Today we are collecting a large amount of tissue samples to store for future studies of different health conditions, in hopes that the focus in health care will shift from treatments to early detection and prevention, by the use of biomarkers. To make sure that the storing of tissue is done in a reliable way, where the molecular profile of the samples are preserved, we first need to characterise how these changes occur. In this thesis, data from mice brains were collected using MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) and an analysis pipeline for robust MALDI IMS data handling and evaluation was implemented. The finished pipeline contains two reduction algorithms, catching images with interesting intensity features, while taking the spatial information into account, along with a robust similarity measurement, for measuring the degree of co-localisation. It also includes a clustering algorithm built upon the similarity measurement and an amino acid mass comparer, iteratively generating combinations of amino acids for further mass comparisons with mass differences between cluster members. Availability: The source code is available at https://github.com/stephanieherman/thesis

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has revolutionized the field of bacterial diagnostics and is also used for routine analysis in smaller clinical laboratories. For identification of moulds, pre-analytical steps are more complicated and time consuming than for bacteria, and the choice of reference library has a big impact on the utility of MALDI-TOF MS. The aim of this study was to investigate if MALDI-TOF MS is applicable for identification of moulds belonging to the genus Aspergillus at the hospital laboratory in Gävle. Therefore, strains belonging to the genus Aspergillus and Penicillium, were analysed with MALDI-TOF MS after 2, 4 and 7 days of incubation. Two different extraction protocols were used and compared. Mass spectra were compared to reference spectra in two different databases: MSI-2 and RUO Compass library/BDAL (Bruker). Of the strains included, 97 % were correctly identified to species complex level with MSI-2. Only 25 % were identified to species level with RUO Compass library/BDAL (Bruker). However, totally 56 % were correctly identified to species complex level if a lower score value limit than recommended for identification, were applied. Significantly raised score values were observed with one of the protein extraction protocols used. Although, in most cases, the strains were considered identified to species complex level with either method. This pilot study conveys the feasibility of MALDI-TOF MS for identification of Aspergillus species in a clinical laboratory. While there are still issues to address, applying MALDI-TOF MS has the potential to allow for quicker and more precise identification, also in this specific clinical setting.

As permanent tattoos are becoming more popular and common, an increased number of allergic reactions to tattoos is reported. The purpose of this project was to analyze tattoo inks for hazardous substances, and whether they comply to current Swedish and European legislative requirements. The tattoo inks were qualitatively analyzed for pigments, and quantitatively analyzed for metals. A total of 73 tattoo inks were collected from various sources such as a tattoo ink supplier, online retailers, and provided directly from tattoo artists. The labels of each tattoo ink bottle were inspected to investigate their compliance with the Council of Europe and the Swedish Medical Products Agency. Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF-MS) was used to qualitatively analyze 20 selected tattoo inks for different pigments. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to quantitatively analyze trace metals in 70 of the samples. A large majority (90%) of the tested samples violated the requirements and criteria in the European resolution ResAP 2008(1), such as information on name and address of the manufacturer, minimum date of durability, sterility, batch number, and storage. Patch and allergy testing were incorrectly recommended for many samples in a way that is not accepted by dermatologists. In a worst-case scenario, this testing could be a sensitizing step. Also, it can not prevent future allergic reactions from occurring or provide any juridical insurance. Only one brand, World Famous, fulfilled the requirements for labeling for six of the seven samples (one sample failed due to a faulty declared pigment). The brands Tang Dragon and Dynamic did not fulfill any of the requirements listed in ResAP 2008(1). The list of ingredients was incorrect for all samples from Tang Dragon (bought prior to 2019 online). Also, six of the other 50 samples from different brands (World Famous, Intenze, Fusion Tattoo Ink, Eternal Ink, Solid Ink) declared at least one pigment incorrectly in their ingredients list. 25% of the declared and theoretically detectable pigments were detected by means of MALDI-ToF-MS, whereas the other pigments were either absent or below the limit of detection. Future analyses should include an MS/MS analysis. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was identified qualatively in 15 of the 20 samples analyzed with MALDI-ToF-MS but was not listed in any of the ingredients lists. ICP-QQQ-MS is a very sensitive technique and could both detect and verify the presence of all metal-containing pigments, as well as the level of impurities. Copper was clearly more present in green and blue colors, regardless of the brand. The metal content was evidently dependent on the brand for arsenic, aluminum, bismuth, chromium, nickel, zinc, and strontium. Elevated levels of barium and strontium (partially very high levels: up to 727 mg/kg barium and up to 8.06 g/kg strontium) were found in several samples. High amounts of aluminum (4 to 11,0 g/kg) and titanium (as judged from white precipitates and ingredients lists) were present in most samples. Nickel (0.1 to 41 mg/kg) and chromium (0.1 to 139 mg/kg) were also present in the samples. Some other impurities were also present (arsenic – 3.8 mg/kg, mercury – 1.6 mg/kg, and lead – 5.4 mg/kg for one sample, respectively). Known sensitizing pigments were declared and partially confirmed by MALDI-ToF-MS in 17 of 53 samples of the brands Radiant Colour, Eternal Ink, Fusion Tattoo Ink, and Kuro Sumi. Four samples (from Intenze, Eternal Ink, and Kuro Sumi) also declared pigments listed as non-suitable substance according to the European Commission regulation on cosmetic products from 2009.

