequences (non-coding loci) and three loci with substantial similarity to GenBank sequences (coding loci) gave similar results, providing support for various subfamilies and tribes, more support for eastern genera and little support for western genera. Each locus was a mosaic of species or population markers, sometimes providing discriminatory power for allopatric populations of a species, such as C. macrocheilus, while not discriminating other species. Upper Klamath Basin species were noteworthy in their lack of autapomorphies, but had similar numbers of derived informative sites as other catostomins. Upper Klamath Basin species consistently shared ancestral or equivocal informative sites either with moxostomatins or a variable group of western species and shared derived sites with other western species, especially C. occidentalis. The data suggest that Upper Klamath Basin species have retained a largely ancestral genome at these loci. Thus, the failure of this technique to uncover significant variation in Upper Klamath Basin species may be a reflection of their plesiomorphic genome at these loci and not necessarily hybridization. / Graduation date: 2004

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 222-227) and abstract. Also available on Internet.