In recent years we have witnessed an increasing integration of women into positions where leadership is exercised. Although some studies show that less than 10% of leaders are women, they are making their headway in the difficult field of leadership which, some years ago, was totally dominated by men. Several authors have analyzed the female’s skills in developing leadership roles. Some of them have concluded that there are differences with respect to male leadership. But others are not so clear and talk about gender equality in exercising leadership roles. Moreover, a new style of leadership has been implemented in organizations, that is, transformational leadership. This style together with the latest developments in leadership has been analyzed from a gender perspective. Several experts in this issue have come to ensure the highest skill for women to develop this style of leadership, which is based on communication, empowerment and followership. How do stereotypes cloud our claims? How does literature affirm or deny the existence of gender differences in leadership? What do women writers specializing in leadership study over the past three years? What are the latest developments in leadership? This work features a series of studies on the subject made in the last twenty years. This along with opinions of today’s leaders, insufflate fresh air to the results and invite the reader to enter in the interesting but slippery field of leadership from a different perspective.

Fossil fruits including nuts and associated husk valves of a new species of Carya (Juglandaceae) are described from the latest Miocene to earliest Pliocene in northeastern Tennessee, eastern United States. The husk valves are elliptic, 1.2-4.5mm thick, with a convex exterior face and a concave interior face; the nuts are globose to ovoid in shape, smooth and longitudinally ribbed on exterior surface, with a short protruding apex and a slightly 4-angled base; inner ribs, lacunae and primary septa are well-developed, while secondary septa are absent or weakly developed. The combination of these carpological characteristics clearly shows a close resemblance to the genus Carya in Juglandaceae. Detailed comparisons of carpological morphology and anatomy indicate that the present fossil taxon is different from both living and most other fossil species of the genus, and therefore warrants the designation of a new fossil species, Carya tennesseensis Huang et al., sp. nov. Carya tennesseensis displays a carpological similarity to C. ventricosa from the late Oligocene to early Pliocene in Europe, suggesting a potential species exchange of the genus between Europe and southeastern North America during the late Neogene. The new fossil species represents one of the few fruit fossil species of Carya from its modern distribution range in southeastern North America. It provides crucial information for better understanding the rapid diversification of the genus from the late Miocene to early Pliocene, and the origin and establishment of today's Carya biodiversity in this region.

Two peccary species, Mylohyus elmorei and Prosthennops serus are described from the medium-bodied fauna of the Gray Fossil Site (GFS) of northeastern Tennessee. This site, recognized as an oak-hickory forest, is latest Hemphillian or earliest Blancan based on mammalian biochronology, with an estimated age of 4.9-4.5 Ma. The GFS represents the only site outside the Palmetto Fauna of Florida with M. elmorei, greatly expanding the species range north over 920 km, well into the Appalachian region. This is also the first Appalachian occurrence of the relatively widespread P. serus. Our understanding of intraspecific variation for both M. elmorei and P. serus is expanded due to morphological and proportional differences found in cranial and dental material from the GFS, Tyner Farm locality, Palmetto Fauna, and within the literature. The GFS M. elmorei material represents the most complete mandible and second cranium for the species, and preserve intraspecific variation in the length of the diastema, dental proportions, and the complexity of the cuspules of the hypoconulid complex. Similarly, mandibular material from the GFS for P. serus exhibited larger dentitions and a greater degree of robustness than currently recognized for the species.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar o reconhecimento taxonômico de folhas fósseis de angiospermas, as quais foram recuperadas pelo salvamento paleontológico realizado no âmbito do Programa Investigação, Monitoramento e Salvamento do Patrimônio Paleontológico da UHE Teles Pires. Os depósitos fossilíferos, encontrados em amostras de argilitos laminados, situavam-se no atual leito e terraços (diques marginais) do rio Teles Pires, dentro da área destinada ao reservatório. Na base do afloramento fitofossilífero estudado, restos vegetais em clastos de lama retrabalhados apresentaram idade absoluta entre 22.580 e 23.290 anos AP, obtida por método de radiocarbono (14C). Para a presente contribuição, foram selecionados para determinação taxonômica 27 espécimes, preservados na forma de impressões e compressões. Através da análise e descrição da arquitetura foliar dos espécimes foram identificadas uma monocotiledônea e sete eudicotiledôneas (Albizia subdimidiata e Parkia multijuga, da Família Fabaceae; Brosimum cf. gaudichaudii, da Família Moraceae; Theobroma speciosum e Apeiba sp., da Família Malvaceae; Aspidosperma cf. polyneuron, da Família Apocynaceae, e um espécime atribuído à Família Myrtaceae – Tribo Myrtae). A composição florística dos táxons analisados, juntamente com a distribuição geográfica dos seus representantes atuais e seus respectivos hábitos e hábitats, acusou a predominância de elementos florísticos tipicamente da Floresta Amazônica, sob regime de clima úmido. Porém, duas espécies que podem ocorrer em vegetação de savana foram assinaladas (i.