The main topic of the thesis is the city of Cherson, which has been under excavation mainly by Russian or Ukrainian researchers for more than 180 years. Due to a difficult political situation, the area was not accessible to other scholars till 1993. Therefore, most of the books or articles were published in Russian and have not been widely spread among western researchers. The first two chapters of the dissertation deal with the sources and the history of research. The main body of the dissertation is divided into three parts: (chapter 3) From the end of the Roman times till the early Middle Ages (5th - mid-7th centuries), (chapter 4) The Dark Ages (mid-7th - mid-9th centuries), (chapter 5) The new era of prosperity (mid-9th - end of the 10th century). The third chapter is devoted to the time when the era of Antiquity was slowly coming to its end and the development proceeded to the Middle Ages, in this case to the early Byzantine period. The fish industry and fish processing will be discussed because these activities which had begun here in the Roman times continued in the Byzantine period, too. Afterwards, the beginnings and spread of Christianity are debated. Furthermore, the beginnings of Christianity in Cherson are described, likewise the building activities, which resulted in transformation...

A partir de la seconde moitié du IVe siècle, les productions de sigillée de l’Argonne, région naturelle située entre Châlons-en-Champagne et Verdun, sont diffusées dans le Diocèse des Gaules et plus largement dans l’ouest de l’Europe. Ce type de céramique, caractérisée par la présence d’un décor en bandeau imprimé à l’aide d’une molette, a longtemps été considéré comme produit uniquement dans les ateliers argonnais. Cependant, les études de ces dernières décennies sur le sujet ont permis d'avancer l'hypothèse de l'existence de plusieurs productions locales imitant les formes et les décors de ces sigillées. Grâce aux méthodes d’analyses archéométriques utilisées (analyses chimiques par fluorescence X, observations pétrographiques, analyses minéralogiques par diffraction des rayons X), l’existence de plusieurs groupes de production est validée. L’adéquation entre le classement statistique des données géochimiques et les hypothèses archéologiques principalement basées sur l’identification des décors à la molette confirme la pertinence du partitionnement obtenu. Ces résultats reflètent la diversité des argiles utilisées pour la fabrication de ces sigillées hors de la région argonnaise (argiles calcaires, argiles peu calcaires et argiles kaolinitiques) et les capacités d’adaptation des artisans aux ressources géologiques disponibles. Les observations pétrographiques et minéralogiques attestent également de l’utilisation de fours à sigillées et des fours à flammes nues (parfois conjointement dans un même atelier) par les potiers. Cette caractérisation met en lumière un phénomène d’essaimage d’ateliers, généralement de taille modeste, qui produisent et distribuent ces sigillées décorées à la molette sur de courtes distances. / From the second half of the 4th century, the East Gaulish red-slipped ware of Argonne, an area located between Châlons-en-Champagne and Verdun, are widely diffused in the Diocese of Gaul and in the west of Europe. This kind of ceramic, characterized by a stringcrouse decoration printed using a roller, has long been considered as only produced in the Argonne’s workshops. However, the studies of these last decades has made it possible to came up with a new theory that suggest the existence of several local productions imitating the forms and the decorations of these sigillata. Using differents methods of archaeometric analysis (chemical analyses by x-ray fluorescence, petrographic observations, mineralogical analyses by x-ray diffraction), the existence of several groups of production is validated. The adequacy between the statistical clustering of the geochemical data and the archaeological assumptions mainly based on the identification of the roller-stamped decorations confirms the relevance of the partitioning obtained. These results reflect the diversity of the clays used for the manufacturing of these red-slipped ware outside of the Argonne area (calcareous clay, non calcareous clay, kaolinitic clay) and the craftsmen’s capacities to adapt to the geological ressources available. The petrographic and mineralogical observations also attest the use of sigillata kilns and updraft kilns by the potters (sometimes both in the same workshop). This characterization highlight a phenomenon of workshops’s swarming, generally of modest size, which produce and distribute these roller-stamped red-slipped ware on short distances.

