Orientador: Osvaldo Novais de Oliveira Junior. / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós Graduação em Nanociências e Materiais Avançados, 2010.

Orientador: Wendel Andrade Alves / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nanociências e Materiais Avançados, 2014

Within the emerging methods of controlled free radical polymerization, the Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT) process has been recently established as a powerful technique to synthesize standard polymers with controlled characteristics (narrow polydispersity and predictable molar masses). This method is now employed to synthesize well-defined, reactive precursor polymers that are subsequently converted into speciality polymers such as fluorescent-labeled polycations. Those are suitable for Electrostatic Self-Assembly (ESA). The observation of the Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) in such films is established, contributing to the understanding of the self-organization during thin film growth. The RAFT process using Benzyl Dithiobenzoate (BDTB) is shown to enable the control of the free radical polymerization of vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC). The high tolerance of the method to functional groups allows the preparation of such reactive polymers with narrow polydispersities and predictable molar masses. The well-defined precursors are easily converted, for instance, to polycations. Also they are easily functionalized by fluorophores, here derived from coumarin and perylene. The fluorophores, as pendent side chains, served as label to investigate the alternating deposition process, while the influence of molecular variations on the self-assembly can be systematized. Furthermore, when using complementary fluorophores, Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) studies in organized media become possible. The alternating deposition cycles are followed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, ellipsometry, and X-Ray reflectivity. Regular growth is observed for three complementarily labeled polycations. Noteworthy, fluorescence and UV-Vis studies reveal the formation of large fluorescent dye aggregates for one coumarin and for the perylene derivative in the ESA multilayers. When these polycations are used in mixed thin films, Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) between fluorophores is observed. The non-radiative nature of the different energy transfer was confirmed by fluorescence decay time measurements/ Parmi les récentes méthodes pour contrôler la polymérisation radicalaire, le procédé RAFT (Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer) a été récemment établi et s'impose comme une méthode performante pour la synthèse de polymères standards possédant des caractéristiques contrôlées (faibles polydispersités et masses molaires prédictibles). Cette méthode est désormais utilisée pour la synthèse de précurseurs réactifs bien définis qui sont par la suite convertis en polymères spécialisés, par exemple en polycations marqués a l'aide de sondes fluorescentes. Ces polycations peuvent être ensuite auto-assemblés électrostatiquement afin d'élaborer des films minces. Le phénomène de transfert de fluorescence (Förster Resonance Energy Transfer –FRET-) dans de tels films a été établi, contribuant par là-même à une meilleure compréhension du phénomène d'auto-organisation durant la croissance des films. Le procédé RAFT, utilisant le dithiobenzoate de benzyle (BDTB), a démontré sa capacité à contrôler la polymérisation radicalaire du chlorométhlstyrène (VBC). La tolérance de cette méthode vis à vis des groupes fonctionnels permet la synthèse de polymères réactifs possédant de faibles polydispersités et des masses molaires prédictibles. Les précurseurs ainsi définis sont facilement convertis, en polycations par exemple. Ils sont tout aussi facilement fonctionnalisés par des fluorophores dérivés de la coumarine ou du pérylène. Les fluorophores en tant que chaînes pendantes servent de marqueurs pour étudier le processus de dépôts alternés, alors que l'influence des variations au niveau moléculaire peut être systématisée. De plus, en utilisant des fluorophores complémentaires, il devient possible de mener des études sur le transfert de fluorescence (FRET) au sein de milieux organisés. Les cycles de dépôts alternés ont été suivis par spectroscopie UV-Vis, éllipsométrie et reflexion des rayons X. Une croissance régulière est observée dans le cas des trois polycations marqués. Il convient de noter que les études UV-Vis et de fluorescence révèlent la formation de larges aggrégats de fluorophores au sein des multicouches, dans le cas d'une coumarine et du dérivé de pérylène. Lorsque les polycations complémentaires sont utilisés dans des films minces mixtes, le FRET est observé. La nature radiative ou non-radiative du processus de transfert d'énergie a été confirmée par des mesures de déclin de fluorescence.