é, Aspidosperma cf. polyneuron, Brosimum cf. gaudichaudii). / This work aims at the taxonomic recognition of fossil leaves of angiosperms, which were recovered by the paleontological rescue carried out under the Program Research, Monitoring and Salvage of the Paleontological Heritage of the Teles Pires Hydroelectric Power Plant. The fossiliferous deposits, found in samples of laminated argillite, were located in the current bed and terraces (marginal dikes) of the Teles Pires River, inside the area destined to the water reservoir. At the base of the studied phytophossiliferous outcrop, vegetal remains in reworked mud clasts presented absolute age between 22,580 and 23,290 years BP, through the dating obtained by radiocarbon method (14C). For the present contribution, 27 specimens, preserved in the form of impressions and compressions, were selected for taxonomic determination. A monocotyledonous and seven eudycotyledonous (Albizia subdimidiata and Parkia multijuga, of the Family Fabaceae, Brosimum cf. gaudichaudii, of the Family Moraceae, Theobroma speciosum and Apeiba sp., of the Family Malvaceae, Aspidosperma cf. polyneuron, of the Family Apocynaceae, and a specimen attributed to the Family Myrtaceae - Tribe Myrtae) were identified through the analysis and description of the foliar architecture of the specimens. The floristic composition of the analyzed taxa, together with the geographical distribution of their current representatives and their respective habitats and habits, accused the predominance of floristic elements typically found in the Amazon Rainforest, under a humid climate regime. However, two species that may occur in savanna vegetation have been identified (i.e., Aspidosperma cf. polyneuron, Brosimum cf. gaudichaudii).

Este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar o reconhecimento taxonômico de folhas fósseis de angiospermas, as quais foram recuperadas pelo salvamento paleontológico realizado no âmbito do Programa Investigação, Monitoramento e Salvamento do Patrimônio Paleontológico da UHE Teles Pires. Os depósitos fossilíferos, encontrados em amostras de argilitos laminados, situavam-se no atual leito e terraços (diques marginais) do rio Teles Pires, dentro da área destinada ao reservatório. Na base do afloramento fitofossilífero estudado, restos vegetais em clastos de lama retrabalhados apresentaram idade absoluta entre 22.580 e 23.290 anos AP, obtida por método de radiocarbono (14C). Para a presente contribuição, foram selecionados para determinação taxonômica 27 espécimes, preservados na forma de impressões e compressões. Através da análise e descrição da arquitetura foliar dos espécimes foram identificadas uma monocotiledônea e sete eudicotiledôneas (Albizia subdimidiata e Parkia multijuga, da Família Fabaceae; Brosimum cf. gaudichaudii, da Família Moraceae; Theobroma speciosum e Apeiba sp., da Família Malvaceae; Aspidosperma cf. polyneuron, da Família Apocynaceae, e um espécime atribuído à Família Myrtaceae – Tribo Myrtae). A composição florística dos táxons analisados, juntamente com a distribuição geográfica dos seus representantes atuais e seus respectivos hábitos e hábitats, acusou a predominância de elementos florísticos tipicamente da Floresta Amazônica, sob regime de clima úmido. Porém, duas espécies que podem ocorrer em vegetação de savana foram assinaladas (i.é, Aspidosperma cf. polyneuron, Brosimum cf. gaudichaudii). / This work aims at the taxonomic recognition of fossil leaves of angiosperms, which were recovered by the paleontological rescue carried out under the Program Research, Monitoring and Salvage of the Paleontological Heritage of the Teles Pires Hydroelectric Power Plant. The fossiliferous deposits, found in samples of laminated argillite, were located in the current bed and terraces (marginal dikes) of the Teles Pires River, inside the area destined to the water reservoir. At the base of the studied phytophossiliferous outcrop, vegetal remains in reworked mud clasts presented absolute age between 22,580 and 23,290 years BP, through the dating obtained by radiocarbon method (14C). For the present contribution, 27 specimens, preserved in the form of impressions and compressions, were selected for taxonomic determination. A monocotyledonous and seven eudycotyledonous (Albizia subdimidiata and Parkia multijuga, of the Family Fabaceae, Brosimum cf. gaudichaudii, of the Family Moraceae, Theobroma speciosum and Apeiba sp., of the Family Malvaceae, Aspidosperma cf. polyneuron, of the Family Apocynaceae, and a specimen attributed to the Family Myrtaceae - Tribe Myrtae) were identified through the analysis and description of the foliar architecture of the specimens. The floristic composition of the analyzed taxa, together with the geographical distribution of their current representatives and their respective habitats and habits, accused the predominance of floristic elements typically found in the Amazon Rainforest, under a humid climate regime. However, two species that may occur in savanna vegetation have been identified (i.e., Aspidosperma cf. polyneuron, Brosimum cf. gaudichaudii).