<p>Aminoglycoside antibiotics are commonly used to treat bacterial infections but are highly susceptible to chemical modification, leading to resistance. Chemical modification can be hindered through the use of small molecule inhibitors that target bacterial enzymes involved in resistance, most notably kinases. Current methods for the discovery of small molecule inhibitors of kinases and related “kinase-like” enzymes are limited in throughput and utilize slow, tedious, and expensive assays. This thesis is focused on the development of highly versatile and scaleable kinase and “kinase-like” screening platforms for the discovery of small molecule inhibitors of these drug targets. The work begins with the validation of a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS/MS) platform utilizing phosphorylation of kanamycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, by aminoglycoside phosphotransferase 3ʹIIIa (APH 3ʹIIIa) as a model system. Using a product-to-substrate signal ratio as an internal standard, the assay was used to functionally screen over 200 compounds, combined into mixtures to enhance assay throughput. Moreover, the assay was used to determine inhibitory dissocation constants for newly discovered modulators. Throughput was further increased to a novel dual-kinase assay targeting a bacterial enzyme, APH 3ʹIIIa and a human kinase, protein kinase A (PKA), which was validated using the previous small molecule library. Alternative assay development platforms were also studied using imaging mass spectrometry of reaction microarrays and the fabrication of sol-gel derived bioaffinity chromatography columns. The MS-based kinase assays developed herein are highly amenable to high throughput screening, and have the potential to be extended to other important therapeutic targets.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

No / Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-separated and excised haptoglobin alpha2-chain protein spots were subjected to in-gel digestion with trypsin. Previously unassigned peptide ion signals observed in mass spectrometric fingerprinting experiments were sequenced using the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-quadrupole ion trap-time of flight (MALDI-QIT-TOF) mass spectrometer and showed that the haptoglobin alpha-chain derivative under study was cleaved by trypsin unspecifically. Abundant cleavages occurred C-terminal to histidine residues at H23, H28, and H87. In addition, mild acidic hydrolysis leading to cleavage after aspartic acid residues at D13 was observed. The uninterpreted tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) spectrum of the peptide with ion signal at 2620.19 was submitted to database search and yielded the identification of the corresponding peptide sequence comprising amino acids (aa) aa65-87 from the haptoglobin alpha-chain protein. Also, the presence of a mixture of two tryptic peptides (mass to charge ratio m/z 1708.8; aa40-54, and aa99-113, respectively), that is caused by a tiny sequence variation between the two repeats in the haptoglobin alpha2-chain protein was resolved by MS/MS fragmentation using the MALDI-QIT-TOF mass spectrometer instrument. Advantageous features such as (i) easy parent ion creation, (ii) minimal sample consumption, and (iii) real collision induced dissociation conditions, were combined successfully to determine the amino acid sequences of the previously unassigned peptides. Hence, the novel mass spectrometric sequencing method applied here has proven effective for identification of distinct molecular protein structures.

