<p>The study shows conclusively that brine composition and concentration is highly variable at these South African power utilities and processes such as RO, contact with ash and CO2 ingress can have an impact upon the overall brine quality. Aq.QA was found to be a more accurate tool for classifying waters according to dominant ions than Stiff diagrams but Stiff diagrams still have the superior advantage of being a mapping tool to easily identify samples of similar composition as well as quickly identify what has been added or what has been removed from a water stream. Chemical speciation could identify effluent streams where CO2 dissolution had taken place.</p>

The design or improvement of a biological wastewater treatment system requires the characterization of influent wastewaters, the characterization of the microbial community in the system, and a knowledge of the rates of biological reactions. The wastewater treatment system of the city of Ste-Julie (Quebec) consists of four facultative aerated lagoons operating in series. Batch reactor experiments were performed with the municipal wastewater of Ste-Julie to simulate the biological processes occurring in the lagoon system. The first, second, and third lagoons were characterized in terms of soluble BOD, soluble COD, total solids, total suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, and TOC. The influent wastewater is classified as weak wastewater containing a relatively low concentration of soluble BOD compared to total BOD. The microbial communities in the first three lagoons were characterized using the BIOLOG redox technology which allows the simultaneous testing of the populations for the utilization of 95 carbon substrates. Finally, the specific initial BOD or TOC removal rates were determined for the first three lagoons. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Flinders University, School of Medicine, Dept. of Environmental Health. / Typescript bound. Includes bibliographical references: (leaves 650-698) Also available online.

Mémoire (M.Ress.Renouv.)--Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1998. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-117).

Τα υδρόβια μακρόφυτα και τα βενθικά μακροασπόνδυλα μελετήθηκαν εποχικά σε δύο λιμνοθάλασσες της Δυτικής Ελλάδας (Κοτύχι και Πρόκοπος), με σκοπό την ανάλυση της χωρικής και εποχικής διακύμανσης των βιοκοινωνιών τους. Η λιμνοθάλασσα Κοτύχι παρουσιάζει μεγαλύτερη επικοινωνία με τη θάλασσα, ενώ ο Πρόκοπος έχει μεγαλύτερο βαθμό απομόνωσης από τη θάλασσα. Τα υδρόβια μακρόφυτα αποτελούν κύριο στοιχείο των λιμνοθαλασσών. Συνολικά και στις δύο περιοχές μελέτης βρέθηκαν 22 taxa μακροφύτων (αγγειόσπερμα και μακροφύκη), εκ των οποίων τα 8 αποτελούν νέες αναφορές για την περιοχή μελέτης. Συγκεκριμένα, βρέθηκαν 16 taxa στο Κοτύχι (2 ροδοφύκη, 8 χλωροφύκη, 5 αγγειόσπερμα, 1 στρεπτόφυτο) και 14 στον Πρόκοπο (1 ροδοφύκος, 5 χλωροφύκη, 5 αγγειόσπερμα, 3 στρεπτόφυτα). Τα αγγειόσπερμα Ruppia cirrhosa και Potamogeton pectinatus ήταν κυρίαρχα και στις δύο λιμνοθάλασσες. Κυρίαρχο taxon στο Κοτύχι ήταν και το χλωροφύκος Cladophora glomerata, ενώ για τον Πρόκοπο το αγγειόσπερμο Zannichellia pallustris ssp. pedicellata. H βιομάζα των υδρόβιων μακροφύτων παρουσίασε μεγάλη αύξηση κατά τη διάρκεια της θερινής περιόδου. Στο Κοτύχι απαντούν 28 taxa υδροβίων μακροασπονδύλων, ενώ στον Πρόκοπο 19. Η οικογένεια των Chironomidae (Miscellanea) και το Lekanesphaera monodi (Καρκινοειδή) ήταν τα κυρίαρχα taxa και για τις δύο λιμνοθάλασσες. Η ποικιλότητα (Η’) της βενθικής πανίδας κυμάνθηκε από 1,3 έως 2,6 στο Κοτύχι και από 0,7 έως 2,4 στον Πρόκοπο. Τα αποτελέσματα της ιεραρχικής ομαδοποίησης (Cluster analysis) σε σύνολο 72 δειγματοληπτικών επιφανειών, με βάση την αφθονία των υδρόβιων μακροφύτων στις δύο περιοχές μελέτης, ανέδειξαν 5 ομάδες βλάστησης. Στην ομάδα Ι κυρίαρχο taxon είναι το αγγειόσπερμο Zostera noltii, ενώ στις ομάδες ΙΙa και ΙΙb κυριαρχεί το αγγειόσπεrμο Ruppia cirrhosa, με διαφορετική αντιπροσώπευση των συνοδών ειδών. Στην ομάδα ΙΙIa κυριαρχούν τα αγγειόσπερμα Potamogeton pectinatus και Zannichellia pallustris ssp. pedicellata, ενώ η ομάδα ΙΙIb κυριαρχείται από το Zannichellia pallustris ssp. pedicellata που συνοδεύεται από το χλωροφύκος Ulva intestinalis. O έλεγχος των διαφορών των ομάδων βλάστησης, με βάση τη διακύμανση των περιβαλλοντικών τους παραμέτρων πραγματοποιήθηκε με τον έλεγχο Mann - Whitney U. Στατιστικά σημαντικές διαφορές υπάρχουν μεταξύ της ομάδας ΙΙb με τις ομάδες Ι και ΙΙIb, όσον αφορά το βάθος και μεταξύ της ομάδας ΙΙb και ΙΙΙa, όσον αφορά την αναλογία διαφάνεια/βάθος και τη συγκέντρωση του ολικού