Esta dissertação apresenta uma investigação cujo objetivo é examinar criticamente a historiografia sobre Gregório de Tours nos séculos XIX e XX. Busca-se tal objetivo através da análise de autores, principalmente da tradição germânica, que estudaram Gregório de Tours como historiador dos francos, historiador nacional ou como historiador da sociedade cristã (historiador da Igreja). Mapeando o século VI, a biografia de Gregório de Tours e sua obra Decem Libri Historiarum na historiografia, pretende-se identificar e analisar essa mudança de enfoque sobre a obra do principal historiador do período merovíngio. / This work consists of an investigation which aims to critically examine the historiography about Gregory of Tours in XIX and XX centuries through the study of authors, specially of the germanic tradition, which studied Gregory of Tours as historian of the franks, national historian or as historian of the church and historian of christian society. Analyzing the VI century, Gregory of Tours biography and his work Decem libri Historiarum, it is intended to identify and analyze the change of focus on the work of the most important Merovingian historian.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2015-01-30T14:25:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Wendryll José Bento Tavares - 2014.pdf: 4000774 bytes, checksum: acb3c46fedb0dc99583e24eddbcf04ed (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-01-30T14:32:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Wendryll José Bento Tavares - 2014.pdf: 4000774 bytes, checksum: acb3c46fedb0dc99583e24eddbcf04ed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-30T14:32:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Wendryll José Bento Tavares - 2014.pdf: 4000774 bytes, checksum: acb3c46fedb0dc99583e24eddbcf04ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation work aims to propose a study of the Roman military identities at the end of fourth century from the definition of a Roman way of warfare. For this we use the Epitoma rei militaris of Flavius Vegetius Renatus. We conducted an analysis of theoretical and typhological elements of the work, the Roman military organization during this period and finally, we seek to problematize the Roman way of warfare. / Este trabalho de dissertação tem como objetivo propor um estudo das identidades militares romanas no final do século IV d.C a partir da definição de um modo romano de lutar. Para isso utilizamos a Epitoma rei militaris escrita por Flávio Vegécio Renato, obra que se enquadra dentro do grupo de fontes denominadas manuais militares. Procedemos a uma análise dos elementos teóricos e tipológicos da fonte, da organização militar romana no período histórico estudado e a uma problematização do conceito de modo romano de lutar.

Esta pesquisa é um estudo comparativo entre os bagaudas gauleses e os circunceliões africanos, dois grupos revoltosos rurais da Antiguidade Tardia. Seu objetivo primário é descrever o caráter social de ambos os grupos, levando em conta os múltiplos relatos nas fontes antigas e as interpretações modernas divergentes a respeito deles, que vão desde multidões rurais sob domínio patronal, monges cristãos fanáticos, até rebeliões camponesas. A comparação histórica é composta por três perspectivas analíticas. A primeiraestabelece uma compreensão comparada das tradições de composição e recepção dos textos por meio dos quais a memória social sobre bagaudas e circunceliões se objetivou em vestígios textuais. A segundaexplora a hipótese de uma crise de hegemonia nasregiões rurais do Império Romano tardio, tendo como base as possíveis relações das revoltas com as práticas de produção e de reprodução das condições de existência, as relações de trabalho e as experiências de classe. A terceiraobserva as iniciativas e respostas das estruturas imperiais na Gália e na África às ações desses movimentos de insurgência. Tal perspectiva lida com a questão fundamental da ação do Estado imperial contra essas revoltas e o papel desse Estado na manutenção da Ordem social nas zonas rurais do Império Romano, tendocomo contraparte os horizontes de organização comunitária que podem ser encontrados nessas revoltas. Uma questão central está relacionada ao problema teórico do estudo e escrita de uma história das classes subalternas na História Antiga. Esta pesquisa buscou trabalhar com esses problemas não apenas no plano teórico, mas também a partir da investigação histórica prática. / This research is a comparative study between the Gaul bacaudae and the African circumcellions, two groups of rural rebels of late antiquity. Its first aim is to describe the social character of both groups, in view of the multiple accounts from the ancient sources and the divergent modern interpretations on them, which range from patronized rural mobs, fanatical Christian monks, to peasant rebellions. The historical comparison is composed by three analytical perspectives. Firstly, this research establishes a comparative comprehension of the traditionsof composition and reception of the literary texts in which the social memory of the bacaudae and circumcellions were incorporated. Secondly, it explores the hypothesis of a hegemony crisis in the late Roman countryside,basing on the practices of production and reproduction of the conditions of existence, working relationships and class experiences. Thirdly, it observes the initiatives and responses of the imperial structures in both Gaul and Africa to the actions of the insurgents. Such comparative dimension addresses the fundamental issue of imperial state action against these revolts and the role of thatstate in keeping the social order in the Roman countryside. It has as its counterpart the communal organization horizons that can be found on those revolts. Akey issue is related to the theoretical problems concerning the study and writing of the history of subaltern classes in ancient history. This research strived to work these problems not only on the theoretical level, but also from the practical historical investigation.