Introdução: As endoftalmites infecciosas apresentam prognóstico visual reservado, sendo essencial o diagnóstico rápido assegurando tratamento imediato. O diagnóstico etiológico precoce pode ser importante para adequação do antibiótico e definir a melhor conduta. A cultura de amostra de humor vítreo para isolamento e identificação do agente etiológico apresenta como principal desvantagem o tempo necessário de alguns dias para um resultado definitivo. Desta forma, a busca por técnicas que proporcionem a identificação rápida e precisa se faz necessária. Objetivos: avaliar a análise direta do humor vítreo, inoculado em frasco de hemocultura infantil, de pacientes com endoftalmite infecciosa utilizando a espectrometria de massas (EM) por ionização e dessorção a laser assistida por matriz por tempo de voo (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, MALDI-TOF); comparar os resultados obtidos com o método convencional de cultura; analisar as características clínicas de acordo com os agentes etiológicos detectados; analisar os fatores que podem influenciar a positividade na identificação do agente etiológico. Métodos: estudo prospectivo, observacional com análise de amostras de humor vítreo, não diluído e diluído, de 96 pacientes com suspeita de endoftalmite infecciosa (critério de inclusão) diagnosticados no período entre outubro de 2015 e junho de 2017. O material foi inoculado em frasco de hemocultura e analisado pela cultura convencional e pela análise direta do humor vítreo pela EM MALDI-TOF. O tempo de identificação (turnaround time, TAT) pelos dois métodos foi comparado (teste de Wilcoxon pareado). Prognóstico visual após 3 meses do diagnóstico foi avaliado conforme o agente identificado. As variáveis avaliadas quanto à amostra foram: uso de antibiótico intravítreo prévio, amostra diluída ou não, obtida por biópsia vitrea ou por vitrectomia via pars plana e obtida do 1º ou 2º procedimento. Resultados: Dos 96 pacientes avaliados, foram excluídos dois casos por contaminação da amostra e sete casos por não preencherem os critérios de inclusão. Dentre os 87 pacientes incluídos, a cultura foi positiva em 60,9% (53 pacientes), sendo isoladas bactérias Gram-positivas em 46 casos (86,7%) e bactérias Gram-negativas em seis casos (11,3%); dois casos com cultura polimicrobiana. Não foi identificada nenhuma bactéria anaeróbia. Em três casos foram identificados Candida albicans. A mediana do TAT do agente etiológico foi 50,6 horas (variação entre 18,5 e 187,50 horas) e de 15 horas (variação entre 3,1 e 94,0 horas) pela cultura convencional e com EM MALDI-TOF, respectivamente (p < 0,001). A concordância da análise direta do frasco de hemocultura infantil com EM MALDI-TOF em relação à cultura convencional foi 81,1%, sendo 80,4% para bactérias Gram-positivas e 100% para bactérias Gram-negativas. Não houve significância na análise dos fatores que podem interferir nos resultados: uso de antibiótico ou não (positividade de 42,8% vs 64,3%, p=0,131); amostra de humor vítreo diluído ou não (TAT de 18,05 horas vs 17,03 horas, p=0,126); biópsia vítrea em relação à vitrectomia (positividade 93,1% vs 100%, p=0,531). Os agentes mais prevalentes foram Staphylococcus epidermidis (n=15; 28,3%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n=9; 17%) e Staphylococcus aureus (n=6; 11,3%). Dentre os casos por Staphylococcus epidermidis, 60% e 86,7% apresentaram, no 3º mês pós-tratamento, acuidade visual melhor ou igual que 20/60 e 20/200, respectivamente. Nos demais casos, apenas 12,1% tiveram acuidade visual melhor ou igual a 20/200. Observou-se resistência a ciprofloxacino (93% a 100%), moxifloxacino (93% a 100%) e oxacilina (50% a 79%) pelos Staphylococcus epidermidis e Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Conclusão: O presente estudo aplicou a análise direta pela EM MALDI-TOF em amostras de humor vítreo inoculadas em frasco de hemocultura e demonstrou uma redução mediana de 67,6% no tempo para identificação do agente etiológico em relação ao método de cultura convencional. Este método mostrou-se viável na rotina de um laboratório de microbiologia. Observou-se que os casos de endoftalmite por Staphylococcus epidermidis apresentaram melhor prognóstico visual em relação aos outros agentes. Possíveis fatores que possam interferir