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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Analysis of Arabidopsis <i>AIR12</i> and <i>Brassica carinata CIL1</i> in root development and response to abiotic stress

Gibson, Shawn William 09 September 2010
The development of plants challenged by environmental stress alters plant architecture through several pathways, including those involving plant hormone responses and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Auxin, a phytohormone associated with every aspect of development, and abscisic acid (ABA), a phytohormone involved in abiotic stress responses, both interact with ROS. These ROS are used as secondary messengers to activate transcription of abiotic stress genes, and also in developmental responses such as cell elongation. To understand the mechanisms involved in the abiotic stress response and how the response intersects with auxin, ABA, and ROS, I examined COPPER INDUCED IN LEAVES 1 (<i>CIL1</i>) from <i>Brassica carinata</i> and its Arabidopsis orthologue, AUXIN INDUCED IN ROOTS 12 (AIR12). Expression of both genes increases in response to auxin and recent work has placed both <i>CIL1</i> and AIR12 within a family of plant-specific cytochrome b561 proteins thought to be involved with transmission of ROS signals. This suggests a link between auxin and ROS production resulting from abiotic stress. Antisense <i>CIL1 B. carinata</i> plants produced fewer lateral roots and were resistant to salinity stress during vegetative growth. Mutant air12 plants showed a 50% reduction in lateral root number, lateral root length, and H2O2 root distribution. Growth in the presence of H2O2 was able to restore lateral root length to control levels. In silica analysis of the <i>CIL1</i> and AIR12 amino acid sequences detected an attachment site for glucosylphosphatidylinositol, predicting that the protein is targeted to the extracellular leaflet of the plasma membrane where it could be cleaved and released into the apoplast. Subcellular localization using p35S::GFP-CIL1 and p35S::GFP-AIR12 translational fusions confirmed that CIL1 and AIR12 localize to the plasma membrane and are released into the apoplast. Organ localization of AIR12 using the pAIR12::GFP-AIR12 construct in stably transformed Arabidopsis showed fusion protein accumulation in the apex of the primary root and in the vascular tissue. Fusion protein also localized to cells flanking emerging lateral roots. Investigation of pAIR12::GUS Arabidopsis showed GUS accumulation in the apex of elongating lateral roots. I demonstrate that AIR12 is an extracellular protein and that air12 seedlings are susceptible to salt stress, but not osmostic stress and display increased and decreased sensitivity to ABA during germination and primary root elongation, respectively, suggesting that AIR12 acts downstream of abiotic stress recognition.
2

Analysis of Arabidopsis <i>AIR12</i> and <i>Brassica carinata CIL1</i> in root development and response to abiotic stress

Gibson, Shawn William 09 September 2010 (has links)
The development of plants challenged by environmental stress alters plant architecture through several pathways, including those involving plant hormone responses and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Auxin, a phytohormone associated with every aspect of development, and abscisic acid (ABA), a phytohormone involved in abiotic stress responses, both interact with ROS. These ROS are used as secondary messengers to activate transcription of abiotic stress genes, and also in developmental responses such as cell elongation. To understand the mechanisms involved in the abiotic stress response and how the response intersects with auxin, ABA, and ROS, I examined COPPER INDUCED IN LEAVES 1 (<i>CIL1</i>) from <i>Brassica carinata</i> and its Arabidopsis orthologue, AUXIN INDUCED IN ROOTS 12 (AIR12). Expression of both genes increases in response to auxin and recent work has placed both <i>CIL1</i> and AIR12 within a family of plant-specific cytochrome b561 proteins thought to be involved with transmission of ROS signals. This suggests a link between auxin and ROS production resulting from abiotic stress. Antisense <i>CIL1 B. carinata</i> plants produced fewer lateral roots and were resistant to salinity stress during vegetative growth. Mutant air12 plants showed a 50% reduction in lateral root number, lateral root length, and H2O2 root distribution. Growth in the presence of H2O2 was able to restore lateral root length to control levels. In silica analysis of the <i>CIL1</i> and AIR12 amino acid sequences detected an attachment site for glucosylphosphatidylinositol, predicting that the protein is targeted to the extracellular leaflet of the plasma membrane where it could be cleaved and released into the apoplast. Subcellular localization using p35S::GFP-CIL1 and p35S::GFP-AIR12 translational fusions confirmed that CIL1 and AIR12 localize to the plasma membrane and are released into the apoplast. Organ localization of AIR12 using the pAIR12::GFP-AIR12 construct in stably transformed Arabidopsis showed fusion protein accumulation in the apex of the primary root and in the vascular tissue. Fusion protein also localized to cells flanking emerging lateral roots. Investigation of pAIR12::GUS Arabidopsis showed GUS accumulation in the apex of elongating lateral roots. I demonstrate that AIR12 is an extracellular protein and that air12 seedlings are susceptible to salt stress, but not osmostic stress and display increased and decreased sensitivity to ABA during germination and primary root elongation, respectively, suggesting that AIR12 acts downstream of abiotic stress recognition.
