Une étude parasitaire de l'anguille d'Europe a été menée dans les lagunes de Biguglia et d'Urbino en Corse. La composition des communautés de parasites a été décrite. Treize espèces parasites ont été identifiées parmi lesquelles: trois digènes, Bucephalus anguillae, Deropristis inflata, Lecithochirium musculus; un monogène, Pseudodactylogyrus anguillae; trois cestodes, Bothriocephalus claviceps, Proteocephalus macrocephalus, Myzophyllobothrium sp. (larve); trois nématodes, Anguillicoloides crassus, Contracaecum sp. (larve enkystée), Goezia anguillae; un acanthocéphale, Acanthocephaloides incrassatus; un copépode, Ergasilus gibbus; et un myxozoaire, Myxobolus portucalensis. La présence d'espèces invasives, notamment le parasite branchial P. anguillae et le nématode parasite A. crassus, dans les lagunes corses est confirmée. Ces espèces, et particulièrement le monogène, présentent des valeurs épidémiologiques croissantes depuis les dernières études menées. Plusieurs espèces présentent des différences de prévalence significatives entre les deux lagunes. Des différences au niveau de la richesse spécifique et des valeurs de diversité, plus élevées pour les parasites des anguilles de la lagune d'Urbino au niveau intestinal métacommunautaire et infracommunautaire, ont été démontrées. Cependant les valeurs les plus élevées de diversité spécifique et les valeurs de dominance les plus basses ont été calculées pour les communautés parasitaires des anguilles de la lagune de Biguglia. Nous avons également mis en avant une diversité parasitaire spécifique plutôt faible chez les anguilles des lagunes corses par rapport aux autres lagunes d'Europe. Les communautés parasitaires de l'anguille d'Europe dans les lagunes de Biguglia et d'Urbino en Corse sont marquées par l'environnement de leur hôte. Une dépendance vis-à-vis de la salinité de la lagune a ainsi été démontrée. Les valeurs d'infestation les plus élevées ont été observées durant les saisons les plus chaudes de l'année pour la majorité des espèces parasites observées (B. anguillae, D. inflata, L. musculus, P. anguillae, P. macrocephalus, A. crassus, les kystes de Contracaecum sp., A. incrassatus et E. gibbus). Nous avons également démontré que l'état d'argenture et la taille ont une influence significative sur les taux d'infestation de sept espèces parasites (D. inflata, L. musculus, P. anguillae, P. macrocephalus, les kystes de Contracaecum sp., A. incrassatus et E. gibbus). La méthode de l'espèce indicatrice a confirmé que le site d'étude, la saison, l'état d'argenture ou la taille de l'anguille pouvait influer sur la présence de certaines espèces parasites. Le tégument de trois digènes parasites de l'anguille d'Europe, B. anguillae, L. musculus et D. inflata, a été étudié en microscopie électronique à balayage et à transmission. Nous avons démontré la présence de structures caractéristiques de l'organisation tégumentaire des digènes ainsi que de formations spécifiques, notamment au niveau de la structure des récepteurs sensoriels et des écailles. / A survey of the parasitic fauna of the European eel has been conducted in the Biguglia and Urbino lagoons in Corsica. The composition of the parasite communities was determined. Thirteen parasite species were identified namely: three digeneans, Bucephalus anguillae, Deropristis inflata, Lecithochirium musculus; one monogenean, Pseudodactylogyrus anguillae; three cestodes, Bothriocephalus claviceps, Proteocephalus macrocephalus, larvae of Myzophyllobothrium sp.; three nematodes, Anguillicoloides crassus, encysted larvae of Contracaecum sp., Goezia anguillae; one acanthocephalan, Acanthocephaloides incrassatus; one copepod, Ergasilus gibbus; and plasmodia of one myxozoan, Myxobolus portucalensis. The presence of invasive species in lagoons from Corsica, namely the gill monogenean P. anguillae and the swimbladder nematode A. crassus, was confirmed. These species, particularly the monogenean, exhibit increasing infection rates since the last studies conducted. Many species showed significant differences in prevalence between the two lagoons. Differences in the species richness and higher values of diversity for the intestinal parasite component communities and infracommunities of eels from the Urbino lagoon were demonstrated. However, highest values of richness and lowest dominance values were observed for the parasite communities of eels from the Biguglia lagoon. We also demonstrated lower values of diversity for the parasite communities of eels from Corsica in comparison to eels from other European lagoons. The environment of the host (in particular the salinity range) has been demonstrated to have a significant influence on the composition of the parasite communities of eels from the Biguglia and Urbino lagoons. Highest values of infestation were observed for the warmer seasons of the year for the majority of the parasite species (B. anguillae, D. inflata, L. musculus, P. anguillae, P. macrocephalus, A. crassus, encysted larvae of Contracaecum sp., A. incrassatus, and E. gibbus). We also demonstrated that silvering stage and length have a significant influence on the rates of infestation by seven parasite species (D. inflata, L. musculus, P. anguillae, P. macrocephalus, cysts of Contracaecum sp., A. incrassatus et E. gibbus). The indicator species method confirmed the assumption that site sampling, season, silvering stage and length of the eel could have an influence on the presence of parasite species. The teguments of three digeneans (B. anguillae, L. musculus and D. inflata) recovered within the European eel were studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. We showed the presence of structures characteristic of the tegumental organization of digeneans but also the presence of specific structures such as various types of sensory receptors and spines.