na positividade das análises não foram significativos / Introduction: Infectious endophthalmitis presents a limited visual prognosis; rapid diagnosis is essential to assure prompt treatment. The early etiological diagnosis may be important to guide antibiotic therapy and to adjust treatment. The main disadvantage of using culture of vitreous humor for isolation and identification of the etiological agent is the required time of a few days for definitive results. Thus, the search for techniques that provide fast and accurate identification becomes necessary. Objectives: To evaluate direct analysis of vitreous humor in pediatric blood culture bottle of patients with infectious endophthalmitis using mass spectrometry (MS) with matrix-assisted laser desorption / ionization (MALDI-TOF); to compare the results obtained with the conventional culture method; to analyze the clinical characteristics according to the detected etiological agents; to analyze the factors that may influence positive identification of the etiologic agent. Methods: A prospective, observational study with undiluted and diluted vitreous humor samples of 96 patients with suspected infectious endophthalmitis (inclusion criterion), diagnosed from October 2015 to June 2017. The material was inoculated in a blood culture bottle and analyzed by conventional culture and by direct analysis of the vitreous humor by MALDI-TOF MS. The identification time (turnaround time, TAT) of the two methods was compared (Wilcoxon paired test). Visual prognosis three months after the diagnosis was assessed according to the identified agent. The variables evaluated in the sample were: the use of previous intravitreal antibiotics, diluted or not, obtained by vitreous biopsy or pars plana vitrectomy and obtained from the 1st or 2nd procedure. Results: Of the 96 patients evaluated, two cases were excluded due to contamination of the sample, while seven cases did not meet the inclusion criteria. Among the 87 patients that were included, the culture was positive in 60.9% (53 patients); Gram-positive bacteria were isolated in 46 cases (86.7%) and Gram-negative bacteria in six cases (11.3%); in two cases there was polymicrobial culture. No anaerobic bacteria were identified. In three cases Candida albicans were identified. The median TAT of the etiological agent was 50.6 hours (ranging from 18.5 to 187.50 hours), and 15 hours (ranging from 3.1 to 94.0 hours) in the conventional culture and with MALDI-TOF MS, respectively (p < 0.001). The agreement of results from direct analysis with MALDI-TOF MS in relation to the conventional culture was 81.1%, being 80.4% for Gram-positive bacteria and 100% for Gram-negative bacteria. There was no significance in the analysis of the factors that may interfere with the results: the use of antibiotic or not (positivity of 42.8% vs 64.3%, p = 0.131); diluted or non-diluted vitreous humor sample (TAT of 18.05 hours vs 17.03 hours, p = 0.126); vitreous biopsy in relation to vitrectomy (positivity 93.1% vs 100%, p = 0.531). The most prevalent agents were Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 15; 28.3%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 9; 17%) and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 6; 11.3%). Among the cases due to Staphylococcus epidermidis, 60% and 86.7% showed visual acuity better than or equal to 20/60 and 20/200, respectively, in the 3rd month after treatment. In other cases, only 12.1% had visual acuity better than or equal to 20/200. Resistance to ciprofloxacin (93 to 100%), moxifloxacin (93 to 100%) and oxacillin (50 to 79%) by Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus was observed. Conclusion: The present study applied direct analysis by MALDI-TOF MS in vitreous humor samples inoculated in a blood culture bottle, and it showed a median reduction of 67.6% in time to identify the etiological agent in relation to the conventional culture method. This method proved to be feasible in the routine of a microbiology laboratory. It was observed that cases of endophthalmitis caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis had a better visual prognosis than other ones individually. Possible factors that could interfere in the positivity of the analyses were not significant