The cellular response to a biomaterial, such as a dental implant, is mainly governed by the surface properties, and can thus be altered by the introduction of a surface coating. In this thesis the buildup of a biomacromolecule-based coating formed by layerby-layer (LbL) deposition of the charged polypeptides poly(L-lysine) (PLL) and poly(L-glutamic acid) (PGA) has been studied. In an attempt to make these coatings bioactive and useful for bone-anchored implants, an amelogenin protein mixture (EMD), has been immobilized in these thin polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) films. Multilayers were also built by LbL deposition of the natural biomacromolecules collagen (Col) and hyaluronic acid (HA). Multilayer films of these two extra-cellular biomacromolecules should be of interest for use as a scaffold for tissue engineering. The buildup of the multilayer films has been followed in situ, using ellipsometry, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), and dual polarization interferometry (DPI). The studied PLL/PGA multilayers were found to be highly hydrated, and to exhibit a two-regime buildup behavior, with an initial “slow-growing” regime, and a second “fast-growing” regime with a linear growth in film thickness and more than linear growth in mass. A net diffusion of polypeptides into the film during the buildup led to an increase in density of the films for each layer adsorbed. A change in density was also observed in the Col/HA film, where HA penetrated and diffused into the porous fibrous Col network. The formed PLL/PGA films were further found to be rather stable during drying, and post-buildup changes in temperature and pH, not losing any mass as long as the temperature was not raised too rapidly. The film thickness responded to changes in the ambient media and collapsed reversibly when dried. A swelling/de-swelling behavior of the film was also observed for changes in the temperature and pH. The EMD protein adsorbed to silica surfaces as nanospheres, and could by itself form multilayers. The adsorption of EMD onto PLL/PGA multilayer films increased at lower pH (5.0), and EMD could be immobilized in several layers by alternate deposition of EMD and PGA. / QC 20101019

The assembly of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (pNIPAm-co-AAc) microgel thin films into disordered and ordered arrays was investigated. Disordered pNIPAm-co-AAc microgel arrays were assembled based on electrostatic attractions between polyanionic pNIPAm-co-AAc microgels and polycationic poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH). These interactions were studied in solution and subsequently used to assemble thin films following a Layer-by-Layer assembly protocol. Thin films were assembled as a function of pNIPAm-co-AAc microgel solution temperature and the resultant film thermoresponsivity characterized as a function of microgel layer number and pH. The response of assembled thin films to pH 3.0 and 6.5 exposure was then characterized by quartz crystal impedance and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, which showed that the thin film solvation was highly dependent on the pH of the solution it was in. Assembled thin films were also shown to be useful as controlled drug delivery platforms, where it was found that small molecules could be released from the films in a temperature regulated fashion. Microgel thin films also exhibited unique optical properties and were used as microlens arrays, which were able to focus pattern in air as well as in solution and had focal lengths that could be tuned in response to pH and temperature changes. Ordered microgel arrays were assembled following a thermal annealing process, in order to make light diffracting materials. These ordered arrays were photopolymerized and exhibited temperature dependent Bragg diffraction properties.

Islet transplantation has emerged as a promising cell-based therapy for the treatment of diabetes, but its clinical efficacy remains limited by deleterious host responses that underlie islet destruction. In this dissertation, we describe the assembly of cell surface-supported thin films that confer molecular-level control over the composition and biophysicochemical properties of the islet surface with implications for improving islet engraftment. Specifically, the process of layer-by-layer (LbL) polymer self assembly was employed to generate nanothin films of diverse architecture with tunable properties directly on the extracellular surface of individual islets. Importantly, these studies are the first to report in vivo survival and function of nanoencapsulated cells, and have helped establish a conceptual framework for translating the diverse applications of LbL films to cellular interfaces. Additionally, through proper design of film constituents, coatings displaying ligands and bioorthogonally reactive handles may be generated, providing a modular strategy for incorporating exogenously derived regulators of host responses alongside native constituents of the islet surface. Towards this end, a strategy was developed to tether thrombomodulin to the islet surface in a site-specific manner, thereby facilitating local generation of the powerful anti-inflammatory agent, activated protein C. Collectively, this work offers novel biomolecular strategies for cell surface engineering with broad biomedical and biotechnological applications in cell-based therapeutics and beyond.

<p>The cellular response to a biomaterial, such as a dental implant, is mainly governed by the surface properties, and can thus be altered by the introduction of a surface coating. In this thesis the buildup of a biomacromolecule-based coating formed by layerby-layer (LbL) deposition of the charged polypeptides poly(L-lysine) (PLL) and poly(L-glutamic acid) (PGA) has been studied. In an attempt to make these coatings bioactive and useful for bone-anchored implants, an amelogenin protein mixture (EMD), has been immobilized in these thin polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) films. Multilayers were also built by LbL deposition of the natural biomacromolecules collagen (Col) and hyaluronic acid (HA). Multilayer films of these two extra-cellular biomacromolecules should be of interest for use as a scaffold for tissue engineering.</p><p>The buildup of the multilayer films has been followed in situ, using ellipsometry, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), and dual polarization interferometry (DPI). The studied PLL/PGA multilayers were found to be highly hydrated, and to exhibit a two-regime buildup behavior, with an initial “slow-growing” regime, and a second “fast-growing” regime with a linear growth in film thickness and more than linear growth in mass. A net diffusion of polypeptides into the film during the buildup led to an increase in density of the films for each layer adsorbed. A change in density was also observed in the Col/HA film, where HA penetrated and diffused into the porous fibrous Col network.</p><p>The formed PLL/PGA films were further found to be rather stable during drying, and post-buildup changes in temperature and pH, not losing any mass as long as the temperature was not raised too rapidly. The film thickness responded to changes in the ambient media and collapsed reversibly when dried. A swelling/de-swelling behavior of the film was also observed for changes in the temperature and pH.</p><p>The EMD protein adsorbed to silica surfaces as nanospheres, and could by itself form multilayers. The adsorption of EMD onto PLL/PGA multilayer films increased at lower pH (5.0), and EMD could be immobilized in several layers by alternate deposition of EMD and PGA.</p>