Este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar o reconhecimento taxonômico de folhas fósseis de angiospermas, as quais foram recuperadas pelo salvamento paleontológico realizado no âmbito do Programa Investigação, Monitoramento e Salvamento do Patrimônio Paleontológico da UHE Teles Pires. Os depósitos fossilíferos, encontrados em amostras de argilitos laminados, situavam-se no atual leito e terraços (diques marginais) do rio Teles Pires, dentro da área destinada ao reservatório. Na base do afloramento fitofossilífero estudado, restos vegetais em clastos de lama retrabalhados apresentaram idade absoluta entre 22.580 e 23.290 anos AP, obtida por método de radiocarbono (14C). Para a presente contribuição, foram selecionados para determinação taxonômica 27 espécimes, preservados na forma de impressões e compressões. Através da análise e descrição da arquitetura foliar dos espécimes foram identificadas uma monocotiledônea e sete eudicotiledôneas (Albizia subdimidiata e Parkia multijuga, da Família Fabaceae; Brosimum cf. gaudichaudii, da Família Moraceae; Theobroma speciosum e Apeiba sp., da Família Malvaceae; Aspidosperma cf. polyneuron, da Família Apocynaceae, e um espécime atribuído à Família Myrtaceae – Tribo Myrtae). A composição florística dos táxons analisados, juntamente com a distribuição geográfica dos seus representantes atuais e seus respectivos hábitos e hábitats, acusou a predominância de elementos florísticos tipicamente da Floresta Amazônica, sob regime de clima úmido. Porém, duas espécies que podem ocorrer em vegetação de savana foram assinaladas (i.é, Aspidosperma cf. polyneuron, Brosimum cf. gaudichaudii). / This work aims at the taxonomic recognition of fossil leaves of angiosperms, which were recovered by the paleontological rescue carried out under the Program Research, Monitoring and Salvage of the Paleontological Heritage of the Teles Pires Hydroelectric Power Plant. The fossiliferous deposits, found in samples of laminated argillite, were located in the current bed and terraces (marginal dikes) of the Teles Pires River, inside the area destined to the water reservoir. At the base of the studied phytophossiliferous outcrop, vegetal remains in reworked mud clasts presented absolute age between 22,580 and 23,290 years BP, through the dating obtained by radiocarbon method (14C). For the present contribution, 27 specimens, preserved in the form of impressions and compressions, were selected for taxonomic determination. A monocotyledonous and seven eudycotyledonous (Albizia subdimidiata and Parkia multijuga, of the Family Fabaceae, Brosimum cf. gaudichaudii, of the Family Moraceae, Theobroma speciosum and Apeiba sp., of the Family Malvaceae, Aspidosperma cf. polyneuron, of the Family Apocynaceae, and a specimen attributed to the Family Myrtaceae - Tribe Myrtae) were identified through the analysis and description of the foliar architecture of the specimens. The floristic composition of the analyzed taxa, together with the geographical distribution of their current representatives and their respective habitats and habits, accused the predominance of floristic elements typically found in the Amazon Rainforest, under a humid climate regime. However, two species that may occur in savanna vegetation have been identified (i.e., Aspidosperma cf. polyneuron, Brosimum cf. gaudichaudii).