φωσφόρου. Τα αποτελέσματα της ιεραρχικής ομαδοποίησης (Cluster analysis) σε σύνολο 36 δειγματοληπτικών επιφανειών, με βάση την αφθονία των υδρόβιων μακροασπονδύλων ανέδειξαν δύο ομάδες βενθικής πανίδας σε επίπεδο ομοιότητας περίπου 50% (Bray curtis similarity 50%) που αντιστοιχούν στις δύο λιμνοθάλασσες. Η ομάδα που αντιστοιχεί στο Κοτύχι κυριαρχείται από την οικογένεια Chironomidae και η ομάδα που αντιστοιχεί στον Πρόκοπο κυριαρχείται από την οικογένεια Οstracoda. O έλεγχος Mann - Whitney U έδειξε ότι οι δύο λιμνοθάλασσες διαφέρουν με βάση τις αβιοτικές παραμέτρους σε επίπεδο σημαντικότητας p<0,001 στο βάθος, την αναλογία διαφάνεια/βάθος, τη συγκέντρωση του ολικού φωσφόρου, χλωροφύλλης –α και ολικών αιωρούμενων στερεών. Ο Πρόκοπος παρουσίασε μεγαλύτερο βάθος (0,87m) από το Κοτύχι (0,56m) και μεγαλύτερη διακύμανση των παραπάνω παραμέτρων. Γενικά, τα αποτελέσματα της ανάλυσης κύριων συνιστωσών (PCA) και της ανάλυσης ANOSIM, που αφορούν τις περιβαλλοντικές παραμέτρους έδειξαν ότι η διακύμανση των περιβαλλοντικών παραμέτρων παρουσίασε εποχικό και χωρικό πρότυπο και στις δύο λιμνοθάλασσες με τη μεγαλύτερη διακύμανση τους να παρατηρείται στον Πρόκοπo. Κατά τη διάρκεια της θερινής περιόδου ειδικά στον Πρόκοπο καταγράφηκαν πολύ χαμηλές τιμές διαλυμένου οξυγόνου (χαμηλότερη τιμή: 0,34 mg/l), ακραίες τιμές αλατότητας (μέγιστη τιμή: 38,43 psu) και αυξημένες τιμές pH (μέγιστη τιμή: 9,95). Αυτή η εποχική διακύμανση των περιβαλλοντικών παραμέτρων προκαλεί έντονο φυσικό στρες στους υδρόβιους οργανισμούς επηρεάζοντας την αφθονία και εξάπλωση τους. Οι κυριότερες συσχετίσεις των αβιοτικών παραμέτρων που προέκυψαν από την ανάλυση Spearman είναι η θετική συσχέτιση του ολικού φώσφορου με τη χλωροφύλλη – α, τα ολικά αιωρούμενα στερεά και τη σταθερά απορρόφησης – α, η αρνητική συσχέτιση της αναλογίας διαφάνειας/βάθος με τον ολικό φώσφορο και τη χλωροφύλλη – α και του διαλυμένου οξυγόνου στο υπόστρωμα με τη συγκέντρωση φωσφορικών ιόντων, ολικού αζώτου, ολικού άνθρακα και οργανικού άνθρακα στο ίζημα. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα της ανάλυσης πλεονασμού (RDA), τo pH, η συγκέντρωση των ολικών αιωρούμενων στερεών της χλωροφύλλης - α, το βάθος, η θερμοκρασία και η σταθερά απορρόφησης Κ φαίνεται να παίζουν τον πιο σημαντικό ρόλο στην εξάπλωση & αφθονία των μακροφύτων. Όσον αφορά την εξάπλωση και αφθονία των υδρόβιων μακροασπονδύλων, σύμφωνα με την ανάλυση πλεονασμού (RDA), πιο σημαντικό ρόλο φαίνεται να παίζουν το βάθος, η συγκέντρωση των ολικών αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων, η θερμοκρασία και το pH. Γενικά, στις δύο λιμνοθάλασσες καταγράφηκε χαμηλός ειδών μακροφύτων και μακροαπονδύλων, όπως και σε άλλες λιμνοθάλασσες της Ελλάδας (Reizopoulou and Nicolaidou 2004, Kevrekidis 2004, Mogias and Kevrekidis 2005). Ο χαμηλότερος αριθμός ειδών και ατόμων μακροασπονδύλων παρατηρήθηκε κατά τη διάρκεια της θερινής περιόδου. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν επίσης ότι ο αριθμός ειδών, η ποικιλότητα και η αφθονία, των βενθικών μακροασπονδύλων σχετίζεται ισχυρά με την υδρόβια βλάστηση και το βαθμό απομόνωσης από τη θάλασσα. Ο αριθμός ειδών και ατόμων μακροασπονδύλων παρουσιάστηκε αυξημένος στον τύπο ενδιαιτήματος, όπου κυριαρχούν τα αγγειόσπερμα, ενώ παρουσιάστηκε μειωμένος σε γυμνό υπόστρωμα. Επίσης, ο αριθμός ειδών και ατόμων μακροασπονδύλων εμφανίζεται μειωμένος με την αύξηση της απόστασης από τη θάλασσα. Τα αποτελέσματα της ανάλυσης πλεονασμού (RDA) έδειξαν ότι τα μαλάκια παρουσιάζουν καλύτερη συσχέτιση με το αγγειόσπερμο Zostera noltii και τα συνοδά του είδη, ενώ τα καρκινοείδη παρουσιάζουν καλύτερη συσχέτιση με τα αγγειόσπερμα Ruppia cirrhosa, Potamogeton pectinatus και Zannichellia pallustris ssp. pedicellata και τα συνοδά τους είδη. Τα Miscellanea δείχνουν καλύτερη συσχέτιση με τα ευκαιριακά είδη υδροβίων μακροφύτων. Το Gammarus insensibilis παρουσίασε συνεμφάνιση με το χλωροφύκος Chaetomorpha linum, το οποίο αποτελεί μέρος της διατροφής του (Sheader & Sheader 1987, Bamber et al. 1992). Στην παρούσα εργασία συζητούνται περαιτέρω η οικολογική ποιότητα των δύο λιμνοθαλασσών και οι χωρικές και χρονικές διακυμάνσεις των περιβαλλοντικών παραμέτρων καθώς και οι επιδράσεις τους στη δομή και λειτουργία των βιοκοινωνιών των μακροφύτων και μακροασπονδύλων. / Aquatic macrophytes and benthic macroinvertebrates were studied seasonally in two coastal lagoons (Kotychi and Prokopos) located in Western Greece, in order to investigate spatial and temporal trends. Kotychi lagoon presents a better communication with the sea, while Prokopos has a high degree of confinement. Both ecosystems receive seasonally freshwater input by