Tendo como base o escasso conhecimento dos efeitos causados por eucaliptos sobre a biota aquática e o intenso plantio em áreas de entorno de inúmeros lagos no Vale do rio Doce, o presente estudo avaliou a extração, identificação e os efeitos tóxicos dos compostos naturais presentes nas folhas de Eucalyptus grandis e E. urophylla das áreas de entorno das lagoas Palmeirinha e Ferruginha, respectivamente, através de destilação por arraste a vapor de água, cromatografia gasosa de alta resolução (CGC), análise por infravermelho e testes ecotoxicológicos com as águas de decomposição das folhas (laboratório), com os óleos essenciais, extratos hidroalcólicos e aquosos das folhas da serapilheira, 30 e 60 dias após contato com as lagoas. Nos testes de toxicidade foram utilizados organismos zooplanctônicos (Daphnia similis, Daphnia laevis e Ceriodaphnia silvestrii) e bentônicos (Chironomus xanthus). As folhas de E. grandis apresentaram maior rendimento de óleo essencial que as de E. urophylla, tendo sido identificado maior número de substâncias nas folhas de E. urophylla. No caso dos extratos o E. grandis apresentou maior rendimento dos extratos hexânicos, tanto na primeira como na segunda etapa de extração enquanto o E. urophylla apresentou maior rendimento de extrato etanólico. Verificou-se como principais compostos nos extratos de E. urophylla esteróides e triterpenos. Os resultados dos testes de toxicidade aguda realizados com a água de decomposição das duas espécies de eucaliptos mostraram efeito tóxico a Daphnia similis, D. laevis e C.silvestrii e Chironomus xanthus o qual, entretanto, diminuiu com o aumento do tempo de decomposição. Os óleos essenciais apresentaram efeito tóxico em todos os testes realizados com cladóceros (folhas da serapilheira, 30 e 60 dias), assim como os extratos hidroalcoólicos (menos polares) a Chironomus xanthus e aquosos (mais polares) à D. similis e D. laevis verificou-se, portanto, no presente estudo, que os compostos naturais presentes nas folhas de E. grandis e E. urophylla podem afetar a biota aquática, sendo importante o monitoramento de ambientes aquáticos circundados por monoculturas de Eucalyptus spp. / Based on the scarce knowledge of the effect caused by eucalyptus on aquatic biota and the intense plantation in the surroundings of innumerable lakes in the Valley of Rio Doce, the present study evaluated extraction, identification and toxic effect of natural compounds found in leaves of Eucalyptus grandis and E. urophylla nearby Palmeirinha and Ferruginha lagoons, respectively, through vapor dragging distillation, high resolution gas chromatography (HRGC), Infrared spectroscopy (IR) and ecotoxicological tests with leaves decomposition water (laboratory), essential oils, hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of litter leaves, and after 30 and 60 days in contact with the lagoons. For the toxicity tests, zooplanktonic (Daphnia similis, Daphnia laevis and Ceriodaphnia silvestrii) and benthic (Chironomus xanthus) organisms were used. The leaves of E. grandis showed higher outcome of essential oils compared to E. urophylla, being identified a higher number of substances in E. urophylla leaves. In the case of extracts, E. grandis showed higher outcome of hexanic extracts in the first and second steps of extractions, while E. urophylla presented higher outcome of ethanolic extracts. The main compounds found in E. urophylla extracts were steroids and triterpenes, and in E. grandis were saponins, steroids and triterpenes. The results of the acute ecotoxicological tests carried out with decomposition water of both eucalyptus species showed toxic effect to Daphnia similis, D. laevis, C. silvestrii and Chironomus xanthus, which, however, decreased with decomposition time. The essential oils, showed toxic effect in all tests performed with cladocerans (litter leaves, 30 and 60 days), as well as the hydroalcoholic extracts to Chironomus xanthus and aqueous to D. similis and D. laevis. Thus, it was verified, in the present study, that the natural compounds found in E. grandis and E urophylla leaves can affect the aquatic biota, being important the monitoring of aquatic environments surrounded by Eucalyptus monocultures.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Estudou-se aqui a viabilidade, sob ponto de vista tÃcnico, da utilizaÃÃo de um efluente de esgoto predominantemente domÃstico oriundo de sistema de tratamento por lagoas de estabilizaÃÃo da ETE da CAGECE, localizada no municÃpio de Aquiraz-CE, como Ãgua de amassamento e cura de concreto produzido em escala laboratorial. Em anÃlise quÃmica preliminar, o efluente analisado mostrou-se adequado à utilizaÃÃo para a produÃÃo de concreto. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios de determinaÃÃo de pH a 25ÂC, sÃlidos totais, ferro total, cloretos e sulfatos solÃveis mostraram-se dentro dos limites exigidos. NÃo foi constatada diferenÃa significativa entre os resultados obtidos nos ensaios de tempo de pega realizados com pasta de cimento produzida com o efluente analisado e os obtidos com a Ãgua potÃvel, obedecendo ao limite de diferenÃa exigido de 30min. TambÃm nÃo foi constatada diferenÃa significativa entre os resultados obtidos nos ensaios de resistÃncia à compressÃo aos 07 e 28 dias realizados com corpos-de-prova cilÃndricos moldados e curados com o efluente analisado e os obtidos com a Ãgua potÃvel, obedecendo ao limite de diferenÃa exigido de 10%. Embora o efluente tratado tivesse um odor caracterÃstico nÃo muito agradÃvel, a pasta de cimento, o concreto produzido e os corpos-de-prova moldados nÃo sofreram alteraÃÃes perceptÃveis