A espectrometria de massas baseada na tecnologia MALDI-TOF (do inglês, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight) (MALDI-TOF MS) tem sido cada vez mais incorporada à rotina de identificações microbiológicas nos laboratórios farmacêuticos de controle de qualidade, principalmente para as atividades do Programa de Monitoramento Ambiental de Salas Limpas. Isso porque o longo tempo necessário para a obtenção dos resultados por meio de métodos convencionais tem incentivado a procura por técnicas que permitam métodos rápidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a adequação da técnica MALDI-TOF MS para a identificação de bactérias isoladas do ambiente de salas limpas utilizadas em algumas etapas da produção de uma vacina viral. Treze espécies bacterianas conhecidas, normalmente isoladas das salas limpas estudadas, e cinco cepas ATCC foram identificadas pela técnica MALDI-TOF MS e por uma técnica bioquímica (BBL Crystal®). O desempenho da técnica MALDI-TOF MS foi superior ao da técnica bioquímica na identificação correta das espécies bacterianas (88,89% e 38,89%, respectivamente) e produziu menos identificações não confiáveis (5,55% e 22,22%, respectivamente). Os resultados evidenciaram que a técnica MALDI-TOF MS pode ser implementada para identificação rotineira de bactérias em um laboratório de controle de qualidade farmacêutico. Entretanto, a dependência de bases de dados exige estudos adicionais de isolados não identificados e, se apropriado, a adição destes a uma base de dados interna. O aperfeiçoamento de métodos de identificação microbiana é muito relevante no contexto de salas limpas, pois permitem ações corretivas e proativas essenciais para garantir a segurança microbiológica do processamento asséptico. / Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has been increasingly introduced in routine microbiological identifications of pharmaceutical quality control laboratories, mainly for the activities of the Environmental Monitoring Program of Clean Rooms. The long time needed to obtain the results through conventional methods has stimulated the search for techniques that allow rapid methods, as MALDI-TOF MS. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the suitability of the MALDI-TOF MS technique for the identification of bacteria isolated from the environment of clean rooms used in some stages of the production of a viral vaccine. Thirteen bacterial species commonly isolated from clean rooms studied and five strains ATCC were identified by MALDI-TOF MS technique and by a biochemical technique (BBL Crystal® System). Performance of MALDI-TOF MS was better than biochemical technique for correct species identifications (88.89% and 38.89%, respectively) and produced fewer unreliable identifications (5.55% and 22.22%, respectively). MALDI-TOF MS can be implemented for routine identification of bacteria in a pharmaceutical quality control laboratory. However, as a database-dependent system, maybe some isolated not identified by this technique must be additionally studied and, if appropriate, added to an in-house database.

Functionalized nanoparticles provide a wide range of potential applications for Biological Mass Spectrometry (MS). Particularly, we have studied the effects of chromophore activity on the performance of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) capped with substituted azo (-N=N-) dyes for analyte ion production in Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LDI-MS) conditions. A series of aromatic thiol compounds were used as Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAM) to functionalize the surface of the AuNPs. Results indicate that AuNPs functionalized with molecules having an active azo chromophore provide enhanced analyte ion yields than the nanoparticles capped with the hydrazino analogs or simple substituted aromatic thiols. We have also conducted experiments using the azo SAM molecules on 2, 5, 20, 30, and 50 nm AuNPs exploring the changes of Relative Ion Yield (RIY) with increased AuNP diameters. Our results indicate that the role of the SAM to drive energy deposition decreases as the size of the AuNP increases. It was determined that 5 nm is the optimum size to exploit the benefits of the SAM on the ionization and selectivity of the AuNPs.