streams. The submerged aquatic macrophytes constituted a major component of the ecosystems studied. In total were found 22 taxa of aquatic macrophytes (angiosperms and macroalgae), 16 taxa for Kotychi (2 Rhodophyta, 8 Chlorophyta, 5 Magnoliophyta, 1 Streptophyta) and 14 taxa for Prokopos (1 Rhodophyta, 5 Chlorophyta, 5 Magnoliophyta, 3 Streptophyta). Ruppia cirrhosa, and Potamogeton pectinatus were dominant in both lagoons. Kotychi lagoon was also dominated by Cladophora glomerata and Prokopos by Zannichellia pallustris ssp. pedicellata, while the biomass of aquatic species peaked during summer period. The total number of macroinvertebrates found in the lagoons was 28 taxa for Kotychi and 19 for Prokopos. Chironomidae (Miscellanea) and Lekanesphaera monodi (Crustacea) were dominant in both lagoons, while Kotychi was also dominated by Monocorophium insidiosum (Crustacea), and Prokopos by Ostracoda (Crustacea). Benthic diversity (Η’) ranged from 1.3 to 2.6 in Kotychi and from 0.7 to 2.5 in Prokopos. Cluster analysis (Bray Curtis similarity) distinguished 5 vegetation groups based on 72 sampling plots. Group I, was dominated by Zostera noltii, groups IIa and IIb were both dominated by Ruppia cirrhosa, but they present different abundance in companion opportunistic species. Group IIIa was dominated by Potamogeton pectinatus and Zannichellia pallustris ssp. pedicellata and group IIIb by Zannichellia pallustris ssp. pedicellata and Ulva intestinalis. Mann - Whitney U – test showed that means of environmental variables such as depth, total P and the ratio transparency/depth differed significantly among groups IIb, IIIa and IIIb. Cluster analysis (Bray Curtis similarity) distinguished two groups of macroinvertebrates, based on 36 sampling plots. Group I represents Kotychi lagoon by Chironomidae and group II represents Prokopos lagoon II dominated by Ostracoda. Mann - Whitney U – test showed that means of environmental variables such as depth, the ratio transparency/depth, total P, chl-a and TSM differed significantly between the two lagoons. Prokopos (0,87m) is a deeper lagoon than Kotychi (0,56m) and presented higher values of the ratio transparency/depth, total P, chl-a and TSM. Generally, PCA and ANOSIM analysis showed that there is a seasonal and spatial fluctuation of environmental variables in the two lagoons. Prokopos showed widest range of the environmental variables among seasons. In Prokopos lagoon during summer period recorded very low values of D.O. (lowest value: 0,34 mg/l), high salinity (max. value: 38,43 psu) and pH (max. value: 9,95). The high seasonal fluctuations of environmental variables create a natural stress to aquatic organisms affecting their abundance. The results of Spearman analysis showed that total P was positively correlated with chl-a, TSM and attenuation coefficient K and the ratio transparency/depth was negatively correlated with total P and chl-a. Also, sediment’s D.O. was negatively correlated with orthophosphates, total nitrogen, total and organic carbon in the sediment. The results of RDA analysis showed that pH, TSM, chl-a, depth, attenuation coefficient K and temperature play the most important role in the abundance and distribution of aquatic macrophytes. Depth, TSM, temperature and pH influence the distribution and abundance of benthic mavroinvertebrates. Generally, both lagoon showed low number of species of macrophytes and macroinvertebrates, similarly with other Greek lagoons (Reizopoulou and Nicolaidou 2004, Kevrekidis 2004, Mogias and Kevrekidis 2005). The lowest number of species and individuals of macroinvertebrates was recorded during the summer period. Moreover, results showed that species richness, diversity, and abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates were strongly related to aquatic vegetation and degree of confinement. The number of species and individuals of macroinvertebrates increased in the habitat where angiosperms were the dominated macrophytes. On the other hand, the number of species and individuals of macroinvertebrates presented lower values in bare substrates. Also, the number of species and individuals of macroinvertebrates presented a reduction at the sampling stations which have a high distance from the sea, in both lagoons. RDA analysis showed that Mollusca prefer as a habitat the angiosperm Zostera noltii and its companion species. Crustacea showed better relation with angiosperms Ruppia cirrhosa, Potamogeton pectinatus and Zannichellia pallustris ssp. pedicellata and their companion species. Miscellanea showed better relation with the opportunistic species of aquatic macrophytes. Gammarus insensibilis presented co-occurrence with Chaetomorpha linum, which is a part of its diet, as referred also, in Sheader & Sheader (1987) and Bamber et al. (1992). In the current study the ecological evaluation of the two coastal lagoons, the spatial and temporal fluctuations of environmental variables and their influence to the structure and function of biotic communities are further discussed.