em relaÃÃo ao seu odor. Comprovou-se que, baseado nos requisitos exigidos pela norma NM 137, o efluente de esgoto analisado à adequado para a utilizaÃÃo proposta. / It was studied the feasibility here on a technical point of view, the use of a predominantly domestic sewage effluent comes from the treatment system for stabilising the lagoons of the CAGECEâs Station Treatment of Sewage, located in the city of Aquiraz-CE as moulding and curing water of concrete produced in the laboratory scale. In preliminary chemical analysis, the effluent analysis proved to be suitable for use in the production of concrete. The results for tests to determine the pH to 25ÂC, total solids, total iron, chlorides and sulfates soluble showed itself within the limits required. No significant difference was found between the results in the tests of time to handle with paste made of cement produced with the effluent analysis and those obtained with drinking water, according to the required limit of difference of 30min. Nor was detected significant difference between the results obtained in testing for resistance to compression of 07 and 28 days achieved with corpses-of-proof cylindrical shaped and cured with the effluent analysis and those obtained with drinking water, according to the required limit of difference of 10%. While the treated effluent had a distinctive smell not very pleasant, the portfolio of cement, concrete and produced the bodies proof-of-shaped unchanged against its perceived odor. It has been proved that, based on the standard requirements demanded by NM 137, the sewage effluent is considered appropriate for the proposed use.

Submitted by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-09-30T19:58:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Kátia Bittar Haddad - 2013.pdf: 6326670 bytes, checksum: 9d45a3dac87b94079e53d3cfc6d0c77a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-09-30T20:19:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Kátia Bittar Haddad - 2013.pdf: 6326670 bytes, checksum: 9d45a3dac87b94079e53d3cfc6d0c77a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-30T20:19:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Kátia Bittar Haddad - 2013.pdf: 6326670 bytes, checksum: 9d45a3dac87b94079e53d3cfc6d0c77a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-17 / The deficiency displayed by public basic sanitation systems in Brazil forces a major part of the population to seek individual alternatives to the final treatment and disposal of domestic septage such as septic tanks and rudimentary cesspools. Waste coming from such individual systems are, for the most part, discharged into Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTPs), which are not designed to such end. Hence, we observe a decrease in the efficiency of sanitary waste treatment by WWTPs, which, in turn, leads to the pollution of water resources. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the impacts caused by waste discharge from cesspools and septic tanks into an anaerobic lagoon, followed by a facultative and maturation lagoons. Barro Preto WWTP has two modules of stabilizing lagoons (A and B). Module A was utilized as evidence. In other words, it did not receive cesspool and septic tank waste discharge. Module B rate was 0.20%. In order to force the system, the WWTP total flow was deviated to module B and the volumetric flow rate yielded was 0.05%. To characterize sludge yield in the Trindade-GO municipality, composite samples from six septage haulers were collected. Parameter analyses were: PH, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), solid series (TSS,VSS, FSS,TS,TVS,TFS), oils and grease, total Kjedhal nitrogen, amonniacal nitrogen, phosphorus and Escherichia coli. Sludge deposit bathymetry was conducted in the anaerobic lagoons and surface scum bulk was collected and quantified. To assess the interference of co-treatment in the performance of stabilizing lagoons simple samples were collected from the anaerobic, facultative and maturation lagoons. Parameters analyzed were: PH, BOD, COD, settleable solids ,total suspended solids, amonniacal nitrogen, phosphorus, oils and grease, total coliforms and E. coli. For the independent samples the t- Student test was applied in order to compare the values obtained from the lagoon effluents. In addition, results from maturation lagoons were compared with the Conama Resolution 430/2011 and the State Decree 1,745/1979.Statistically, no significant interference was observed in the co-treatment of cesspool and septic tank septage in the Barro Preto WWTP, except for settleable solids in the anaerobic lagoon effluents. Maturation lagoon effluents were in accordance with the Conama Resolution 430/2011 and State Decree 1,745/1979 requirements for analyzed parameters, with the exception of BOD, with yielded higher values in both modules over some periods of the study. The wastes from cesspool and septic tanks have characteristics similar to concentrated sewage pH raging between 5.3 and 8.4. COD/BOD ratio found was 3.92 mg.L-1, indicating that these residues are not found industries. The amount of scum collected from anaerobic lagoons was similar displaying an increase of 8% in sludge formation in the receiving lagoon. Hence, we concluded that Barro Preto WWTP is fit for the co-treatment of cesspool and septic tank septage disposal produced by the municipality of Trindade-GO. Furthermore, results show that anaerobic systems followed by facultative and maturation lagoons conforming to the same standards practiced by Barro Preto WWTP are fit to co-treat cesspool and septic