A espectrometria de massas baseada na tecnologia MALDI-TOF (do inglês, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight) (MALDI-TOF MS) tem sido cada vez mais incorporada à rotina de identificações microbiológicas nos laboratórios farmacêuticos de controle de qualidade, principalmente para as atividades do Programa de Monitoramento Ambiental de Salas Limpas. Isso porque o longo tempo necessário para a obtenção dos resultados por meio de métodos convencionais tem incentivado a procura por técnicas que permitam métodos rápidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a adequação da técnica MALDI-TOF MS para a identificação de bactérias isoladas do ambiente de salas limpas utilizadas em algumas etapas da produção de uma vacina viral. Treze espécies bacterianas conhecidas, normalmente isoladas das salas limpas estudadas, e cinco cepas ATCC foram identificadas pela técnica MALDI-TOF MS e por uma técnica bioquímica (BBL Crystal®). O desempenho da técnica MALDI-TOF MS foi superior ao da técnica bioquímica na identificação correta das espécies bacterianas (88,89% e 38,89%, respectivamente) e produziu menos identificações não confiáveis (5,55% e 22,22%, respectivamente). Os resultados evidenciaram que a técnica MALDI-TOF MS pode ser implementada para identificação rotineira de bactérias em um laboratório de controle de qualidade farmacêutico. Entretanto, a dependência de bases de dados exige estudos adicionais de isolados não identificados e, se apropriado, a adição destes a uma base de dados interna. O aperfeiçoamento de métodos de identificação microbiana é muito relevante no contexto de salas limpas, pois permitem ações corretivas e proativas essenciais para garantir a segurança microbiológica do processamento asséptico. / Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has been increasingly introduced in routine microbiological identifications of pharmaceutical quality control laboratories, mainly for the activities of the Environmental Monitoring Program of Clean Rooms. The long time needed to obtain the results through conventional methods has stimulated the search for techniques that allow rapid methods, as MALDI-TOF MS. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the suitability of the MALDI-TOF MS technique for the identification of bacteria isolated from the environment of clean rooms used in some stages of the production of a viral vaccine. Thirteen bacterial species commonly isolated from clean rooms studied and five strains ATCC were identified by MALDI-TOF MS technique and by a biochemical technique (BBL Crystal® System). Performance of MALDI-TOF MS was better than biochemical technique for correct species identifications (88.89% and 38.89%, respectively) and produced fewer unreliable identifications (5.55% and 22.22%, respectively). MALDI-TOF MS can be implemented for routine identification of bacteria in a pharmaceutical quality control laboratory. However, as a database-dependent system, maybe some isolated not identified by this technique must be additionally studied and, if appropriate, added to an in-house database.

Orientadores: Laura Maria Mariscal Ottoboni, Tatiana Teixeira Torres / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T13:28:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Stoppe_NancydeCastro_D.pdf: 4282286 bytes, checksum: f808229a92e702d707b4ebf6be210816 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A contaminação fecal dos corpos hídricos é uma das principais causas de doenças entéricas veiculadas pela água no mundo, sendo importante efetuar a vigilância da água, a qual é feita utilizando-se micro-organismos indicadores de contaminação fecal. No entanto, os métodos tradicionais de detecção não são capazes de identificar a fonte de contaminação fecal. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a prospecção de marcadores moleculares nos hospedeiros e sua detecção em amostras de água de modo a permitir sua utilização na identificação de fontes de contaminação fecal em águas superficiais no Estado de São Paulo. Duas abordagens dependentes de biblioteca e cultivo, a classificação por meio de grupos filogenéticos e a técnica de MALDI-TOF/MS, foram utilizadas com linhagens de E. coli isoladas de diferentes hospedeiros e rios e reservatórios. O sequenciamento da região V3 do gene 16S ribossomal foi selecionado como o método independente de biblioteca e cultivo em DNA extraído de amostras de fezes humanas e bovinas e amostras de água. Os grupos filogenéticos foram utilizados na classificação dos hospedeiros utilizando análise de correspondência, onde foram observados agrupamentos por hábitos alimentares. A classificação das linhagens de E. coli isoladas de rios e reservatórios, sugere que a prevalência do subgrupo A1, seguido do subgrupo B23 está associada com contaminação de origem humana, enquanto o grupo B1 com contaminação de origem animal e os subgrupos D1 e D2 mais relacionados com ambientes prístinos. Na utilização de uma métrica de análise de rede social, w-clique, na distribuição dos grupos filogenéticos foi observado o agrupamento dos locais de amostragem associados ao grau de poluição, sugerindo seu uso como uma ferramenta complementar na avaliação