Agile based development seems to become a favorable model for offshore development. It allows both on and offshore team to work in small iterations minimizing the effect of change in software requirements and at the same time developing regular communication between them. However different factors such as physical distance and lack of communication between on and offshore team becomes a hurdle between them leading to misunderstandings about software requirements. This research work gives an insight about these challenges from the software industry by presenting and discussing the responses of four software companies located in different countries, collected through an online questionnaire. The authors found that lack of communication between on and offshore site is seen as a major challenge for better understanding of software requirements. Shorter iterations at the offshore site require more communication with the onshore site. The language problem seems to exist only when both on and offshore site who are non-English speakers communicate in English. Regular long distance meetings would help in better understanding of software requirements. Previous domain and product knowledge is helpful in better understanding of software requirements. This research work would allow different stakeholders within agile based on/offshore setting to better understand these challenges and deal accordingly with them.

Fallolyckor är vanligt förekommande bland äldre personer i Sverige. Trots detta saknas studier på de drabbades upplevelse efter ett fall. Syfte: Examensarbetets syfte var därför att beskriva hur äldre upplever sina dagliga aktiviteter efter fall. Metod: Metoden för examensarbetet var kvalitativ med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Nio personer i södra Sverige mellan 71–94 år har deltagit. Materialet har analyserats genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet mynnade ut i tre kategorier, känslor som påverkar utförandet av aktiviteter, fysiska upplevelser som leder till begränsningar samt strategier för att hantera vardagen. Efter fall upplevde många trötthet, rädsla och oro. Även smärta och försämrad rörelseförmåga förekom bland deltagarna. Konsekvenserna efter fall upplevdes påverka och begränsa vardagliga aktiviteter. Slutsats: I resultatet framkom att de personliga erfarenheterna, känslorna och upplevelsen av fall hade minst lika stor påverkan på vardagen som den tillhörande fysiska skadan. / Fall accidents are common among older people in Sweden. Despite that there is lack of studies about the affected person's experience after a fall. Purpose: The purpose of the study is therefore to describe how older people’s experience their daily activities after falling. Method: The study was a qualitative interview study with semi-structured interviews. Nine people 71-94 years old from south Sweden have been participating in the interview study. The collected data was analyzed with a qualitative content analysis. Result: The result was divided into three categories:  Feelings that affect the performance of activities, physical experiences that lead to limitations and strategies for managing everyday life. Many experienced tiredness, fear and anxiety after a fall. Even pain and impaired mobility occurred among the participants. The consequences after a fall were found to affect and limit the everyday life. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study the personal experiences, feelings and the experience of the fall had at least as much influence on the daily life as the physical injury.

Master of Science / Department of Statistics / James W. Neill / Cluster based lack of fit tests for linear regression models are generally effective in detecting model inadequacy due to between- or within-cluster lack of fit. Typically, lack of fit exists as a combination of these two pure types, and can be extremely difficult to detect depending on the nature of the mixture. Su and Yang (2006) and Miller and Neill (2007) have proposed lack of fit tests which address this problem. Based on a simulation comparison of the two testing procedures, it is concluded that the Su and Yang test can be expected to be effective when the true model is locally well approximated within each specified cluster and the lack of fit is not due to an unspecified predictor variable. The Miller and Neill test accommodates a broader alternative, which can thus result in comparatively lower but effective power. However, the latter test demonstrated the ability to detect model inadequacy when the lack of fit was a function of an unspecified predictor variable and does not require a specified clustering for implementation.