tank septage. / A deficiência de sistemas públicos de saneamento básico, no Brasil, faz com que boa parte da população busque alternativas individuais, para o tratamento e a disposição final dos esgotos domésticos, como os tanques sépticos e as fossas rudimentares. Os resíduos provenientes desses sistemas individuais são, usualmente, destinados para as Estações de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETE), que não são projetadas para essa finalidade. Como consequência, observa-se a diminuição, na eficiência do tratamento dos resíduos sanitários pela ETE, que, por sua vez, leva a poluição aos recursos hídricos. Dessa forma, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar os impactos do lançamento de resíduos de fossas e tanque séptico, em lagoa anaeróbia, seguida de lagoa facultativa e lagoa de maturação. A ETE Barro Preto possui dois módulos de lagoas de estabilização (A e B). O módulo A foi utilizado como testemunho, ou seja, não recebeu resíduos de fossa e tanques sépticos. A taxa de aplicação volumétrica, no módulo B, foi de 0,20%. Com a finalidade de forçar o sistema, toda a vazão da ETE foi desviada para o módulo B e a taxa de aplicação volumétrica foi de 0,05%. Para caracterização do lodo gerado, no município de Trindade-GO, foram coletadas amostras compostas de seis caminhões limpa-fossa. Os parâmetros analisados foram: pH, DBO, DQO, série de sólidos (SST, SSV, SSF, ST, STV, STF), óleos e graxas, nitrogênio total Kjedahl, nitrogênio amoniacal, fósforo e Escherichia coli. Foi realizado a batimetria do lodo depositado nas lagoas anaeróbias e a escuma formada na superfície das mesmas foi removida e quantificada. Para avaliar as interferências da codisposição, no desempenho das lagoas de estabilização, foram coletadas amostras simples dos efluentes das lagoas anaeróbias, das facultativas e de maturação. Os parâmetros analisados foram: pH, DBO, DQO, sólidos sedimentáveis, sólidos suspensos totais, nitrogênio amoniacal, fósforo, óleos e graxas, coliformes totais e E.coli. Para amostras independentes, foi realizado o teste t de Student, com o objetivo de comparar os valores obtidos, nos efluentes das lagoas. Além disso, foram comparados os resultados das lagoas de maturação, com a resolução Conama nº430/2011 e o Decreto Estadual nº 1.745/1979. Os resíduos de fossa e tanque sépticos dispostos na ETE possuem características de esgoto concentrado, com pH variando entre 5,3 e 8,4. A relação DQO/DBO encontrada foi de 3,92 mg.L-1, indicando que possivelmente esses resíduos não são provenientes de indústrias. Estatisticamente, não houve interferência significativa da codisposição de resíduos de fossa e tanques sépticos, na ETE Barro Preto, exceto para os sólidos sedimentáveis, no efluente das lagoas anaeróbias. Os efluentes das lagoas de maturação atenderam às exigências da resolução Conama nº 430/2011 e Decreto Estadual nº 1.745/1979, para os parâmetros avaliados, exceto para DBO que registrou valores acima do permitido, por tais resoluções, em ambos os módulos, em alguns períodos de estudo. A quantidade de escuma retirado nas lagoas anaeróbias foi similar e houve um aumento de 8% na geração de lodo na lagoa receptora. Portanto, conclui-se que a ETE Barro Preto pode ser utilizada como alternativa para a codisposição dos resíduos esgotados de fossa e tanques sépticos gerados no município de Trindade-GO. Além do mais, os resultados mostraram que em sistemas formados por lagoas anaeróbias, seguidas de facultativas e maturação, operando nas mesmas condições que a ETE Barro Preto, podem ser utilizadas para a codisposição de resíduos provenientes de fossa e tanques sépticos.

Os paradigmas da teoria de metacomunidades atribuem diferentes graus de importância à dispersão, filtros ambientais, interações bióticas e processos estocásticos na organização de comunidades. Incluir atributos funcionais em conjunto com aspectos espaciais da estrutura da paisagem pode resultar em uma poderosa ferramenta para a investigação dos diferentes processos que atuam na organização de comunidades biológicas. Neste estudo, utilizamos o potencial de análise e de levantamento de hipóteses que os atributos funcionais proporcionam em uma metacomunidade de peixes, formada por 37 lagoas em uma bacia hidrográfica na região costeira do sul do Brasil (29º37’ a 30º30’ de latitude Sul e 49º74’ a 50º24’ de longitude Oeste). Os objetivos deste trabalho foram identificar qual é a relação entre a diversidade taxonômica com índices de redundância e diversidade funcional. Também verificar se variáveis espaciais são determinantes na variação de índices funcionais, e das composições taxonômica e funcional, e se ocorrem padrões de convergência e de divergência de atributos. Através de sistemas de informação geográfica (imagens Spot e Landsat-TM5), estas lagoas foram mapeadas e delas foram obtidas variáveis estruturais (área, forma, distância do mar, coeficiente de variação da área, conectividade primária e conectividade estuarina). Os dados da ictiofauna foram obtidos através de amostragem padronizada, utilizando-se redes de espera, e uma série de atributos relacionados às habilidades de dispersão e de uso de recursos alimentares foram tomados. A diversidade taxonômica demonstrou ser fortemente correlacionada com a redundância e a diversidade funcional. Os modelos que melhor explicam a redundância funcional são aqueles que incluíram a forma e o coeficiente de variação da área das lagoas, mas a diversidade funcional não foi predita significativamente por nenhuma variável espacial. Não foram encontrados padrões de convergência e de divergência de atributos, e lagoas