da qualidade da água. Foram analisados os perfis proteicos de linhagens de E. coli de hospedeiros e amostras ambientais pela técnica de MALDI-TOF/MS. Foram identificados biomarcadores hospedeiro-específicos e sugerem sua utilização como potencial ferramenta na identificação da origem do hospedeiro. Os resultados da validação desses marcadores com perfis proteicos de linhagens de E. coli isoladas de rios e reservatórios mostraram que as amostras de água apresentaram marcadores de diferentes hospedeiros, sugerindo que esses rios possuam fontes de contaminação fecal mistas. No sequenciamento da região V3 do gene 16S ribossomal de amostras de fezes (humanas e bovinas) e águas foram identificadas 4.296 unidades taxonômicas operacionais (OTUs) . A maior diversidade foi observada nas amostras de fezes bovinas e a menor na amostra de água de ambiente prístino. Firmicutes foi o grupo predominante nas amostras de fezes humanas, enquanto que nas fezes bovinas foram os Firmicutes e Bacteroidetes. Nas amostras de água, o filo mais abundante foi Proteobacteria. A rede de interação entre as OTUs encontradas nas amostras também mostrou que as amostras de fezes apresentaram maior diversidade e entre as amostras de água, aquela com poluição de origem humana foi a que apresentou maior diversidade. Houve identificação de biomarcadores pelo método LEfSe para humanos (Actinobacteria, Betaproteobacteria e Firmicutes) e bovinos: (Bacteroidetes, Tenericutes e Spirochaetes). Marcadores hospedeiro-específicos foram identificados, mas esses não foram encontrados nas amostras de água sugerindo que as ferramentas utilizadas não apresentam a resolução para identificar os marcadores nas amostras ambientais ou que a contaminação nos corpos hídricos é mista. Adicionalmente, como os marcadores hospedeiro-específicos são oriundos de micro-organismos não autóctones, estes poderiam sofrer os efeitos adversos do ambiente, como fatores físico-químicos e competição com os organismos nativos / Abstract: The fecal contamination of water resources is the main cause of enteric waterborne diseases all over the world. Traditional indicator methods used in the water microbiological quality assessment are not able to identify fecal contamination source. This work intended to prospect molecular markers in hosts and track them in water samples to identify pollution sources in surface waters in the São Paulo State, Brazil. Two library-dependent methods with E. coli strains isolated from different hosts and water samples were used, a genotypic typing method (E. coli phylogenetic groups) and a phenotypic typing method (MALDI-TOF/MS). A library-independent method using 454 pyrosequencing of hypervariable16S rRNA gene V3 region was used in DNA from feces and water samples. Phylogenetic groups were used as a tool in host classification and correspondence analysis showed feeding habits clusters. The classification of environmental samples revealed higher frequencies of subgroups A1 and B23 in rivers impacted by human pollution sources, while subgroups D1 and D2 were associated with pristine sites, and subgroup B1 with domestic animal sources, indicating their use as a first screening for pollution source identification. A simple classification is proposed based on phylogenetic subgroup distribution using the w-clique metric, enabling differentiation of polluted and unpolluted sites. Protein profiles of E. coli strains isolated from host and water samples were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/MS. Specific host biomarkers were identified and their use was indicated as a potential tool for the source tracking. Validation with E. coli strains isolated from rivers and reservoirs showed that water samples presented markers from different hosts, suggesting these rivers have mixed sources of fecal contamination. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA V3 region in stool samples (human and bovine) and water showed 4296 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The greatest diversity was observed in samples of cattle feces and the smallest one in the pristine water sample. Firmicutes was the predominant group in samples of human feces, while in the most common bovine feces are the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. The interaction network showed that the stool samples had the greatest diversity and, among them, the water sample with human pollution source showed the highest diversity. The LEfSe method was used to identify host biomarkers. As human biomarkers, Actinobacteria, Betaproteobacteria and Firmicutes were identified and for cattle the potential markers are Bacteroidetes, Tenericutes and Spirochaetes. Host-specific markers were identified, but they were not found in water samples suggesting that the used tools either do not have the resolution to identify markers in environmental samples or contamination in water bodies is mixed. Additionally, as the host-specific markers were isolated from non-autochthonous micro-organisms, they could be affected by the environmental adverse effects such as physical-chemical factors and competition with native organisms / Doutorado / Microbiologia / Doutora em Genética e Biologia Molecular