Magister Legum - LLM

Cette thèse suppose l’examen du contrôle de la Cour de cassation française et de la Cour de cassation italienne sur la motivation des jugements afin de voir dans quels objectifs et de quelle façon est utilisée la technique du manque de base légale. Cette recherche suppose en effet de rechercher la politique jurisprudentielle de la Cour de cassation française au regard de ce cas d’ouverture à cassation et de comparer avec l’évolution législative et jurisprudentielle en Italie, pays dans lequel peut se constater une érosion du contrôle de la motivation. En effet, suite à la réforme de l’été 2012, l’art. 360, alinéa 1°, n. 5, c.p.c. italien n’accorde plus aux parties la possibilité de se pourvoir en cassation en invoquant l’omission, l’insuffisance ou la contradiction de la motivation, mais dispose que le pourvoi en cassation n’est ouvert que pour défaut de considération d’un fait concluant pour la solution du litige et de nature controversée. Or, une telle réforme pose la question de la portée juridique de la nouvelle version de l’art. 360, alinéa 1°, n. 5, c.p.c.italien, étant nécessaire de savoir si en Italie l’insuffisance des motifs de fait donne est encore un motif d’ouverture à cassation. L'analyse de la technique au moyen de laquelle la Cour de cassation française garantit les parties contre l'exercice arbitraire du pouvoir judiciaire devient un instrument de recherche indispensable afin de trouver une solution interprétative qui permettra de continuer à dénoncer devant la Cour de cassation italienne l'utilisation - ou plutôt le non-examen - de maximes de l'expérience dans le cadre du nouvel art . 360 , par. 1 , n. 5 , c.p.c. italien. Cette analyse mettra en relief que les problématiques découlant du contrôle de la suffisance des motifs de fait sont différentes en Italie et en France. En Italie, cela soulève la question de la compatibilité de ce contrôle avec la fonction de cassation et de la portée juridique de l’art. 360, alinéa 1°, n. 5, c.p.c. En revanche, en France ces problèmes ne se profilent pas, même si se pose la question de l’usage politique du défaut de base légale. / This thesis involves the examination of the control of the French and Italian Highs Courts on the motivation of judgments in order to see what are the objectives and how is used the technique of the lack of legal basis. It assumes also to seek the judicial policy of the French Court of Cassation with regard to this case of appeals in cassation compared to the legislative developments and case law in Italy, which may see an erosion of the motivation’s control.Recently the art. 54, par. 1, l. b), d.l. n. 83/2012 has transformed the grounds for cassation «failure, insufficient or contradictory reasoning about a controversial and decisive fact for the judgment» (art. 360, par. 1, n. 5, Italian c.p.c.) in that of «failing to examine about one crucial fact for the judgment which has been the object of discussion between the parties», thus raising the question of the possibility to continue denouncing the defect of insufficient motivation to the Supreme Italian Court.In particular, the comparative study aims to analyse the way, the technique and the objectives with which the French Court of cassation guarantees the parties against the arbitrary exercise of judicial power in order to identify, for a verse, an interpretative solution which will allow to continue to censor the use - or rather the failure to consider - the maximum of experience under the new art. 360, par. 1, n. 5, c.p.c. and, secondly, to identify the similarities and differences between the control of the French and Italian Highs Courts on the motivation of judgments.

Bakgrund: Stress är ett vanligt förekommande problem inom vården och grundas i underbemanning samt hög arbetsbelastning. Sjuksköterskans tid med patienter påverkas av dessa faktorer. Relationen mellan sjuksköterskan och patienten utgör grunden för vårdandet. Relationen påverkas genom stress i sjuksköterskans arbete som leder till att patienter inte blir sedda eller bekräftade. Sjuksköterskan har ett ansvar att se till helheten hos patienten. Stress kan resultera i en försämrad vårdmiljö samt arbetsmiljö. Sjuksköterskan påverkas emotionellt av dessa faktorer vilket kan leda till utbrändhet och avsikt att lämna professionen, samt leda till försämrad omvårdnadskvalitet och patientsäkerhet. Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva sjuksköterskans upplevelser av otillräcklighet i vårdandet när sjuksköterskan påverkas av stress. Metod: En systematisk litteraturöversikt är vald och innefattar både kvalitativa och kvantitativa artiklar. Resultat: I resultatet framkom tre teman, dessa var bristande tid, dokumentationens inverkan samt sjuksköterskans välbefinnande. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskans stressiga arbetsmiljö behöver reduceras för att sjuksköterskan ska ha möjlighet att uppnå sina omvårdnadsmål och därmed uppleva sig nöjd med vårdandet. Underbemanning, hög arbetsbelastning och tidsbrist är faktorer som påverkar vårdandet och resulterar i försämrad omvårdnad samt patientsäkerhet. Detta påverkar även sjuksköterskan fysiskt och psykiskt. / Background: Stress is a common problem in nursing care, based on understaffing and high workload. The nurse’s time with patients are affected by these factors. The relationship between the nurse and the patient is the basis in nursing care. The relationship is affected by the stress in nurse’s work leading to patients not being seen or confirmed. Nurses have a responsibility to ensure patient’s integrity. Stress can result in a deterioration of care environment and work environment. Nurses are affected by this emotionally, leading to burnout and intention to leave the profession and may result in deterioration in quality of care and patient safety. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe nurses’ experiences of inadequacy in nursing care when the nurse is affected by stress. Method: A systematic literature review is selected and include qualitative and quantitative articles. Findings: The findings revealed three themes: lack of time, the impact of documentation and the nurse’s well—being. Conclusions: Nurse’s stressful work environment needs to be reduced to achieve optimal nursing care and so that they can feel satisfied with their care. Understaffing, high workload and lack of time are factors that affect nursing care and results in deteriorated care and patient safety. This also affects the nurse physically and mentally.