semelhantes em suas características espaciais não possuem composição funcional similar. Nossos resultados sugerem que o paradigma neutro de metacomunidades é a abordagem que melhor explica a estruturação deste sistema, o qual prediz equivalência funcional entre espécies. / The metacommunity theory paradigms attribute different degrees of importance to dispersal, environmental filtering, biotic interactions and stochastic processes in community assembly. To include the jointly use of functional traits with the spatial aspects of landscape structure could result in a powerful tool for the investigation of the different processes involved in the organization of biological communities. In this study, we used the potential of analysis and survey of hypotheses that functional traits provide in a fish metacommunity, composed by 37 lagoons in a river basin in the coastal region of southern Brazil (29º37' to 30°30' south latitude and 49º74' to 50°24' west longitude). The aims of this work were to identify the relation between taxonomic diversity indices with redundancy and functional diversity. Also, it was verified if spatial variables are determinants for the variation in functional indices, taxonomic and functional composition of fishes. We also look for trait convergence and trait divergence assembly patterns. Through geographic information systems (Spot e Landsat-TM5 images), these lagoons were mapped and were quantified structural variables (area, shape, distance to the ocean, coefficient of variation of area, primary connectivity and estuarine connectivity). Ichthyofauna data were obtained through standardized sampling, using gillnets, and a set of traits related to dispersal abilities and use of food resource were obtained. The taxonomic diversity showed to be strongly correlated with functional diversity and redundancy. The models that best explain the functional redundancy are those involving the shape and area variation coefficient, however, the functional diversity was not significantly predicted by any spatial variable. We did not find trait convergence and trait divergence assembly patterns, and lagoons that share similar spatial features do not have similar functional composition. Our results suggest that the neutral metacommunity paradigm is the approach which has the best explanation for the structure of this system, which predicts functional equivalence among species.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-10-23T18:42:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Taynara Pontes Franco.pdf: 1292257 bytes, checksum: 6adb092b864fac2081ba5afb46e52d2e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-23T18:42:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Taynara Pontes Franco.pdf: 1292257 bytes, checksum: 6adb092b864fac2081ba5afb46e52d2e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-22 / FAPERJ / Coastal lagoons can have different salinity gradient depending on the geographical position, hydrological balance, type of sea connection and other environmental conditions, which influence structure of fish assemblages that uses these systems. The aim of this study was to assess the use of ichthyofauna and eventual changes in structure of fish assemblages in relation to environmental variables, mainly the salinity, in three choked lagoon systems of the coastal lowlandsof Rio de Janeiro State (Maric?, Saquarema and Araruama). The raised hypothesis wasthat different fish assemblages use lagoons with different salinity gradient and that the species richness is directly associated to salinity with optimum at normal marine water (36), and that changes above or below this value can limit occurrence of species. Beach seines and environmental variables measurements were performed during the winter 2011 and the summer 2012. Three zones determined according to distance from the connection with the sea (Inner zone ? the farthest area from the channel that connect the lagoon to the sea with lesser marine influence; Middle zone ? the central part of the lagoon; and Outer zone - next to the channel thatconnect the lagoon to the sea, with more marine influence) and ten sites evenly distributed in each lagoon were sampled in three replicates, totaling 168 samples. Environmental variables of salinity, temperature, depth, transparency and turbidity were measured in each sampling occasion. Considering all pooled samples, the environmental variables that most contributed to lagoon separation was the salinity (higher in Araruama and lower in Maric?) and temperature between the two sampled periods (winter and summer). A total of 57,083 fishes were collected in 44 species. The more representative families were Gerreidae with six species, Clupeidae and Gobiidae with cinco species and Sciaenidae with four species. Twenty species were common to the three lagoons with more represented species being Atherinella brasiliensis and Anchoa januaria with frequency of occurrence higher than 65%. Despite of differences in environmental gradient, mainly the salinity, only the fish assemblage of Araruama lagoon differed from the other two lagoons, although with high fish sobreposition. The highest richness found in the hyperhaline Araruama lagoon (32 esp?cies) was very close of fish richness in the Saquarema lagoon (30 species), although the latter had a much smaller area, which confirm the hypothesis that the highest richness occur in salinity near to the marine water salinity. Differences in environmental conditions among the three lagoon zones were significantly only in Maric? lagoon, which may be related to its estuarine conditions. Salinity, transparency