O Afloramento Paleolago Cemitério, localizado na mina de fosfato a céu aberto da "Ultrafértil", município de Catalão, Goiás, possui depósito originado pelo preenchimento de uma depressão na parte central do Complexo Carbonatítico de Catalão I, onde sedimentos lacustres, ricos em espículas de esponjas, assentam discordantemente sobre um domo de rochas magmáticas carbonatíticas do Cretáceo Superior. Foi analisado o conteúdo de espículas de esponjas continentais e da quantidade de frústulas de diatomáceas em rochas de três Seções, 1, 2 e 3, que contemplaram desde a base ao topo desse depósito. É abordada aqui a caracterização de todos os horizontes deposicionais, quanto ao conteúdo biosilicoso, e sua utilização como dado proxi de reconstrução paleoambiental. Para esse fim, frações dessas rochas foram tratadas com métodos usuais utilizados na obtenção de material silicoso. O estudo taxonômico das espículas nessas rochas confirmou a existência de uma comunidade autóctone e lêntica composta de seis espécies de esponjas continentais responsáveis pela gênese dos depósitos de espongilitos: Metania spinata (Carter, 1881), Dosilia pydanieli Volkmer-Ribeiro, 1992, Radiospongilla amazonensis Volkmer-Ribeiro & Maciel, 1983, Trochospongilla variabilis Bonetto & Ezcurra de Drago (1973), Corvomeyenia thumi (Traxler, 1895), Heterorotula fistula Volkmer-Ribeiro & Motta, 1995, no presente caso acrescidas de Corvoheteromeyenia australis (Bonetto & Ezcurra de Drago, 1966), que tem aqui confirmado o seu primeiro registro em comunidade formadora de espongilitos No entanto, registrou-se também uma comunidade de esponjas de ambiente lótico na porção mais basal do depósito, integrada pelas espécies Corvospongilla seckti Bonetto & Ezcurra de Drago, 1966, Oncosclera navicella (Carter, 1881) e Eunapius fragilis (Leidy, 1851), sugerindo uma contribuição de águas com fluxo no início da formação do Paleolago. A comunidade lêntica detectada é considerada indicadora de lagoas típicas de Cerrado, sugerindo a existência desse Bioma, na região central do Brasil, já no final do Pleistoceno. Registra-se nesse Paleolago a ocorrência inédita de diatomitos e espongilitos num mesmo depósito. São propostos dois paleoambientes diferenciados, quando da ocorrência de espongilitos e diatomitos. Os resultados ainda parecem corroborar a hipótese de formação do Paleolago Cemitério a partir do acúmulo de substâncias húmicas, contribuindo para acidificação das águas e instalação de processo cárstico de solapamento do fundo de lagoas. / The Paleolake Cemetery Outcrop situated at the phosphate mine of the Ultrafértil Mining Company, in the municipality of Catalão, Goiás State, presents a significant deposit of sedimentary rocks originated by the fulfilling of a depression at the central part of the Carbonatitic Complex of Catalão I, where lacustrine sediments, which are rich in spicules of sponges, overlie discordantly a dome of carbonatitic magmatic rocks of the Late Cretaceous age. Freshwater sponges spicules contents were analysed as well as the diatom frustules in sedimentary rocks of three sections, namely 1, 2 and 3, that range from bottom to top of the above-mentioned lake deposit. The characterization of all depositional horizons is addressed here regarding the bio siliceous content and its utilization as a proxy datum for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. In order to accomplish this purpose, fractions of these rocks were treated with usual methods applied for the obtaining of siliceous material. The taxonomic study of spicules in these rocks confirmed the existence of an indigenous and lenthic community composed of six species of continental sponges responsible for the genesis of spongilite beds: Metania spinata (Carter, 1881), Dosilia pydanieli Volkmer-Ribeiro, 1992, Radiospongilla amazonensis Volkmer-Ribeiro & Maciel, 1983, Trochospongilla variabilis Bonetto & Ezcurra de Drago (1973), Corvomeyenia thumi (Traxler, 1895), Heterorotula fistula Volkmer-Ribeiro & Motta, 1995, in the present case added to Corvoheteromeyenia australis (Bonetto & Ezcurra de Drago, 1966), species confirmed herein, for the first time, as an element of a forming-spongilite