3

Perturbations in plant energy homeostasis alter lateral root plasticity via SnRK1-bZIP63-ARF19 signalling / Störungen in der pflanzlichen Energiehomöostase verändern die laterale Wurzelplastizität vermittelt durch das SnRK1-bZIP63-ARF19-Signalmodul

Muralidhara, Prathibha January 2022 (has links) (PDF)
Photosynthetic plants have a remarkable ability to modify their metabolism and development according to ever changing environmental conditions. The root system displays continuous growth of the primary root and formation of lateral roots enabling efficient water and nutrient uptake and anchorage of the plant in soil. With regard to lateral roots, development is post-embryonic, originating from the pericycle of the primary root. Coordinated activity of several molecular signalling pathways controlled by the hormone auxin is important throughout all stages of lateral root development.At first, two adjacent Xylem Pole Pericycle (XPP) cells are activated and the nuclei of these cells migrate towards a common cell wall.This is followed by XPP cells acquiring volume thus swelling up.The XPP cells then undergo anticlinal cell division, followed by a series of periclinal and anticlinal divisions,leading to lateral root primordia.These break through the radial cell layers and emerge out the primary root. Although root system plasticity is well-described in response to environmental cues such as ion nutrition in the soil, little is known on how root development is shaped according to the endogenous energy status of the plant.In this study, we were able to connect limited perturbations in photosynthetic energy supply to lateral root development.We established two experimental systems – treatment with low light and unexpected darkness which led to short-term energy imbalance in the plant.These short perturbations administered, showed an increase in the emerged lateral root density and decrease in root hexose availability and activation of the low energy marker gene ASN1 (ASPARAGINE SYNTHETASE 1).Although not demonstrated, presumably, these disturbances in the plant energy homeo-stasis activates SnRK1 (SNF1 RELATED KINASE 1),an evolutionary conserved kinase mediat-ing metabolic and transcriptional responses towards low energy conditions. In A. thaliana, two catalytic α-subunits of this kinase (SnRK1.α1 and SnRK1.α2) are functionally active and form ternary complexes with the regulatory β- and γ- subunits. Whereas unexpected darkness results in an increase in emerged lateral root density, the snrk1.α1 loss-of-function mutant displayed decrease in emerged lateral root density. As this effect is not that pronounced in the snrk1.α2 loss-of-function mutant, the α1 catalytic subunit is important for the observed lateral root phenotype under short-term energy perturbations. Moreover, root expression patterns of SnRK1.α1:GFP supports a role of this catalytic subunit in lateral root development. Furthermore, the lateral root response during short-term perturbations requires the SnRK1 downstream transcriptional regulator bZIP63 (BASIC LEU-CINE ZIPPER 63), as demonstrated here by a loss-of-function approach. Phenotypic studies showed that in comparison to wild-type, bzip63 mutants displayed decreased lateral root density upon low-light and unexpected darkness conditions. Previous work has demonstrat-ed that SnRK1 directly phosphorylates bZIP63 at three serine residues. Alanine-exchange mutants of the SnRK1 dependent bZIP63 phosphorylation sites behave similarly to bzip63 loss-of-function mutants and do not display increased lateral root density upon short-term unexpected darkness. This data strongly supports an