and turbidity were the most important factors influences fish assemblages depending on the lagoon, with Maric? having a higher influence of transparency on fish assemblages, while the turbidity had higher influence during the Summer in Saquarema and Araruama fish assemblages. Such information are a baseline to future evaluation of the environmental condition of these systems aiming the resources conservation, but other studies need to be incorporate to these analyses, mainly the influences of physical habitat on fish assemblages structure. / Lagunas podem assumir diferentes gradientes de salinidade dependendo de sua localiza??o geogr?fica, balan?o h?drico, conex?o com mar e outras condi??es ambientais, as quais influenciam a estrutura das assembleias de peixes que utilizam esses ambientes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o uso da ictiofauna e eventuais varia??es na estrutura das assembleias de peixes em rela??o ?s vari?veis ambientais, principalmente o gradiente de salinidade em tr?s sistemas lagunares sufocados da Baixada Litor?nea do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Maric?, Saquarema e Araruama). A hip?tese testada foi a de que diferentes assembleias de peixes usam lagunas com diferentes gradientes salinos, e que a riqueza de esp?cies ? diretamente associada a salinidade at? o valor da salinidade normal da ?gua do mar (36), e que varia??es acima ou abaixo destes n?veis poderiam restringir a ocorr?ncia das esp?cies. Arrastos de praia e medi??es de vari?veis ambientais foram realizados durante o Inverno de 2011 e Ver?o de 2012. Tr?s zonas foram determinadas a partir da dist?ncia da conex?o com o mar (Zona Interna ? mais distante do canal de conex?o com o mar e com menor influ?ncia marinha; Zona Central ? parte mais central da laguna, e Zona Externa ? mais pr?xima do canal de conex?o com o mar e com maior influ?ncia marinha) e dez locais de coleta foram amostrados, com tr?s r?plicas cada, distribu?dos entre estas zonas em cada laguna, totalizando 168 amostras. Vari?veis ambientais de salinidade, temperatura, profundidade, transpar?ncia e turbidez foram medidas em cada arrasto realizado. Considerando todo o conjunto de amostras, as vari?veis ambientais que mais contribu?ram para a separa??o das lagunas foram salinidade (maior em Araruama e menor em Maric?) e a temperatura entre os dois per?odos de coleta (Inverno e Ver?o). Foram coletados 57.083 indiv?duos em 44 esp?cies de peixes. As fam?lias de maior representatividade foram Gerreidae com seis esp?cies, Clupeidae e Gobiidae com cinco esp?cies e Sciaenidae com quatro esp?cies. Vinte esp?cies foram comuns ?s tr?s lagunas e as esp?cies de maior representatividade entre elas foram Atherinella brasiliensis e Anchoa januaria com frequ?ncia de ocorr?ncia superiores a 65%. Apesar das diferen?as no gradiente ambiental, principalmente na salinidade, somente a assembleia de peixes de Araruama diferiu das demais, embora com grande sobreposi??o de esp?cies. A maior riqueza foi encontrada na laguna hipersalina de Araruama (32 esp?cies), por?m muito pr?xima da riqueza na laguna de Saquarema (30 esp?cies), embora com esta ?ltima tendo uma ?rea bem menor, o que confirma a hip?tese de maior riqueza em salinidade pr?xima da ?gua do mar. As diferen?as nas condi??es ambientais existentes entre as zonas das lagunas somente foram significativas na laguna de Maric?, o que pode estar relacionado ao seu car?ter estuarino. A salinidade, transpar?ncia e turbidez foram os fatores que mais influenciaram as assembleias de peixes, com diferentes graus de influ?ncia dependendo da laguna, com Maric? tendo maior influ?ncia da transpar?ncia na assembleia de peixes, enquanto a turbidez teve maior influ?ncia no ver?o nas assembleias de peixes em Saquarema e Araruama. Estas informa??es servem de base para futuras avalia??es da condi??o ambiental deste sistema visando a conserva??o destes recursos, por?m outros estudos devem ser incorporados nas an?lises, principalmente as influ?ncias do habitat f?sico na estrutura das assembleias de peixes.

As bactérias fototróficas freqüentemente apresentam florescimentos em lagoas de estabilização utilizadas no tratamento de esgoto sanitário, formando uma camada de cor púrpura na sua superfície. Portanto, o estudo das condições que propiciam tais florescimentos, a diversidade microbiana, o potencial de remoção da matéria orgânica e o estabelecimento das relações entre tais conhecimentos, permitem compreender o metabolismo do sistema. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade de bactérias (domínio Bacteria), bactérias fototróficas púrpuras e bactérias redutoras de sulfato (BRS) em lagoas de estabilização do Vale do Ribeira (Cajati, SP). Para tal, foram realizadas coletas sazonais (primavera, verão, outono e inverno) na sub-superfície, camada intermediária e interface água-sedimento, em dois horários (14:00 h e 02:00 h), nas lagoas anaeróbia e facultativa. Para analisar os diferentes grupos de microrganismos, utilizou-se a técnica de PCR/DGGE, com primers específicos. Nas análises de filogenia realizou-se o seqüenciamento parcial do gene RNAr 16S e da subunidade M do centro de reação fotossintético das bactérias fototróficas púrpuras. Análises físico-químicas, tais como sulfato, DQO, sólidos, nitrogênio e fósforo foram realizadas, além da determinação da concentração de oxigênio dissolvido, pH, temperatura e radiação solar fotossinteticamente ativa incidente. No outono observou-se maior diversidade de microrganismos do domínio Bacteria, bactérias fototróficas púrpuras e BRS, enquanto na primavera foi verificada a menor diversidade