La finalidad de este trabajo de investigación se genera gracias a la necesidad de buscar una forma más efectiva de gestionar programaciones de obra durante la etapa de estructuras en dos hospitales ubicados en la región San Martín, para ello se realiza un análisis en ambas obras, dado que en una de ellas se trabajó bajo el sistema tradicional y la segunda bajo los lineamientos del Last Planner, esto con el objetivo de determinar cuál es más eficiente. en ese sentido se desarrolla un comparativo del ya conocido sistema Last Planner en el campo de la construcción versus el enfoque tradicional de planeamiento (cronograma Gantt, ruta crítica), tal como se describirá en los capítulos 3 y 4. En el capítulo 1, se detallan los aspectos generales del presente trabajo, se señala el problema, las diferentes hipótesis, el objetivo general y los objetivos específicos, así como la metodología a seguir y los resultados esperados. En el capítulo 2, se detalla todo el marco teórico del sistema del planificador último, considerada como un elemento que forma parte del enfoque “construcción sin pérdidas” o “Lean Construction que apareció en los años 90 y cuya procedencia fue el resultado de la aplicación de “Lean Production” y de los principios para la dirección de proyectos. En el capítulo 3, se realiza el análisis de cada obra, la primera bajo el sistema tradicional y la segunda por los principales conceptos y herramientas del sistema Last Planner y establecer una base teórica sólida que sirva de apoyo al trabajo de investigación. En los capítulos 4 y 5, se realizó el comparativo en la ejecución de ambos hospitales, obteniendo como resultado un mejor desarrollo en control de la programación en el hospital B, el cual como se explicó, se trabajó bajo los lineamientos del sistema Last Planner, sin embrago se debe tener en cuenta también que no se pudo llegar a los valores esperados debido a factores climatológicos propios de la zona de trabajo, de todas maneras estuvo por encima de los valores obtenidos en los indicadores del hospital A, desarrollado bajo el sistema tradicional. Finalmente, el material del trabajo de investigación, servirá de apoyo para realizar la aplicación del sistema del planificador último para distintos proyectos de construcción. / The purpose of this research work is generated by the need to find the most efficient way to manage the work schedule during the structures stage in two hospitals located in the San Martín region, for which an analysis is carried out in both works, given that one of them worked under the traditional system and the second under the guidelines of the Last Planner, this with the aim of determining which is more efficient. In this sense, a comparative of the Last Planner system in construction versus the traditional planning approach is developed (Gantt schedule, critical path), as will be described in chapters 3 and 4. In Chapter 1, the general aspects of this work are detailed, the problem, the different hypotheses, the general objective and the specific objectives are indicated, as well as the methodology to be followed and the expected results. In Chapter 2, the entire theoretical framework of the Last Planner system is detailed, a tool that is part of the “lossless construction” or “Lean Construction” philosophy that emerged in the 1990s and came from the adaptation of “Lean Production” and the foundations for project management. In Chapter 3, the analysis of each work is carried out, the first under the traditional system and the second for the main concepts and tools of the Last Planner System in order to generate a solid theoretical base to support this research work. In Chapters 4 and 5, a comparison was made in the execution of both hospitals, obtaining as a result a better development in programming control in hospital B, which, as explained, worked under the guidelines of the Last Planner System, However, it should also be taken into account that the expected values could not be reached due to climatic factors typical of the work area, in any case it was above the values obtained in the hospital A indicators, developed under the traditional system. Finally, the material of this research work will serve as a starting point for the application of the latest planner system in different construction project. / Trabajo de investigación

Over a few years back, REST APIs were considered standard web APIs, which nowhave a strong competitor. REST APIs provide some excellent features like stateless serversand structured access to resources. However, over time, it doesn’t offer flexibility withthe access of data and client changing requirements. In 2015 GraphQL was introduced byFacebook, which overcomes the problems with the REST and provides more flexibility andefficiency to the client requirements. For example, remove the over and under fetching.To change the existing APIs into GraphQL APIs require considerable time and effort.Therefore, some server implementation tools are developed to reduce the developmentcost and time. A few of these tools generate GraphQL schema and server implementationsautomatically over a legacy database.This master thesis studies tools that automatically generate GraphQL server implementationover legacy databases and evaluate such generated GraphQL server’s performance.First, we find some GraphQL server implementation tools such as Hasura andPostGraphile and then compare the server’s performance using benchmark methodology.Secondly, we run an experiment on a computer system and use the performance metricsfor assessment. The results of our experiment concluded that PostGraphile has higherthroughput and low query execution time as compared to Hasura. In most of the querytemplates from the benchmark, PostGraphile outperforms Hasura.