Concentrating on G.W.F. Hegel’s controversial Naturphilosophie (1830), Part I ventures the following thesis: Hegelian nature is characterized by a “constitutive lack.” Insofar as the natural register lacks the precision and necessity immanent within the dialectical developments of conceptual thought it is capable of radical novelty—the unexpected. This is important: it offers a sense of how the natural register is open to thought and yet, simultaneously, a source of that which has the perpetual possibility of undermining conceptual distinctions and anticipations. The remainder of the project systematically maps what such a conception of nature must mean in terms of Hegel’s concept of spirit (Geist). Consequently, Part II analyzes Hegel’s bizarre account of psychopathology. The central thesis in this context claims that what Hegel’s speculative analysis of ‘madness’ shows us are the ways in which subjectivity might be dominated by its material-instinctual dimension as it unfolds within the unconscious depths of concrete subjectivity. Subjectivity retains the perpetual possibility of regression insofar as it reverts to being materially (maternally) determined strictly by way of externality. Questioning the presupposition of nature’s complete sublation, Part III focuses on Hegel’s political writings. Hegel’s analysis of criminality and punishment allows for the possibility of what we will call “surplus repressive punishment.” A surplus repressive punishment, a brute form of natural external pressure, would constitute spirit’s, i.e. freedom’s, “regressive de-actualization” at both the individual (subjective) and intersubjective (objective, communal) levels. Therefore, surplus repressive punishment, as an expression of spirit’s naturality, serves to undermine spirit’s objective actualization in its entirety. The problem of nature remains very much an active dimension of spirit’s concrete actualization at the socio-political level. The project offers a precise indication of how Hegel’s philosophy of spirit, i.e. his philosophy of freedom, is one intertwined with the problem instantiated by the matrices of nature. Sensitivity to this problem, that there is a problem here, and that Hegel’s system can be pursued to address it is one of the not always recognized merits of his thought. Simultaneously, Hegel’s system becomes surprisingly relevant for our contemporary world insofar as nature remains a problem for our living present.

The study is an oral history of the work of district nurses in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland from 1940-1974. The main themes that emerged from the study were, the wide scope of the nurses' practice, their significant relationships, and the unique nature of their role. Within the themes were concepts of self sacrifice, resilience and autonomy. The challenges the nurses faced in their daily lives from their surrounding environment and the urgent needs of patients were physically and mentally taxing. There was evidence of their resilience and strength of character when they did not flinch in difficult situations. Yet they described being 'happy at work' and relied on their faith. The study suggests that the service these women provided could be regarded as 'heroic'. The thesis offers an insight into the daily lives of district nurses in a remote part of Scotland which has never been studied before. Most nurses were trained Queen's Nurses which was evidently influential and to some a prestigious qualification.

This is a biographical case study of science teachers who teach at schools that have consistently produced good results in the examinations despite disabling teaching conditions such as large, under-resourced classes. The study analysed the life experiences, education, school- and community environment of the teachers in an attempt to identify the critical features that inspire and support their classroom commitment to hands-on / minds-on teaching. Evidence was collected through semi-structured interviews with the teachers to get their stories, with groups of learners to assess how they perceived the teachers in the classrooms, and through informal discussions with the principals (school management) and colleagues, for a richer description. Questionnaires were administered to find out what the situations concerning resources were at the schools. Classroom interactions were observed and analysed for more information on the conduct of the teachers in the process of teaching and learning. It was found that both case study teachers had adequate content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) and taught in a way that reflected their understanding and belief of the nature of science (NOS). The view that the two participating teachers have of the nature of science was formed during their own formative school years and influenced the view of the nature of science they instill in their learners. The inadequacy of resources at the schools although a frustration to the teachers, did not deter them from teaching science in an experimental way reflective of the nature of the subject matter. The education implications of this study are discussed in relation to lessons that can be learnt from such inspiring teachers. The significance of the study is seen in the contribution it can make to the existing scholarship on effective science teaching and on teacher development programs including factors contributing to effective science teachers in the present South African climate of having large, under-resourced science classes. Copyright / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Curriculum Studies / unrestricted