desses microrganismos para as duas lagoas. Na lagoa facultativa foi observada maior diversidade do domínio Bacteria e das BRS em relação à lagoa anaeróbia. Verificou-se maior diversidade de bactérias fototróficas púrpuras na lagoa anaeróbia, caracterizada por duas populações predominantes nas quatro estações e nas diferentes profundidades. A concentração de matéria orgânica (DQO) variou de 60,3 mg/L (inverno) a 298,0 mg/L (primavera) e a maior concentração de sulfato observada foi de 51,0 mg/L (inverno). Bacilo curvo Gram negativo, semelhante à bactéria fototrófica púrpura não sulfurosa, presente em amostra proveniente da sub-superfície da lagoa anaeróbia foi purificado e apresentou 92% de similaridade com Rhodopseudomonas palustris. Em ambas as lagoas foram identificadas bactérias semelhantes a Chromobacterium suttsuga (95%), Clostridium sp. (99%), Rhodobacter sphaeroides (99%), Rhodopseudomonas palustris (99%), Lampropedia hyalina (97%), Campylobacter fetus (99%), Desulfovibrio vulgaris (95%), Rhodospirillum rubrum (95%) e diferentes bactérias não cultivadas. / The phototrophic bacteria frequently blossom in the stabilization lagoons that are used in sanitary sewer treatment, forming a purple layer on its surface. Therefore, the study of the conditions that propitiate such blooms, the microbial diversity, the removal of the organic matter and the establishment of the relations between them permit to understand the metabolism of the system. The objective of this work was to evaluate the diversity of the bacteria (Bacteria domain), purple phototrophic bacteria and sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) in stabilization lagoons of Vale do Ribeira (Cajati - SP). For this, it was made seasonal collects (spring, summer, autumn and winter) from the sub-surface, intermediate layer and interface water-sediment, at two times (14:00 h and 02:00 h) of the anaerobic and facultative lagoons. To analyze the different groups of microorganisms it was used the PCR/DGGE technique, with specific primers; for the phylogenic analysis it was realized the DNA partial sequencing of the 16S RNAr gene and of the subunit M of the photosynthetic center of reaction of the purple photosynthetic bacteria. It was determined: the concentration of dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature and photosynthetically active incident solar radiation, and the physical-chemistry analysis as: COD, solids, nitrogen and phosphorus. In the autumn it was observed greater diversity of microorganisms of the Bacteria domain, the group of the purples phototrophic bacteria and SRB, while in the spring it was verified minor diversity of these microorganisms in the two lagoons studied. In the facultative lagoon it was observed greater diversity of the Bacteria domain and of the SRB with respect to the anaerobic lagoon. It was verified greater diversity of the purple phototrophic bacteria in the anaerobic lagoon, of what in the facultative lagoon, which was characterized by the two predominant populations in the four seasons and in the different points of collect. The concentration of the organic matter (COD) varied from 60,3 mg/L (winter) to 298,0 mg/L (spring) and the greater concentration of sulfate observed was of 51,0 mg/L (winter). Arched bacillus Gram-negative similar to purple not sulfurous bacteria, from a sample of the sub-surface of the anaerobic lagoon was purified and presented 92% of similarity with Rhodopseudomonas palustris. In both lagoons it was identified bacteria similar to Chromobacterium suttsuga (95%), Clostridium sp. (99%), Rhodobacter sphaeroides (99%), Rhodopseudomonas palustris (99%), Lampropedia hyalina (97%), Campylobacter fetus (99%), Desulfovibrio vulgaris (95%), Rhodospirillum rubrum (95%).

Shallow sheltered Baltic Sea bays are ecologically important habitats that harbour a unique vegetation community and constitute vital reproduction areas for many coastal fish species. Knowledge about the invertebrate community in these bays is, however, limited. This thesis examines the macroinvertebrate community in shallow sheltered Baltic Sea bays and how it is affected by: (1) the natural morphometric isolation of bays from the sea due to post-glacial land uplift; and (2) differences in vegetation types. The invertebrate biomass and number of taxa was found to decrease with increased bay isolation. The taxon composition changed from dominance by bivalves and gastropods in open bays to a community composed of a larger proportion of insects in isolated bays. Stable isotope analysis indicated epiphytes and periphyton as the major energy resources for most of the examined consumers, but the relative importance of these in relation to larger plants decreased for some consumers with increased bay isolation. A comparison of invertebrate abundance between plants revealed a close relationship with morphological complexity of the plants. More complexly structured plants had higher invertebrate abundance than plants with simpler morphology. The results suggest that management of these coastal habitats should be dynamic and take into consideration the natural change in invertebrate community resulting from the slow bay isolation process. In addition, the results imply that changes in the aquatic vegetation due to anthropogenic influences could induce changes in the invertebrate community as the plant habitat structure is altered. A changed invertebrate community may in turn affect higher trophic levels since invertebrates are important food for many fish and waterfowl species. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 4: In press.

