This case study presents how the unit of munition-searching dogs of the Swedish armed forces handles their experiences from international service. The subject is particularly interesting as previous research into the area is nonexistent. The questions asked in the study are answered through the authors findings that training and preparation of this unit has developed thanks to the input of lessons learned from previous missions. This paper, based manly on experience reports, show that the unit successfully uses the method for handling lessons learned chosen within the Swedish armed forces.

Försvarsmakten har ett behov av en fungerande systematisk erfarenhetshantering. Det system som finns idag har utvecklingspotential och är inte fullt ut implementerat i organisationen. En essentiell sektor i implementeringsarbetet och utvecklingen av förmågan erfarenhetshantering bör vara utbildning. Genom utbildning och information till organisationen bör förtroendet och legitimiteten för erfarenhetsprocessen öka vilket är viktigt för implementeringen av den systematiska erfarenhetshanteringen i Försvarsmaktens vardagliga rutiner. Syftet med denna uppsats är att diskutera huruvida Försvarsmaktens utbildningar och utbildningsplattformar stödjer implementeringen av en systematisk erfarenhetshantering. Detta uppnås genom en abduktiv studie med en teoretisk grund som utgörs av teorier inom bl.a. lärande i organisationer och förändring i organisationer. Slutsatserna är att det finns en bra generell grund för en fungerande systematisk erfarenhetshantering i form av Försvarsmaktens ledarskapsmodell Utvecklande ledarskap. Denna ledarskapsmodell vidrör till stor del samma grundläggande områden som är viktiga för en lärande organisation. Vidare finns det utvecklingspotential gällande utbildning på bredden i organisationen och den organisatoriska närheten mellan erfarenhetshanteringen och utbildningen på Försvarsmaktens stridsskolor. / The Swedish Armed Forces have a need for a systematic lessons learned-process. The system that exists today has development potential and is not fully implemented in the organization. An essential sector of the implementation and development of the capability lessons learned should be training. Through training and information to the organization should trust and legitimacy of the process increase and this is important for the implementation of a systematic lessons learned-process in the Swedish Armed Forces' daily routines. The purpose of this thesis is to discuss whether the Swedish Armed Forces trainings and trainingplatforms supports the implementation of a systematic lessons learned-process. This is achieved through an abductive study with a theoretical core of theories concerning learning organizations and change in organizations. The conclusions are that there is a good general basis for a systematic lessons learned-process in formof the Swedish Armed Forces leadership model Transformational leadership (Utvecklandeledarskap). This leadership model touches to a large extent the same basic areas that are important for a learning organization. Furthermore, there is development potential for training on the breadth of the organization and the organizational proximity between the training and lessons learned activities at the Swedish Armed Forces branch schools.

Dagens konflikter utspelar sig mestadels i helt eller delvis bebyggd miljö och vikten av en uppdaterad och väl fungerande prickskytteförmåga är därför central. Detta till trots, återfinns stora brister i den svenska prickskytteutbildningen vad avser just den urbana miljön. Denna uppsats syftar till att dels bidra med nya infallsvinklar samt ge ett användbart arbetsunderlag för Försvarsmaktens vidare utveckling i ämnet. Genom att komma på det klara med hur prickskyttar utbildas och används i Sverige idag och jämföra detta med utländska modeller och andra länders goda och sämre erfarenheter, vill jag ge förslag på hur den svenska prickskytteutbildningen skulle kunna utvecklas. För att ge uppdaterad information har jag begränsat min efterforskning genom att mina studier av andra länders prickskytteerfarenheter avser det senaste decenniets förehavanden, snarare än utvalda länders specifika tillvägagångssätt. Jag har även endast studerat, för svensk trupp, etiskt tillämpbara delar av stridsteknik. Tidigare forskning kring ämnet är koncentrerat till lessons learned-dokument, och en av anledningarna till denna uppsats är att dra faktiska slutsatser av sådana och lägga grund för en tillämpbar utveckling. Uppsatsen behandlar förutom ovanstående även en del historia om prickskytten som sådan, beskrivning av problem jag uppmärksammat i den svenska prickskytteutbildningen samt en del om det urbana slagfältet kontra det traditionella. Med detta som grund ger jag i min slutsats förslag på förbättrande förändringar avseende de urbana delarna i den svenska prickskytteutbildningen. / Today's conflicts are mainly taking place in urban environments and the importance of updated and well-functioning sniper ability is central. Despite this, there are significant deficiencies in the Swedish sniper training with regard to the urban environment. This document aims to partly contribute to new approaches and provide a useful working basis for the Swedish armed forces´ further development on the subject. By defining how snipers are trained and used in Sweden today, and compare it with other countries' experiences, I would like to give suggestions on how the Swedish sniper training could be developed. To provide updated information, I have limited my search to studying different countries´ sniper experience from the last decade, rather than a country-specific approach. I have only studied, for Swedish soldiers, ethically applicable parts of the battle techniques. Earlier research on the subject is concentrated on lessons learned documents, and one of the reasons for this essay is to draw real conclusions from them and present a useful structure for future development. The essay also deals with some history about the sniper concept, the description of the problems I highlighted in the Swedish sniper training and part of the urban battlefield versus the traditional. On this basis, I am presenting my conclusion and suggestions for improvement changes for the urban parts in Swedish sniper training.