community However, other community of sponges related to lothic environment has also been registered at the bottom of lake deposit, which is formed by the following species: Corvospongilla seckti Bonetto & Ezcurra de Drago, 1966, Oncosclera navicella (Carter, 1881) and Eunapius fragilis (Leidy, 1851). The last community suggests a contribution of water flow in the beginning of the Paleolake genesis. The lenthic community found is considered to be an indicator of Cerrado-type lagoons suggesting the existence of this biome, in central region of Brazil, in the end of the Pleistocene. In this Paleolake there is also the unprecedented occurrence of diatomites interbedded with spongilites along the same section. Then it is proposed herein the presence of two different paleoenvironments to explain the occurrence of spongilites and diatomites together in this deposit. The results obtained seem to corroborate the hypothesis of formation of the Cemetery Paleolake, from the accumulation of humic substances, contributing to the acidification of the water and the installation of the karstic process for the washout of the lake bottom.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A Lagoa de Marapendi é uma lagoa eutrófica do complexo lagunar de Jacarepaguá, Rio de Janeiro. Como conseqüência ao constante e acelerado processo de eutrofização vigente, houve uma mudança na estrutura de sua comunidade fitoplanctônica, o que pode ter um importante significado para diversos componentes do ecossistema, além de inviabilizar diversos usos. Este estudo visou reconhecer os padrões espaciais e temporais do fitoplâncton, identificando os fatores controladores e direcionadores da comunidade, através da comparação entre as abordagens dos grupos taxonômicos e dos grupos funcionais. Foram coletadas amostras mensais em 4 pontos ao longo da lagoa no decorrer do ano de 2008. A análise florística revelou a presença de 45 táxons pertencentes às classes Cyanophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae e Dinophyceae. Estes foram alocados em 10 grupos funcionais (GF) sensu Reynolds (H1, K, M, S1, X1, X2, J, C, MP e Y) e em 6 grupos funcionais baseados na morfologia (MBFG). Os dados de biomassa para todas as abordagens testadas foram comparados, juntamente com as variáveis abióticas, através de análises multivariadas de redundância (RDA). A abordagem de GF mostrou ser mais rica em detalhes, evidenciando diferentes estratégias adaptativas de grupos ecológicos de cianobactérias. Contudo, para ambientes eutróficos, rasos e com poucas espécies, tal qual a Lagoa de Marapendi, a utilização da abordagem de MBFG mostra ser mais adequada devido à sua simplicidade de utilização, aliada à boa capacidade de explicação da dinâmica fitoplanctônica. / The Marapendi lagoon is an eutrophic lagoon of the Jacarepaguá lagoon system, Rio de Janeiro. As a result of the constant and accelerated process of eutrophication in effect, there was a change in the structure of its phytoplankton community, whitc may have an important meaning for the various components of the ecosystem, as well as preclude different uses. The present study aimed to recognize the temporal and spatial patterns of phytoplankton, identifying the controlling and directioning factors of the community, by comparing the approaches of taxonomic groups and functional groups. Monthly samples were collected at 4 points along the lagoon during the 2008 year. The floristic analysis revealed the presence of 45 taxa belonging to Cyanophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Dinophyceae classes. These were allocated into 10 functional groups (GF) sensu Reynolds (H1, K, M, S1, X1, X2, J, C, MP and Y) and in 6 morphology based functional groups (MBFG). The biomass data for all approaches tested were compared with the abiotic variables trough multivariate redundancy analysis (RDA). The GF approach proved to be richer in detail, showing different adaptive strategies of cyanobacteria ecological groups. However, in eutrophic and shallow environments with few species, like the Marapendi lagoon, the use of MBFG approach proves to be more suitable due to its use simplicity combined with the good ability to explain the phytoplankton dynamics.