<p>The newfound capability of creating moisture sensitive interference multilayered thin films (MLTFs) comprising microfibrillated cellulose and polymers has not previously been possible to implement on surfaces other than silicon wafer strips. Being able to incorporate interference MLTFs on fibre-based materials would introduce the possibility for new applications within authentication, sensing and customer attraction for the paper and packaging industry. By using trichloro (1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorooctyl) silane we were able to hydrophobically modify silicon substrates, enabling interference MLTF lift-off and thus the creation of free-standing MLTFs of approximately 400 nm thickness. Contact dried MLTFs approximately 250 nm thick, were successfully transferred to copy- and filter paper as well as to cellulose-based dialysis membranes. We can also report on the successful synthesis of interference MLTFs directly on a fibre composite material and on aluminium. Initial tests of a method to quantify the pull-off conditions of the MLTFs from the fluorinated surfaces using the Micro Adhesion Measurement Apparatus showed promising results.</p>

La stabilité optique nonlinéaire du colorant (Disperse red 1) dopé dans différent polymères amorphes préparés par spin-coating ou incorporé dans un polymère préparé par le processus auto-assemblé Layer-by-Layer (LBL) a été étudiée. La relaxation de rotation du colorant est analysée en mesurant la variation de susceptibilité de second ordre induite par le poling tout-optique. Nous montrons que la température de transition vitreuse du polymère n'est pas le seul facteur qui influe sur la stabilité de rotation libre du colorant. Par contre, l'architecture de polymère (la polarité de la chaîne polymère) joue un rôle sur la stabilité de rotation. Nous discutons du ralentissement de la relaxation de rotation moléculaire sur le poling tout-optique. Un modèle ‘restoring torque' est introduit pour étudier la stabilité d'orientation intrinsèque du colorant dans polymère préparé par le processus auto-assemblé Layer-by-Layer.<br /><br />La propriété optique nonlinéaire de second ordre d'oxyde de zinc est étudiée a l'échelle de millimètre jusqu'à nano-mètre. L'effet de surface sur l'augmentation de réponse de la génération de second harmonique est montré. Nous suggérons que la génération de second harmonique induite par le champ électrique crée par la séparation des charges est l'origine de l'augmentation proéminent des susceptibilités à second ordre. <br /><br />Nous discutons la réponse significative d'optique nonlinéaire de second ordre de fullerène (C60) et phthalocyanine de cuivre (CuPc) qui sont de nature centro-symétrique. L'influence d'épaisseur de couche et le substrat nous montre l'origine de la génération de second harmonique : la génération de second harmonique induite par le champ électrique de la séparation de charge à l'interface du substrat et de la couche. Elle n'est pas causée par des mécanismes d'optique nonlinéaire aux ordres plus élevés. En plus, la technique ‘Kelvin Probe' est introduite pour analyser quantitativement le transfert de charge à l'interface.

The newfound capability of creating moisture sensitive interference multilayered thin films (MLTFs) comprising microfibrillated cellulose and polymers has not previously been possible to implement on surfaces other than silicon wafer strips. Being able to incorporate interference MLTFs on fibre-based materials would introduce the possibility for new applications within authentication, sensing and customer attraction for the paper and packaging industry. By using trichloro (1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorooctyl) silane we were able to hydrophobically modify silicon substrates, enabling interference MLTF lift-off and thus the creation of free-standing MLTFs of approximately 400 nm thickness. Contact dried MLTFs approximately 250 nm thick, were successfully transferred to copy- and filter paper as well as to cellulose-based dialysis membranes. We can also report on the successful synthesis of interference MLTFs directly on a fibre composite material and on aluminium. Initial tests of a method to quantify the pull-off conditions of the MLTFs from the fluorinated surfaces using the Micro Adhesion Measurement Apparatus showed promising results.