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This thesis reports the first independent test of an influential model of employee turnover (Lee, Mitchell, Holtom, McDaniel and Hill 1999). The context for this test is the case of nurse turnover in the National Health Service (NHS). There have been many hundreds of turnover studies in the last fifty years, and many ways of understanding the turnover phenomenon. The thesis organises this literature, by selectively analysing and discussing the more influential of these studies. This selective, critical review allows for the model tested here to be placed in a theoretical and historical context. A critique of the model signalled the need for theoretical development prior to operationalisation. However, the relative paucity of empirical evidence in support of the model suggested that replicating the basic findings of the authors would also be desirable. Accordingly, the case for a critical test was clear, and an outline of the role of this type of replication facilitated this. The research involved eight NHS trusts, in three regions. In total, 352 full-time nurse leavers participated. Data relating to their decision to leave was collected via an eight page survey, which comprised both closed and open items. Analysis and interpretation of these data challenge the current formulation of the model tested, as well as contributing to the understanding of employee turnover and nursing turnover. Note: The term model is defined here as 'conceptual framework'.

The purpose of this research is to ascertain whether open management (OM) significantly reduces employee turnover in small South African Information Technology (IT) firms. Human Resource Management literature widely predicts that OM increases employee performance, commitment and retention. By 2010 there will be more than one-hundred-thousand unfilled IT jobs due to the skills shortage. The high labour demand and short supply introduces a counter force to the OM predictions, namely market-pull. This research tests the relative strengths of market-pull and loyalty created by OM practices by means of five hypothesis tests. The tests include OM awareness, historic turnover comparisons and turnover intention comparisons. Interviews were held with the owners of twelve small IT firms. Fifty-three employee surveys were collected. Most firm owners were not formally aware of OM. Historic turnover and future turnover intentions were lower in open managed firms, thus affirming current literature. The practical implications are that small South African IT firm owners should endeavour to understand OM and also adopt it, first to remain competitive and second to retain key employees. A possible model to predict turnover candidates based on open or closed rating is also proposed. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

The following quantitative study investigated staff turnover at Company H, a hardware retailer, where 174 former employees were telephonically interviewed via a questionnaire. The results showed that staff enjoyed various factors at Company H but found their present management better than that of Company H. The staff also viewed written and spoken English and PC skills as very important factors for their training in retail, their career advancement and their decisions to stay in retail. Issues of gender, age and further customer training was also found to be important factors. These findings were discussed in light of the literature review conducted and a detailed model of learning and turnover intentions was proposed. The study was concluded with a list of recommendations for company H and a list of areas for further research. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

As with most human responses in life, voluntary turnover is also based on cause and effect. If an event or chains of events happen certain responses are triggered. In the case of voluntary turnover these responses form part of human psychological decision logic that end in a termination of employment. Each person, given their context, will display a different psychological response to similar events. A theoretical model published by Lee and Mitchell (1994) map these psychological responses into specific decision paths. This unfolding model of voluntary turnover proposes that people decide to leave an organisation through one of five distinct psychological decision pathways. An artisan shortage in South Africa is limiting growth and organisational performance within the manufacturing industry. Organisations are willing to pay a premium for skills and this is driving turnover at the artisan level. It is therefore important for managers, in this environment, to understand the drivers of artisan turnover and limit the turnover rate. This research presents results of classifying 64 artisan leavers from the South African manufacturing industry. The classification develops an artisan voluntary turnover profile as described by the unfolding model of voluntary turnover. The data used to develop this classification is extracted using quantitative techniques. The impact of the economic downturn on this voluntary turnover profile is discussed. Further analysis is also made regarding differences in voluntary turnover decisions between artisans that have experienced organizational downsizing and those that have not. Implications regarding these findings are discussed. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

This thesis is largely a descriptive study of a single factory, FABCOR. I have tried to avoid the temptation to draw generalisations from a single case history and where I have deviated from FABCOR to illuminate any particular point, it has been with the aid of material I have gathered in other enquiries. The pattern of labour relations in South Africa bears the bold imprint of multi-racialism. Apart from the general economic problems of labour, in the Union the labour market is complicated, and to a large extent conditioned by such multi-racial characteristics as differing environmental backgrounds of the workers, educational and aptitudinal disparities, and colour sensitivity manifesting itself in legal and customary sanctions. FABCOR which employs workers of all races provides ample material for research in this field. In examining its problems I have sought to throw some light on those influences which affect the ability and the willingness of South African labour to provide productive services. What is the attitude of the non-European to work and what are his qualifications? Is he conscious of his role in the productive process or does he regard himself merely as a tool in the economy, with little ambition or prospect for the future? How do his background and training equip him to play a useful role in industry? In the answers to these questions lies an important clue to the future course - and pace - of industrial development in South Africa.