The use of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) as (i) covers for arsenic-rich gold mine tailings and landfills, (ii) subsurface barrier for migration of hydrocarbons in the Arctic, and (iii) basal liner for sewage treatment lagoons were examined. After 4 years in field and laboratory experiments, it was found that best cover configuration above gold mine tailings might include a layer of GCL product with polymer-enhanced bentonite and a geofilm-coated carrier geotextile serving above the tailings under ≥ 0.7 m overburden. However, acceptable performance could be achieved with using a standard GCL with untreated bentonite provided that there is a minimum of 0.7 m of cover soil above the GCL. When GCL samples were exhumed from experimental landfill test cover with complete replacement of sodium in the bentonite with divalent cations in the adjacent soil, it was observed that the (i) hydraulic head across the GCLs, (ii) size of the needle-punched bundles, and (iii) structure of the bentonite can all significantly affect the value of the inferred in-situ hydraulic conductivity measured at the laboratory. The higher the hydraulic head and the larger the size of the needle-punched bundles, the higher the likelihood of internal erosion/structural change of bentonite at bundles that will cause a preferential flow for liquids to occur. A key practical implication was that GCLs can perform effectively as a single hydraulic barrier in covers provided that the water head above the GCL kept low. The hydraulic performance of a GCL in the Arctic was most affected by the location within the soil profile relative to the typical groundwater level with the highest increase in the hydraulic conductivity (by 1-4 orders of magnitude) for GCL below the water table. However, because the head required for jet fuel to pass through the GCL was higher than that present under field conditions, there was no evidence of jet fuel leakage through the barrier system. The leakage through GCLs below concrete lined sewage treatment lagoons was within acceptable limits, in large part, due to the low interface transmissivity between GCLs and the overlying poured concrete. / Thesis (Ph.D, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2014-02-28 08:53:29.171

Submitted by Marcio Emanuel Paixão Santos (marcio.santos@ucsal.br) on 2017-02-21T22:50:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_ESTHALIN_MOREIRA.pdf: 2663332 bytes, checksum: b5090fbedb3bb1dbd049d31336ec9940 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Emília Carvalho Ribeiro (maria.ribeiro@ucsal.br) on 2017-03-02T15:59:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_ESTHALIN_MOREIRA.pdf: 2663332 bytes, checksum: b5090fbedb3bb1dbd049d31336ec9940 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-02T15:59:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_ESTHALIN_MOREIRA.pdf: 2663332 bytes, checksum: b5090fbedb3bb1dbd049d31336ec9940 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-31 / Os ecossistemas aquáticos continentais representam um sistema ainda pouco conhecido e bastante ameaçado pela ação do homem, principalmente as regiões litorâneas que sofrem com a especulação imobiliária, turística e industrial. As macrófitas aquáticas são essenciais ao equilíbrio do ambiente aquático, pois sustentam um grande número de organismos e respondem bem a diferentes gradientes ambientais que são formados lateralmente e ao longo do manancial. Tendo em vista que a depleção da qualidade da água dos recursos hídricos, principalmente em ecossistemas lênticos do litoral norte do estado da Bahia, está aumentando drasticamente devido às ações antrópicas. O presente trabalho busca avaliar a composição de espécies de macrófitas aquáticas em ecossistemas lênticos do Parque das Dunas, o último manancial urbano do ecossistema de dunas, lagoas e restingas do Brasil. O levantamento florístico e coleta de amostras de água foram realizados em todas as lagoas perenes do parque entre os meses de novembro e dezembro de 2015. Foram realizadas 5 visitas ao parque, com 8 horas diárias, totalizando 40 horas de atividades de campo. No inventário florístico foram registradas 40 espécies, distribuídas em 35 gêneros e 24 famílias, bem como a análise de 8 parâmetros físico-químicos. Neste trabalho foi possível verificar a relação dos parâmetros com as espécies de macrófitas aquáticas, principalmente os relacionados à matéria orgânica, resultando na identificação de um avançado processo de infestação de Eleocharis interstincta na Lagoa do Jacaré e um processo inicial na Lagoa do Junco. Esses resultados são dados importantíssimos que ajudarão subsidiar ações de planejamento ambiental e manejo das macrófitas aquáticas do parque, e em regiões alagadas do ecossistema de restinga. Além disso, foi confeccionado o guia de campo de macrófitas aquáticas do Parque das Dunas, que terá usabilidade em toda extensão do Litoral Norte do estado da Bahia, visto que, as espécies contidas nele, possuem uma grande distribuição geográfica e a região possui uma grande deficiência em materiais específicos para flora aquática, desta forma, o guia auxiliará trabalhos de licenciamento ambiental, planos de manejo e recuperação de corpos hídricos. / The aquatic continental ecosystems represent a system still not well known and quite threatened by human action, especially the coastal areas which suffer from industrial, touristic and real estate speculation. The aquatic macrophytes are essential to the balance of the aquatic environment, because they support a large number of organisms and they respond well to different environmental gradients that are formed laterally along the spring. Considering the depletion of the water quality of hydric sources, especially in lentic ecosystems of the north coast of Bahia state, is increasing dramatically due to human actions. This study aims to evaluate the species composition of aquatic macrophytes in lentic ecosystems of Parque das Dunas, the last urban source of the dune ecosystem, lagoons and resting areas in Brazil. The floristic survey and collecting water samples were performed in all perennial ponds of the park between the months of November and December 2015. The floristic survey and water samples collecting were performed in all perennial ponds of the park between the months of November and December 2015. Five visits were made to the park, with eight hours per day, totalizing 40 hours of field activities. Forty species belonging to thirty-five genera and twenty-four families were recorded in the floristic inventory, and also the analysis of 8 physicochemical parameters. This work can verify the list of parameters to the species of aquatic plants, especially those related to organic matter, resulting in the identification of an advanced process of Eleocharis interstincta infestation at Lagoa do Jacaré and an initial process at Lagoa do Junco. These results are extremely important data that will help support programs to environmental planning and management of aquatic macrophytes in the park, and in flooded areas of restinga ecosystem. Beyond that, it was made the field guide of aquatic macrophytes of Parque das Dunas, which will have usability all along the north coast of Bahia state, once the species contained therein have a wide geographical distribution and the region has a large deficiency of specific materials for aquatic flora, thus the guide will assist environmental licensing work, management plans and recovery of water bodies.