Un flujo de trabajo confiable se logra mediante un buen planeamiento según la metodología del Last Planner. Sin embargo, en proyectos donde se usa el método de Fast-track, la aplicación del Last Planner (LPS) es mucho más complicada. Se sabe que el método de Fast-track origina muchos problemas al momento de construir, puesto a que el diseño aún no se encuentra definido en su totalidad. Un flujo de trabajo que se interrumpe, normalmente conlleva a grandes pérdidas en la productividad. Si bien el LPS es una herramienta que ayuda en asegurar un “flujo continuo de trabajo” debido a los planes detallados que se realizan, en la medida en que se acerca a la fecha de ejecución, el método de Fast-track limita sus ventajas, aumentando exponencialmente a la vez, la variabilidad en el proyecto. Es por esta razón, que es muy importante usar las herramientas BIM con el propósito de dar soporte visual y evaluar de mejor manera la confiabilidad de los planes que se hacen en el Look Ahead y en el plan semanal. Los softwares del BIM permiten gestionar la información, los espacios de trabajo, e identificar lo antes posible las restricciones de diseño. Con lo dicho anteriormente, es necesario usar y proponer la integración del BIM y el Last Planner con la finalidad de reducir la variabilidad y que se pueda generar hacer las programaciones con mayor confiabilidad, en proyectos que se ejecuten bajo la modalidad Fast-track.. Esta investigación va a abarcar en primer lugar, la investigación de tres proyectos de edificaciones correspondiente a centros comerciales donde se haya utilizado el Last Planner System, con el propósito de encontrar las deficiencias tanto en el proceso constructivo, como en el uso del Last Planner. Se toma en cuenta las notas de mejora y las acciones preventivas en su aplicación en esos proyectos. De esta forma, basándose en la recopilación de toda esa información, se plantea una mejora en el sistema del Last Planner mediante la elaboración de una guía que muestre los pasos para realizar la integración de la tecnología BIM con las herramientas del Last Planner. Y por último, se aplica a un centro comercial, con la finalidad de cuantificar su impacto en la disminución de la variabilidad y generar un flujo de trabajo continuo durante la etapa de ejecución de la fase de estructuras. / A reliable workflow is achieved through good planning according to the Last Planner methodology. However, in projects where the Fast-track method is used, the application of the Last Planner (LPS) is much more complicated. The Fast-track method is known to cause many problems at the time of construction, since the design is not yet fully defined. An interrupted workflow usually leads to huge losses in productivity. Although the LPS is a tool that helps to ensure a “continuous workflow” due to the detailed plans that are made, as the execution date approaches, the Fast-track method limits its advantages, increasing exponentially at the same time, the variability in the project. For this reason, it is very important to use BIM tools in order to provide visual support and better evaluate the reliability of the plans made in the Look Ahead and in the weekly plan. BIM software allows you to manage information, workspaces, and identify design restrictions as soon as possible. With the aforementioned, it is necessary to use and propose the integration of BIM and the Last Planner in order to reduce variability and that it can be generated to do the programming with greater reliability, in projects that are executed under the Fast-track mode. This investigation will cover, in the first place, the investigation of three building projects corresponding to shopping centers where the Last Planner System has been used, in order to find deficiencies both in the construction process and in the use of the Last Planner. Notes for improvement and preventive actions are taken into account in their application in these projects. In this way, based on the compilation of all this information, an improvement in the Last Planner system is proposed by preparing a guide that shows the steps to integrate BIM technology with the Last Planner tools. And finally, it is applied to a shopping center, in order to quantify its impact on reducing variability and generating a continuous work flow during the execution stage of the structures phase. / Tesis

This work is aimed at the problems of finding and selecting employees through the application of the latest knowledge and approach of staff selection. From the knowledge gained it suggests a possible method of choosing employees in the company, ABC Ltd. for the position of a dealer.