Skilled labour retention continues to receive attention from researchers as a critical challenge faced by organisations globally. The loss of skilled labour in an organisation contributes to the high labour replacement costs, which may result in an organisation‟s failure to achieve its mandate since it is deprived of its high performance, experienced and knowledgeable labour. Organisations must, therefore, be able to diagnose the factors that contribute to the loss of skilled labour and implement strategies that could assist in the mitigation of such losses. Consequently, an integrated model for skilled labour retention in the Botswana Police Service was developed. The literature study which explored the phenomenon of skilled labour retention, revealed a deficiency of a universal implementation strategy that guides organisations in managing skilled labour retention. However, human resources management literature unanimously concur that in order to implement an effective skilled labour retention strategy, it is necessary for organisations to devise a unique human resources management strategy aimed at addressing their individual causes of skilled labour turnover. This study utilised human resource management best practices, theories and frameworks to develop an integrated skilled labour retention model for the Botswana Police Service. The study followed both the qualitative and quantitative research design. Skilled labour retention factors that should be included in a skilled labour retention model were identified through an analysis of a scholarly literature review, a closed-ended questionnaire and an analysis of official documentation. The identified skilled labour retention factors were included in the proposed retention model. The study also proposed an implementation strategy that should be followed when implementing the proposed skilled labour retention model. The empirical study investigated the validity of the identified retention factors that should be included in the integrated skilled labour retention model for the Botswana Police Service. The retention factors entail: job satisfaction, organisational commitment, work-life balance, remuneration, career development, development opportunities (learning, training and development), work environment, decisionmaking and management style. Before the retention factors could be included in the new retention model, the researcher determined the current arrangements in the organisation to establish the status quo. Interviews were held with senior management in the Botswana Police Service to ascertain the aforementioned. It was established that the current retention arrangements impeded the retention of skilled labour in the organisation, which contextualised the significance to develop the new skilled labour retention model. / PhD (Development and Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Skilled labour retention continues to receive attention from researchers as a critical challenge faced by organisations globally. The loss of skilled labour in an organisation contributes to the high labour replacement costs, which may result in an organisation‟s failure to achieve its mandate since it is deprived of its high performance, experienced and knowledgeable labour. Organisations must, therefore, be able to diagnose the factors that contribute to the loss of skilled labour and implement strategies that could assist in the mitigation of such losses. Consequently, an integrated model for skilled labour retention in the Botswana Police Service was developed. The literature study which explored the phenomenon of skilled labour retention, revealed a deficiency of a universal implementation strategy that guides organisations in managing skilled labour retention. However, human resources management literature unanimously concur that in order to implement an effective skilled labour retention strategy, it is necessary for organisations to devise a unique human resources management strategy aimed at addressing their individual causes of skilled labour turnover. This study utilised human resource management best practices, theories and frameworks to develop an integrated skilled labour retention model for the Botswana Police Service. The study followed both the qualitative and quantitative research design. Skilled labour retention factors that should be included in a skilled labour retention model were identified through an analysis of a scholarly literature review, a closed-ended questionnaire and an analysis of official documentation. The identified skilled labour retention factors were included in the proposed retention model. The study also proposed an implementation strategy that should be followed when implementing the proposed skilled labour retention model. The empirical study investigated the validity of the identified retention factors that should be included in the integrated skilled labour retention model for the Botswana Police Service. The retention factors entail: job satisfaction, organisational commitment, work-life balance, remuneration, career development, development opportunities (learning, training and development), work environment, decisionmaking and management style. Before the retention factors could be included in the new retention model, the researcher determined the current arrangements in the organisation to establish the status quo. Interviews were held with senior management in the Botswana Police Service to ascertain the aforementioned. It was established that the current retention arrangements impeded the retention of skilled labour in the organisation, which contextualised the significance to develop the new skilled labour retention model. / PhD (Development and Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015