Esta dissertação apresenta uma investigação cujo objetivo é examinar o problema do confronto de paradigmas explicativos a respeito do fim da Antiguidade: a ascensão da Antiguidade Tardia, uma nova Forma da História, e o Declínio do Império Romano. Busca realizar isso através da compreensão do relato feito por um monge cristão, na forma de poema, sobre sua vida como aristocrata e proprietário de terras na Gália do século V d.C., o Eucharisticos de Paulino de Pella. A pesquisa teve como preocupações teórica e metodológica entender as diferentes mediações necessárias para a composição do poema, principalmente o instrumental literário disponível ao autor, como os gêneros literários clássicos. Estas também buscaram lidar com a relação indivíduo e sociedade na Antiguidade, propondo os limites e potencialidades que a compreensão do poema como expressão ideológica de seu autor e consequentemente de sua consciência de suas posições de classe e de status como critério da parcialidade de sua visão sobre a realidade na qual viveu. / This work consists of an investigation which aims to examine the issue of the opposing explanatory paradigm used to explain the end of Antiquity: the rise of Late Antiquity, a new Form of History, and the Fall of Roman Empire, through the understanding of a narrative poem written by a christian monk about his life as an aristocracy member and landowner in Gaul during the V century AD, Paulinus Paelleus\' Eucharisticus. The research methodological concerns aimed at the understanding of the poem composition through different mediations, mainly the literary background available to the author as, for instance, the classical genres of literature. Methodological and theoretical concerns also aimed to deal with the relation between individual and society in Antiquity, proposing the limits and potentialities that the poem understanding as its author\'s ideological expression - and consequently his consciousness about his class and status within it - as criteria for his biased view about the reality he lived in.

The insular nature of the Maltese archipelago provides a unique opportunity to explore trade and cultural change from the Neolithic to the Bronze Ages in the central Mediterranean. I hypothesize that, during the period in which the Maltese islands were experiencing a form of isolation—owing either to their distance from Sicily and other populated regions, to the collective formation of an inwardly-focused culture, or to a combination of these factors—it is unlikely that pottery played a significant role as either an import or export in the archipelago’s exchange relationships with other communities in the central Mediterranean. I accordingly propose that ceramics were only significant in the interaction networks between Malta and its neighbors during periods when the archipelago was culturally connected to Sicily. Except for a limited number of archaeometric studies (Barone et al. 2015; Molitor 1988; Mommsen et al. 2006), analysis of similarities among ceramic wares produced in Malta and elsewhere that allow archaeologists to draw conclusions about the nature of Malta’s connectivity to other communities has been based on macroscopic observation. The present study builds on the few archaeometric studies by determining the provenance of ceramic samples based on their trace elemental composition. Included in this study were both clay samples and ceramic artifacts representing each of Malta’s chronological phases from the Neolithic to the Bronze Ages. Specifically, in order to address the question of the role that pottery played in the prehistoric trade of the Maltese islands, 392 Maltese ceramic sherds were analyzed using a Bruker III-V handheld portable X-ray fluorescence device, which revealed the relative abundance of six trace elements, namely thorium, rubidium, strontium, yttrium, zirconium, and niobium. The trace elemental composition of the Maltese pottery was compared with that of 18 Sicilian ceramic sherds and clay samples from both Malta and Sicily. The results of this research support my hypothesis in part, suggesting that neither ceramics nor raw clay materials played a significant role in overseas trade during Malta’s period of cultural isolation, which extended from the Ġgantija phase to the end of the Tarxien phase. On the other hand, ceramics played a more active role in Malta’s interaction networks during periods of connectivity with Sicily, for instance in the Neolithic Age. This study also provides the first chemical evidence that Malta exported pottery to Sicily during the Bronze Age and that Malta’s contact with Mycenaeans was indirect in nature. The findings presented here thus contribute to understanding Malta’s role in trade and interaction networks from the Neolithic to the Bronze Ages and point to new approaches to exploring the cultural change that becomes apparent in the Maltese Temple Period.