impact of SnRK1-bZIP63 signalling in mediating the observed lateral root density phenotype. Plants expressing a bZIP63:YFP fu-sion protein showed specific localization patterns in primary root and in all developmental stages of the lateral root. bzip63 loss-of-function mutant lines displayed reduced early stage lateral root initiation events under unexpected darkness as demonstrated by Differen-tial Interference Contrast microscopy (DIC) and the use of a GATA23 reporter line. This data supports a role of bZIP63 in early lateral root initiation. Next, by employing Chromatin Immunoprecitation (ChIP) sequencing, we were able to iden-tify global binding targets of bZIP63, including the auxin-regulated transcription factor (TF) ARF19 (AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 19), a well-described central regulator of lateral root development. Additional ChIP experiments confirmed direct binding of bZIP63 to an ARF19 promoter region harboring a G-Box cis-element, a well-established bZIP63 binding site. We also observed that short-term energy perturbation upon unexpected darkness induced tran-scription of ARF19, which was impaired in the bzip63 loss-of-function mutant. These results propose that bZIP63 mediates lateral root development under short-term energy perturba-tion via ARF19. In conclusion, this study provides a novel mechanistic link between energy homeostasis and plant development. By employing reverse genetics, confocal imaging and high-throughput sequencing strategies, we were able to propose a SnRK1-bZIP63-ARF19 signalling module in integrating energy signalling into lateral root developmental programs. / Photosynthestisch aktive Pflanzen haben die bemerkenswerte Fähigkeit, ihren Stoffwechsel und ihre Entwicklung an sich ständig ändernde Umweltbedingungen anzupassen. Das pflanz- liche Wurzelsystem weist ein kontinuierliches Primärwurzelwachstum und eine Ausbildung von Seitenwurzeln auf, wodurch eine effiziente Wasser- und Nährstoffaufnahme sowie die Verankerung der Pflanze im Boden ermöglicht werden. Die Entwicklung der Seitenwurzeln verläuft post-embryonal, ausgehend vom Perizykel der Primärwurzel. Die koordinierte Aktivi- tät mehrerer molekularer Signalwege, die durch das Hormon Auxin gesteuert werden, ist in allen Stadien der Seitenwurzelentwicklung wichtig. Bei diesem Prozess werden zunächst zwei benachbarte Xylem-Pol-Perizykel-Zellen (XPP) aktiviert, deren Zellkerne zu einer gemeinsa- men Zellwand migrieren. Daraufhin schwillt das Volumen der XPP-Zellen an, bevor sich diese zunächst antiklinal teilen. Durch sukzessive periklinale und antiklinale Teilungen entstehen so Seitenwurzel-Primordien. Diese durchbrechen die radialen Zellschichten und treten aus der Primärwurzel aus. Während die Plastizität des Wurzelsystems als Reaktion auf Umwelteinflüsse, wie z.B. die Ver- sorgung mit Ionen aus dem Boden, bereits umfassend erforscht wurde, so ist die Abhängigkeit der Wurzelentwicklung vom endogenen Energiezustand der Pflanze weitgehend unbekannt. In dieser Arbeit konnten wir geringfügige Störungen der photosynthetischen Energieversor- gung mit der Seitenwurzelentwicklung in Verbindung bringen. Pflanzen wurden Schwachlicht oder unerwarteter Dunkelheit ausgesetzt und damit ein kurzzeitiges Energieungleichgewicht erzeugt. Hierdurch zeigte sich eine Zunahme der Seitenwurzeldichte bei gleichzeitiger Ab- nahme der Verfügbarkeit von Hexosen in der Wurzel und Aktivierung des Energieverarmungs- Markergens ASN1 (ASPARAGIN-SYNTHETASE 1). Obwohl dieser Mechanismus noch nicht ge- klärt ist, aktiviert die Störung der pflanzlichen Energie-Homöostase vermutlich SnRK1 (SNF1 RELATED KINASE 1), eine evolutionär konservierte Kinase, die metabolische und transkriptio- nelle Reaktionen auf niederenergetische Bedingungen vermittelt. In Arabidopsis sind zwei ka- talytische α-Untereinheiten dieser Kinase (SnRK1.