This thesis examines the state of reporting Lessons Learned in a Swedish company that operates globally and explores the areas of potential improvements through better classification and reporting of Lessons Learned from previous projects. Particularly, it explores which the most effective ways to capture and document Lessons Learned are as well as how a System that supports efficient storage, sharing and retrieval of Lessons Learned can be specified. The research is a case study in a Swedish company and is a mixed-model research as it uses both quantitative and qualitative data from primary sources. Indeed, the data collection was done via interviews, questionnaires, a focus group and the study of the company’s documents. The findings revealed some issues in the Lessons Learned methods used in the company, especially in documentation. Additionally, the need for a Lessons Learned System to manage the knowledge and experience from projects was also identified. The thesis concludes with explicit answers to the research questions and more specific with the suggestion of certain guidelines for the employees, a new template for reporting Lessons Learned and the specifications of a Lessons Learned System that can support efficient storage, sharing and retrieval of Lessons Learned.

Ninety undergraduate students who scored as high or low on the Snyder Self-monitoring Scale participated in an experiment designed to determine the joint effects of self-monitoring and controllable or uncontrollable outcomes upon subsequent performance on three short-term memory tests. High and low self-monitoring subjects were assigned to one of three conditions: (1) controllable feedback, in which subjects received response contingent positive, "correct," and negative, "incorrect," feedback on a word association task; (2) uncontrollable feedback, in which subjects were given noncontingent feedback (70% negative and 30% positive); and (3) no-treatment. Measures of attentional focus were included in order to examine the role of attentional processes in the obtained results. In addition, the joint effects of treatment and self-monitoring on subjects' attributions were investigated. As predicted, the performance of high selfmonitors was significantly impaired by uncontrollability (learned helplessness), while that of low self-monitors was facilitated by controllability (learned competence). Results were discussed as supporting the contention that high self-monitors rely heavily on knowledge of environmental contingencies in order to control their environment. When their typically effective strategy is unsuccessful, "helplessness" is induced. Low self-monitors, who are less concerned with exercising control over environmental events, evidence diminished attention to and utilization of external stimuli. However, when these stimuli are made salient and the low self-monitor is positively reinforced for processing these stimuli, "competence" is induced. Results also suggest that high self-monitors, as compared with low self-monitors, are more likely to employ self-enhancing, defensive strategies. Such strategies may protect self-esteem and decrease the likelihood of long term negative effects.

The topic of this thesis is "New confixes in French". This thesis is divided into two main parts: theoretical and analytical. The first part is theoretical and describes the historical development of "confixation" (learned compounding) as well as different theories and approaches to the word formation process. This part also defines "confixation" to other word formation processes (derivation and composition) and the structural component of "confixation" - a "confix". The second part is analytical and deals with specific learned stems (confixes) and learned compounding. The study material for this part of the thesis has been gained by the data excerption from the corpus Sketch Engine. The sample excerpted from the corpus is the subject of the analysis. The analysis focuses on the classic and modern confixes and their typology: classification of confixes according to the position in the learned compounding, or according to the origin, etc. The analysis also treats the morphological categories of learned compounding and their internal structure. The main focus is drawn to modern confixes that were created mostly by the change of meaning of the classic confix. This part deals with the newly created confixes in French that do not have the direct Greek or Latin base. These are mostly loanwords from English. The main aim of present thesis is to identify newly created confix compounds in comtemporary French.