The origins of kingship have typically been accepted as a natural or inevitable development by scholars. The purpose of this thesis is to question that assumption. This work will re-examine the origins of early Anglo-Saxon kingship through a coherent and systematic survey of the available and pertinent archaeological and historical sources, addressing them by type, by period and as their varying natures require. The thesis begins with the archaeological evidence. ‘Elite’ burials, such as Mound One, Sutton Hoo, will be ranked according to their probability of kingliness. This process will point to elite burial as being a regionally-specific, predominately-seventh-century, phenomenon of an ideologically-aware, sophisticated and established political institution. Consequently, elite burial cannot be seen as an indication of the origins of kingship, but can instead be interpreted as a development or experiment within kingship. Analysis of ‘elite’ settlements, such as Yeavering, and numismatic evidence, will lead to similar conclusions. Further, consideration of various other settlement types – former Roman military sites in Northern Britain, former Roman Towns, and enclosed settlements – will point to various potential origins of Anglo-Saxon kingship in the form of continuities with previous Roman, Romano-British or British power structures. The thesis will go on to consider the historical sources. Those of the fifth and sixth centuries, primarily Gildas’s De excidio et conquestu Britanniae, point to several factors of note. The cessation of formal imperial rule over Britain following c.410 effectively created a power vacuum. Various new sources of political power are observable attempting to fill this vacuum, one of which, ultimately, was kingship. Through analogy with contemporary British kingdoms, it is possible to suggest that this development of kingship in England may be placed in the early sixth, if not the fifth, centuries. This would make the origins of Anglo-Saxon kingship significantly earlier than typically thought. This kingship was characterised by the conduct of warfare, its dependence on personal relationships, and particularly by its varying degrees of status and differing manifestations of power covered by the term king. Further details will be added to this image through the narrative and documentary sources of the seventh and early eighth centuries. These predominately shed light on the subsequent development of kingship, particularly its growing association with Christianity. Indeed, the period around c.600 can be highlighted as one of notable change within Anglo-Saxon kingship. However, it is possible to point to the practice of food rents, tolls and the control of resources serving as an economic foundation for kingship, while legal intervention and claimed descent from gods also provide a potential basis of power. Several characteristics of seventh- and early-eighth-century kingship will also be highlighted as being relevant to its origins – the conduct of warfare and the exercise of over-kingship – relating to the general propensity for amalgamation through conquest. Other trajectories are also highlighted, specifically continuity from previous Roman and British entities and the development of ‘pop-up’ kingdoms. The overall result is one in which long-term amalgamation and short-term disintegration and re-constitution were equally in evidence, set against the wider context of broad regional continuities. Overall, therefore, the thesis will not fully resolve the issue of the origins of Anglo-Saxon kingship, but it does offer a means to re-frame discussion, explore the social and economic underpinnings of kingship and assess its primacy as an institution within early Anglo-Saxon England.