α1 und SnRK1.α2) funktionell aktiv und bil- den ternäre Komplexe mit den regulatorischen β- und γ-Untereinheiten. Während eine uner- wartete Dunkelheit zu einer Zunahme der Dichte der auswachsenden Seitenwurzeln führt, zeigte die Snrk1.α1 Funktionsverlustmutante den gegenteiligen Effekt. Da dieser Effekt in der Funktionsverlustmutante von snrk1.α2 weniger stark ausgeprägt ist, scheint die katalytische Untereinheit α1 für den beobachteten Seitenwurzel-Phänotyp unter kurzfristigen Energiestö- rungen eine wichtige Rolle zu spielen. Das Expressionsmuster von SnRK1.α1:GFP in der Wur- zel unterstützt die mögliche Rolle dieser katalytischen Untereinheit bei der Seitenwurzelent- wicklung weiter. Darüber hinaus erfordert die Seitenwurzelbildung während kurzfristiger Störung des pflanzli- chen Energiehaushalts den SnRK1-nachgeschalteten Transkriptionsregulator bZIP63 (BASIC LEUCINE ZIPPER 63). Phänotypische Studien zeigten, dass bzip63-Funktionsverlust-Mutanten im Vergleich zum Wildtyp nach der Kultivierung unter Schwachlicht oder nach unerwarteter Dunkelheit eine geringere Seitenwurzeldichte aufwiesen. Frühere Arbeiten haben gezeigt, dass SnRK1 bZIP63 direkt an drei Serinresten phosphoryliert. Alanin-Austauschmutanten der SnRK1-abhängigen bZIP63-Phosphorylierungsstellen verhielten sich ähnlich wie bzip63-Funk- tionsverlustmutanten und zeigten bei kurzzeitiger unerwarteter Dunkelheit keine erhöhte Seitenwurzeldichte. Diese Daten weisen deutlich auf einen Einfluss des SnRK1-bZIP63-Signal- wegs auf den beobachteten Seitenwurzeldichte Phänotyp hin. Pflanzen, die ein bZIP63:YFP- Fusionsprotein exprimieren, zeigten ein spezifisches bZIP63 Lokalisierungsmuster in der Pri- märwurzel, sowie in allen Entwicklungsstadien der Seitenwurzel. bzip63-Funktionsverlustmu- tantenlinien zeigten reduzierte Seitenwurzel- Initiationsereignisse bei unerwarteter Dunkel- heit, wie durch Differentialinterferenzkontrast-Mikroskopie (DIC) und der Verwendung einer GATA23-Reporterlinie nachgewiesen wurde. Diese Ergebnisse deuten auf eine Rolle von bZIP63 bei der frühen Seitenwurzel-Initiierung hin. Durch die Anwendung der Chromatin-Immunopräzipitation (ChIP)-Sequenzierungsmethode konnten wir daraufhin globale Bindungsziele von bZIP63 identifizieren, einschließlich des au- xinregulierten Transkriptionsfaktors ARF19 (AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 19), einem gut be- schriebenen zentralen Regulator der Seitenwurzelentwicklung. Zusätzliche ChIP-Experimente bestätigten die direkte Bindung von bZIP63 an eine ARF19-Promotorregion, die ein G-Box cis- Element, eine bekannte bZIP63-Bindungsstelle, beherbergt. Wir beobachteten auch, dass kurzfristige Energiestörungen bei unerwarteter Dunkelheit die Transkription von ARF19 indu- zierte, die in der bzip63-Funktionsverlustmutante beeinträchtigt war. Diese Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass bZIP63 die Seitenwurzelentwicklung unter kurzfristiger Energiestörung über ARF19 vermittelt. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass diese Studie eine neuartige mechanistische Verbin- dung zwischen Energiehomöostase und Pflanzenentwicklung herstellt. Durch den Einsatz von reverser Genetik, konfokaler Mikroskopie und Hochdurchsatz-Sequenzierungsstrategien konnten wir einen SnRK1-bZIP63-ARF19-Signalweg zur Integration von Energiesignalen in Sei- tenwurzelentwicklungsprogramme aufdecken.

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