The purpose of this case study is to research the project members' experience regarding knowledge transfer. As a researching method a qualitative study was conducted by applying thematic analysis. A sample consisting of nine project members at a municipality in Sweden were chosen. including project office manager, project manager and project participants. The result indicates that no one is working on knowledge transfer in a systematic way and more time is requested for reflection and participation. The knowledge transfer that does exist, is carried out mainly through the project members’ initiative. It therefor indicates that ultimately knowledge transfer isn’t prioritized and hasn’t been stated by management. In addition, the result shows that there are thoughts about further developing the work on knowledge transfer but where there are no concrete thoughts yet on how the work should be concreteized. Other findings that emerged from the report were that the municipality has two different control models for project management and that project culture is a subject which could be interesting for further studies.

The current study is driven by the growing importance of learning capabilities within organizations. Nowadays an ability to constantly develop and improve based on mistakes and broadly apply successful experience is becoming a strategic competitive advantage in highly competitive business environment. This is even more relevant for project-based organizations, where natural specifics of project activities impose higher requirements in regards to their ability to learn quickly. At the same time, despite the existing number of recommendations there are only rare cases of successful systemic application of knowledge management activities in projectbased organizations. Thus, additional exploration of the topic is required through identification of critical factors that influence implementation process. From this standpoint an exploratory research has been conducted, including an exhaustive literature review and a qualitative case study in a single company, complemented with additional interviews in ten other organizations. The combination of scrupulously summarized theoretical insights from the existing extensive range of academic research and the data obtained empirically resulted in a comprehensive theoretical framework. This framework depicts all the recommended elements that need to be incorporated into a project-based knowledge management system, as well as a list of critical factors, which should be considered while rolling out a system in practice. The current study revealed some new factors, which critically influence the success of project-based knowledge management systems implementation. These new findings are also included into the final framework and supposed to help to eliminate the existing confusion regarding the topic. Therefore, the produced comprehensive framework is highly recommended for practitioners as a starting point for planning their knowledge management system implementations projects. It also suggests further exploratory opportunities.

To determine if learned helplessness treatment debilitates human working memory and fluid intelligence, 60 university students, classified as high or low self-monitors, were assigned to one of three treatments: intermittent (50%) controllable positive feedback, uncontrollable (yoked) negative feedback, and no treatment. Test tasks included backward digit and backward spatial span (representing working memory), matrices (representing fluid intelligence), vocabulary (representing crystallized intelligence), and forward digit and forward spatial span (representing immediate span of apprehension). Results generally were not significant and were discussed as possibly due to ineffective treatment procedure. Further research on this topic is needed.

The capture and beneficial application of learning from past experiences in projects has been an area of interest and debate for many years. The implementation of lessons learnt is commonly acknowledged as difficult. Existing studies point to the deficiencies in current practice but few propose practical approaches to improve the situation. A key barrier to learning in projects is the time-critical nature of most projects which makes the creation of time and space to learn and then apply the resultant learning problematic. Other inhibitors include the variety and temporality of project teams, the geographical spread of many projects and client pressures to reduce costs. The aim of this research was to improve project learning processes in multi-phase project environments through the identification and application of relevant organizational learning and knowledge management theories. The research was based on a single company longitudinal case study in an infrastructure support services organization. An event-based approach to project lessons was developed which focuses on benefits realisation and measurement. The processes employed overcome some of the key barriers to the effective capture of lessons learnt and their subsequent implementation i.e. shortage of time, different learning styles of individuals, lack of effective capture mechanisms, poor articulation of benefits realisation, lack of management sponsorship. A model was also developed which acts as a multi-faceted lens which aids the understanding of the dynamics of project-based learning. The model was tested through a series of workshops. In order to assist the roll-out of the new approach across the case study organisation and outline implementation guide that has been developed. The approach can also be promoted externally to improve project management practice across the wider construction industry. In addition, the study also revealed that event-based enactment of complex/abstract theories can be used as a tool to create improved praxis by overcoming the need to explain the theories to the actors involved. The main contribution to research is the development of a new approach which extends existing theory in the areas of learning, knowledge management and boundary objects in multi-phase project contexts. It achieves this through the synergistic use of the theories employed which support the development of reflective practitioners with the skills to engender a 'learning how to learn' culture within project-based environments. Further testing of ongoing benefits monitoring and establishing causality is needed. Overall, the methodology developed is highly adaptable and can be used by others in different organizational contexts to improve organizational learning, business performance, client satisfaction and wider stakeholder outcomes.