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:56:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriel Toledo.pdf: 1422789 bytes, checksum: bc7db628d8c25a109a8bfd6111bb65d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-03 / A growing body of evidence shows that plants anticipate responses of stress as a result of signals transmitted by neighboring plants. Transmit signal of lack of water between plants is a factor that adds complexity in the dynamics of populations, communities and ecosystems. Knowing more about this ability of plants can be useful for agriculture, mainly agro-forestry systems, and for reforestation efforts. By this way, this job was done to try to find more evidences of lack of water signaling transmission. To do this, stomata aperture related parameters (leaf temperature and leaf turgor pressure) were used to find possible effects of plants under lack of water on their neighborhood. Stomatal aperture, leaf temperature and leaf turgor pressure are parameters that indicates plant water status. Two experiments were done, one measured leaf temperature, and other leaf turgor pressure. Glycine max was used as experimental model. The seedlings roots were pruned, leaving only two roots similar per plant ("split-root"). The split-root plants were arranged in sets, with 4 pots and 3 plants (with each plant roots was divided into two pots). To induce sudden lack of water, mannitol solution was used (-2MPa), applied in the first pot. Leaf temperature was monitored by thermographic camera, and the leaf turgor was monitored by magnetic probe leaf turgor pressure (ZIM-probe). Data analysis was based on graphic interpretation. Leaf temperature variation was synchronous among plants of each set. The variation of leaf turgor in the day of induction to stress was completely changed from the previous day in half of sets. The sets which turgor variation was changed also showed sync. Environmental conditions, namely air temperature, and air relative humidity, were monitored and showed no correlations with the variation in leaf temperature or leaf turgor pressure. Sync indicates that there was communication. It is possible that lack of water communication among plants increases population stability. Stability in population can increase the fitness. So, it is possible that communication of lack of water among plants is a characteristic that has been shaped by natural selection, and distributed among taxa. / É crescente o número de evidências de que plantas antecipam respostas a estresses em consequência da sinalização emitida por plantas vizinhas. Transmitir sinal de falta de água entre plantas é um fator que acrescenta complexidade na dinâmica de populações, comunidades e ecossistemas. Conhecer mais sobre essa capacidade das plantas pode ser útil para agricultura, principalmente sistemas agro- florestais, e para esforços de reflorestamento. Sendo assim, este trabalho foi realizado para tentar encontrar mais evidências da transmissão de sinal de falta de água entre plantas. Para tanto, foram utilizados parâmetros relacionados à abertura estomática (temperatura e turgor foliar) para medir os efeitos de uma planta sob falta de água sobre plantas vizinhas. A abertura estomática, a temperatura e o turgor foliar são parâmetros indicativos do status hídrico. Foram realizados dois experimentos, um medindo a temperatura, outro a pressão de turgor foliar. Foi usado Glycine max como modelo experimental. As plântulas foram submetidas à poda, deixando-se apenas duas raízes semelhantes por planta ( split-root ). As mudas foram arranjadas em séries com 4 potes e 3 plantas (cada planta ficou com suas raízes divididas entre dois potes). Para induzir falta de água repentina, foi utilizada solução de manitol (-2 MPa), aplicado no primeiro pote. A temperatura foliar foi monitorada com uma câmera termográfica e o turgor foliar foi monitorado pela sonda magnética de pressão de turgor foliar (ZIM-probe). A análise dos dados foi feita em cima da interpretação dos gráficos. A variação de temperatura foliar aconteceu de forma sincrônica entre as plantas de cada série. A variação do turgor foliar foi totalmente alterada depois do estresse em metade das repetições. Nas séries onde o turgor foi alterado houve sincronia também. As condições ambientais de temperatura do ar, e de umidade relativa do ar, foram monitoradas e não mostram correlação com as variações de temperatura e turgor foliar. A sincronia indica que tenha havido comunicação. É possível que a comunicação de falta de água aumente a estabilidade de populações. Populações mais estáveis podem ter mais chances de deixar mais descendentes para próximas gerações. Assim, é provável que a capacidade de comunicar a falta de água a outras plantas seja uma característica moldada pela seleção natural e distribuída dentre os táxons.