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Estudos ecológicos em meio urbano servem de subsídios à estratégias de conservação, propostas de manejo e/ou adequações dos planejamentos urbanos. No presente estudo analisei a ecologia do jacaré de papo amarelo em meio urbano no muncípio do Rio de Janeiro. O estudo foi realizado em um complexo de lagoas inseridos em meio a cidade do RJ. O complexo lagunar de Jacarepaguá está situado entre os principais bairros que mais cresceram nos últimos dez anos, tais como: Barra da Tijuca, Recreio dos Bandeirantes e a região de Jacarepaguá. Estudei o crescimento corpóreo do jacaré de papo amarelo e o seu desenvolvimento até a idade da primeira reprodução. O processo de crescimento individual é fundamental para todos os organismos, e seus respectivos estudos têm sido um assunto de preocupação ao manejo e conservação de espécies. Os dados para análise da taxa de crescimento individual compreenderam de recapturas de diferentes animais após intervalos conhecidos (data da recaptura - data da captura). Realizei um total de 20 recapturas de jacarés dentre 352 capturas. A maioria dos estudos de crescimento de jacarés foram realizadas em regiões mais frias, de latitudes mais baixas, logo os efeitos climáticos podem ser um fator importante no desenvolvimento desses animais. Após determinar a idade dos jacarés procurei analisar a distribuição de classes etárias utilizando a idade dos animais, e a razão sexual para entender a dinâmica da população através de sua estrutura etária e sexo. Foi feito uma distribuição por classes etárias e razão sexual dos indivíduos da população e a distribuição dos estágios de idade subsidiaram uma tabela de vida para C. latirostris em meio urbano. Foram capturados 68 (19,3%) jacarés juvenis, 180 (51,1%) sub adultos, e 104 (29,6%) adultos. A razão sexual para os jacarés capturados no Complexo Lagunar de Jacarepaguá foi de 3,3:1 (macho:fêmea), onde capturei 213 (78,7%) machos para 65 (21,3%) fêmeas e 90 jacarés juvenis onde não é possível identificar o sexo devido a idade. A taxa líquida de crescimento da população apresentou um valor negativo, o que corrobora a hipótese alternativa que a população estaria diminuindo. Conclui que a população de jacarés no complexo lagunar de Jacarepaguá não está crescendo. Devido a interação com o meio urbano ser cada vez mais intensificada realizei uma pesquisa sócio ambiental para entender qual é a relação da população humana em relação ao convívio com os jacarés em seu dia a dia na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Desta forma, foi realizado um estudo com o objetivo de identificar as percepções ambientais e concepções das pessoas em relação ao convívio com jacarés nos bairros do Recreio dos Bandeirantes e Barra da Tijuca, no Rio de Janeiro. Os dados coletados representaram conceituações negativo-positivas que os entrevistados apresentaram sobre a relação com os jacarés em áreas urbanas no município do Rio de Janeiro. Por meio deste estudo, conclui-se que há uma carência de elaboração de propostas de desenvolvimento, de estratégias de educação ambiental e melhor divulgação sobre noções ecológicas para a preservação de jacarés e seus ambientes, tanto para a população como para os responsáveis técnicos dos programas sócioambientais do município. / The knowledge about of crocodilians' natural history in urban enviroments is scarce and is becoming more necessary due to the urban advancement over the natural habitats in lagunar environments near urban areas in Brazil. Ecological studies in urban areas serve as subsidies to conservation strategies, management motions, and/or adaptations of urban planning. In this study, I analyzed Broad-snouted Caiman's ecology in Rio de Janeiro's urban environent. This study was conducted in a lagoon complex inserted in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The Jacarepaguá Lagoon Complex is located amongst the neighborhoods that most developed in the last ten years, such as: Barra da Tijuca, recreio dos Bandeirantes and all the region of Jacarepaguá. I reseached Broad-snouted Caiman's body growth and its development until sexual maturation age. The process of individual growth is fundamental for all organisms and its respective researches have been a matter of concern to the management and conservation of species. Data for individual growth rate is comprised of recaptures of different animals after known intervals (date of recapture - date of capture). I realized 20 recaptures among 352 captures. The majority of caiman growth studies were accomplished in colder, lower latitude regions, therefore the climatic effects may be an important factor to the development of these animals, demonstrating an adaptive plasticity of the species in responding their development according to environmental factors. After determining caiman's age, I used it to analyze age class distribution, and sexual ratio to understand population dynamics through it's age and sexual structure. It was made a