La reconnaissance du christianisme comme religion de l’Empire romain eut pour conséquence, au début du Ve siècle, la suppression radicale du culte païen, tel que l’atteste la Constitution Sirmondienne 12 de l’empereur Honorius, datée du 25 décembre 407. La promulgation de cette loi provoqua de violentes émeutes de la part des païens de Calama. Ils s’insurgeaient contre une décision qui niait maintenant une tradition multiséculaire qui avait assuré jusque-là le salut et la prospérité de l’Empire. Prenant la défense de ses concitoyens, Nectarius s’adressa alors à Augustin pour que celui-ci intervienne auprès des autorités impériales afin d’obtenir l’atténuation de peines encourues par les coupables. Nectarius plaça sa démarche sous l’autorité de Cicéron, la justifia fondamentalement par son patriotisme municipal, et montra, au passage, la plus grande aptitude du paganisme à exprimer le lien traditionnel entre religion et devoir civique. Augustin qui entra volontiers dans ce débat, se référa lui aussi à Cicéron, à d’autres auteurs classiques et à la Bible. Cette démarche lui permit d’articuler exigences morales de sa foi et idéologie patriotique romaine, et de mettre aussi en évidence le loyalisme politique des chrétiens. Cet échange est original, car il constitue un véritable dialogue théologico-politique, rendu possible grâce au même univers culturel auquel appartenaient Nectarius et Augustin. / The recognition of Christianity as the official religion of the roman empire resulted, at the beginning of the fifth century, in the radical abolition of the pagan cult, as testified in the Sirmondian Constitution 12 of Emperor Honorius, dated 25th December 407.The promulgation of this law triggered violent riots by the pagans of Calama. They rebelled against a decision that denied a multi-secular tradition that brought, until then, peace and prosperity to the Empire. Defending his fellow citizens, Nectarius addressed Augustin so that he intervenes with the imperial authorities in order to obtain a reduction of punishment against the culprits. Nectarius put his action under the Cicero’s authority, justified it fundamentally by his municipal patriotism, and showed at this occasion, the better capacity of paganism to express the link between religion and civil duty. Augustin who willingly joined this debate, also referred to Cicero, to classic authors and to the Bible. This approach allowed him to articulate moral duties of his faith and the roman patriotic ideology, and to highlight the political loyalty of the Christians. This sparring match is unusual as it constitutes an authentic theological-political dialogue made possible thanks to the similar cultural environment where Nectarius and Augustin both belonged.

Longtemps considérée comme une période perturbée, l’Antiquité tardive apparaît aujourd’hui comme une époque riche de changements et d’influences mêlées, induisant des problématiques d’étude multiples. Ces particularités se traduisent notamment par des spécificités dans les traitements funéraires. Afin de les restituer au mieux, une étude à la fois biologique, topographique, archéologique et historique s’impose. Nous avons choisi cette approche pluridisciplinaire pour aborder les ensembles funéraires urbains et péri-urbains de Vienne et Arles, du IIIème siècle au VIème siècle de notre ère.Le protocole d’étude s’attache à observer les caractéristiques biologiques des échantillons issus de l’ensemble des nécropoles connues, simultanément aux données taphonomiques, à l’organisation spatiale intra- et inter-sites, mais aussi à la topographie à l’échelle de la ville ou aux archives historiques. Cette approche novatrice, mettant en œuvre des outils méthodologiques originaux, s’avère pertinente et a permis de mettre en évidence les mutations et évolutions qui s’opèrent dans la gestion et la représentation des morts à la fin de l’Antiquité. Les ensembles funéraires montrent des faciès très différents en fonction de la période chronologique et il existe bien une spécificité des nécropoles du IVème siècle, entités « intermédiaires » où subsistent de nombreuses pratiques du Haut-Empire, avant la mise en place des premiers ensembles clairement chrétiens, à une époque plus tardive où l’Eglise est devenue dominante. / Long thought of as a time of social upheaval, Late Antiquity seems rather to have been a period of wide-ranging social change encompassing a mixture of influences that pose many problems for study of the period. These multiple influences affect funeral treatments of the period and studying them requires consideration of multiple lines of evidence: historical, archaeological, anthropological, and biological. We chose this multidisciplinary approach in the study of urban and peri-urban burial sites of the antic cities of Vienne and Arles from the 3rd century to the 6th century A.D.Our study protocol allows us to observe the biological characteristics of samples simultaneously to taphonomic data, spatial organization within and between sites, but also topography data or historical archives. This innovative approach, implementing original methodological tools, is relevant. It highlighted the changes in the management and the representation of the dead and Death in Late Antiquity. The burial sites show very different profiles depending on the time period and we can see specificities in the necropolis of the 4th century,” intermediate” structures where many practices of the High Empire are still used, before the establishment of new Christian structures in different places of the city, which have moved again the necropolises locations.