distribution by age group and sex ratio of the individuals of the population and the age stage distribution provided support for a life table for C. latirostris in urban environment. Captured animals totaled 68 (19,3%) juvenile caimans, 180 (51,1%) sub-adults, and 104 (29,6%) adults. Sexual ratio for the captured caimans at the Jacarepaguá Lagoon Complex was 3,3:1 (male:female), where I captured 213 (78,7) males, 65 (21,3%) females, and 90 juvenile caimans whose gender ins not possible to identify. Liquid growth rate of the population resulted in a negative value, which corroborates the alternative hypothesis that the population is diminishing. I concluded that in accordance to sampled data, the population of Broad-snouted caimans in Jacarepaguá Lagoon Complex is not growing, presenting few reproduction and/or survival of juveniles. Due to interaction with the urban environment being increasingly intensified, I realized a socio-environmental research to comprehend what is the relation of human population to the coexistence with caimans in their everyday life in the city of Rio de Janeiro. So, a study was conducted with the intent to identify environmental perceptions and people's (inhabitants and visitors) conceptions of different socio-cultural realities related to the familiarity with caimans in the aforementioned neighborhoods. The approach methodology consisted of the elaboration of open and closed questions. Collected data represented negative-positive conceptions showed by the interviewees about their relation with caimans in Rio's urban environments. throug this study it can be concluded that there is a lack of elaboration proposals of development, environmental education strategies, and better disclosure on ecological notions for the conservation of caimans and their environments. This failure to prepare proposals extends both to the population as to technicians responsible for socio-environmental programs of the city.

Submitted by WESLEY LUIZ GUIMARÃES null (wesleylg_33@hotmail.com) on 2016-03-29T18:16:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Wesley.pdf: 1407502 bytes, checksum: 9130791fa2c390f3a21fc1a95500ec67 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-30T18:16:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 guimaraes_wl_me_sjrp.pdf: 1407502 bytes, checksum: 9130791fa2c390f3a21fc1a95500ec67 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-30T18:16:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 guimaraes_wl_me_sjrp.pdf: 1407502 bytes, checksum: 9130791fa2c390f3a21fc1a95500ec67 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Planícies de inundação são áreas úmidas onde podem ser encontradas as lagoas marginais. Devido ao período de seca e a sua baixa profundidade, estas lagoas podem apresentar caráter temporário com ocorrência sazonal. Tal perturbação pode levar algumas populações zooplanctônicas, como as de cladóceros, a entrarem em estado de dormência, produzindo os ovos de resistência que se depositam no sedimento seco formando um banco de ovos. Quando as lagoas voltam a encher, a comunidade de cladóceros rapidamente se reestabelece, provavelmente como resultado da eclosão dos ovos presentes no sedimento. Detectar espécies de cladóceros que produzem os ovos de resistência como estratégia para recolonização, bem como os fatores que influenciam a eclosão dos ovos, pode auxiliar na compreensão do papel do banco de ovos como fonte de biodiversidade zooplanctônica em lagoas marginais. O objetivo neste estudo foi verificar o potencial de cladóceros para recolonização de lagoas marginais temporárias, por meio da eclosão de ovos de resistência em condições experimentais específicas. A comunidade zooplanctônica foi amostrada em quatro lagoas marginais localizadas na planície de inundação do Rio Turvo. As amostragens dos cladóceros planctônicos foram feitas com rede de plâncton de 50 μm de malha, antes e após um período de seca. Além disso, também foram medidos parâmetros físicos e químicos: profundidade, transparência, temperatura, pH, condutividade, OD, clorofila e material em suspensão. Para a realização dos experimentos de eclosão dos ovos de resistência em laboratório, amostras do sedimento das lagoas foram obtidas com Corer (4,5 cm de diâmetro), durante a estação seca. Duas metodologias foram testadas para indicar qual a mais eficaz para a eclosão: 1. Tratamento ambiente: frascos com sedimento e água do rio Turvo mantidos em condições ambiente; 2. Tratamento câmara: frascos com sedimento e água do rio Turvo mantidos em condições controladas em câmara de germinação (23ºC e fotoperíodo 12:12). A cada dois dias cada réplica foi analisada quanto aos parâmetros físicos e químicos e para a verificação de cladóceros recém eclodidos. Após duas semanas estes procedimentos foram realizados semanalmente até completar 60 dias. Uma porção do sedimento foi utilizada para a caracterização quanto à granulometria. Antes da seca 23 espécies estavam presentes nas lagoas estudadas, após a seca 16 espécies. Durante o experimento de eclosão o tratamento Câmara obteve 431 eclosões enquanto o tratamento Ambiente obteve 118. Houve a eclosão das espécies Alona glabra, Ephemeroporus hybridus, Ilyocryptus spinifer, Leydigiops ornata, Notoalona sculpta e Oxyurella longicaudis, destas eclodiram 6 e 4 espécies no tratamento Ambiente e Câmara, respectivamente. No tratamento Câmara, após 7 dias, E. hybridus foi a primeira espécie a eclodir, e no tratamento Ambiente após 9 dias eclodiram as espécies I. spinifer e N. sculpta. Com a análise da partição hierárquica verificou-se que no tratamento Câmara a condutividade e o pH apresentaram uma correlação positiva com a eclosão dos ovos de resistência e o oxigênio dissolvido uma correlação negativa. No tratamento Ambiente, os parâmetros condutividade e oxigênio dissolvido apresentaram uma correlação negativa com a eclosão dos ovos. Em conclusão pode-se apontar que as espécies da família Chydoridae e Ilyocryptidae, que são organismos bentônicos ou litorâneos, apresentam um maior potencial para rapidamente eclodir em ambientes lacustres temporários. / Floodplains are wetlands where the oxbow lakes can be found. Due of the dry season and its shallow depth, these lagoons can present seasonal occurrence. Such disruption can lead some zooplankton populations, such as cladocerans, to enter in dormancy, producing resting eggs that are deposited in dry sediment forming a bank of eggs. When the lagoons back to fill the cladoceran community quickly restores, probably as a result of the hatch of eggs present in the sediment. To detect species of cladocerans that produce resting eggs as a strategy for recolonization, as well as the factors influencing the eggs hatch, may help understanding the egg bank's role as zooplankton biodiversity source in lagoons. Our goal in this study was to investigate the potential of cladocerans to recolonize of temporary lagoons, through the hatching of resting eggs in specific experimental conditions. The zooplankton community was sampled in four lagoons located in the Turvo River floodplain. Sampling of planktonic cladocerans were taken by a plankton 50 µm mesh net before and after the drying lagoons. Physical and chemical parameters as depth, transparency, temperature, pH, conductivity, OD, chlorophyll and suspended material were also measured. For the hatching experiments of resting eggs in laboratory, sediment from lagoons were sampled using a corer (4.5 cm diameter), during the dry season. Two methods were tested to indicate the most effective for the hatching: 1. Environment Treatment: bottles with sediment and water from the Turvo river kept at ambient conditions; 2. Chamber Treatment: bottles with sediment and water from the Turvo river kept under controlled conditions in a growth chamber (23 ° C and photoperiod 12:12). Every two days each replica was analyzed for physical and chemical parameters and the verification of cladocerans newly hatched. After two weeks these procedures were performed weekly to complete 60 days. A portion of the sediment was used for particle size characterization. Before the drought 23 species were present in the studied lagoons, after drought 16 species. During the hatching experiment Chamber Treatment had 431 hatching while Environment Treatment had 118. Six species hatched: Alona glabra, Ephemeroporus hybridus, Ilyocryptus spinifer, Leydigiops ornata and Notoalona sculpta and Oxyurella longicaudis, being four species in the Chamber Treatment and six species in the Treatment Environment. In the Chamber Treatment, after 7 days, E. hybridus was the first species to hatch, and after 9 days Environment Treatment N. sculpta and I. spinifer hatched. With the analysis of hierarchical partition we found that in the Chamber Treatment conductivity and pH showed a positive correlation and dissolved oxygen a negative correlation with the hatching of resting eggs. In the Environment Treatment, conductivity and dissolved oxygen showed a negative correlation with the eggs hatch. In conclusion we can point that species of Chydoridae and Ilyocryptidae family, which are benthic or littoral organisms have a greater potential to quickly hatch into temporary lacustrine environments.