Thesis (M Social Work (Social Work))--University of Stellenbosch, 2008. / This research investigates the powerlessness and dependency on wine farms in the Western Cape from the viewpoint of an understanding the lived experience of farm labourers and the high incidence of habitual drinking, violence and other social phenomena. The first farm labourers in the Western Cape were Slaves. When Slavery was abolished in 1834, Cape Slaves were freed but not compensated and so remained on farms, working as labourers, and powerless and dependent. After slavery had been abolished, the relationship between landowner and labourer evolved into a paternalistic relationship where the labourer was tied to a particular farm through housing, debt ,economic impoverishment and political marginalisation. Over the last few decades constitutional and political developments have resulted in changes to labour laws and working conditions on farms. Change has filtered down to the level of labourer at different rates in different areas. By and large, while working conditions may have improved, many labourers remain dependent and powerless to become masters of their own destiny. They remain unable to break free of the legacy of Slavery. Slavery is not the only legacy that casts a shadow over farm labourers. The infamous Tot System, initiated by Jan van Riebeeck and continuing late into the twentieth century, has enslaved many labourers in a cycle of habitual drinking, social violence and poverty. Habitual drinking has become the norm on farms, a weekend ritual that few labourers manage to escape. The purpose of this research is to broaden the field of knowledge for practitioners and organisations dealing with substance abuse and other social problems on farms. One particular farm is used as a sample of farm life. The farm in question has a children’s programme (crèche and after–school). There have also been several attempts over the last five years at social development and income–generation projects aimed at empowering adults on the farm. The experience of the farm management when attempting to introduce and establish these projects has been an overwhelming sense of immobilisation and apathy from the labourers. The empirical research used a qualitative method to examine (by means of semi structured interviews and questionnaires) themes of hopelessness, dependency and powerlessness. The meaning and particular pattern of habitual drinking on farms was also explored through interviews and questionnaires. There is evidence that habitual drinking continues on wine farms, generation after generation. It has become a legitimate way of life, a ritual so entrenched, that the community cannot imagine life any other way. To not drink is to place oneself in the position of outsider, opening oneself up to ridicule, disdain and verbal abuse. Individuals who do give up drinking do so as a result of an external threat rather than a conscious choice to change the course of their lives. Furthermore, this study found that farm labourers consistently surrender responsibility for their children, their homes their behaviour, while they cling to the remnants of paternalism, avoiding at all costs becoming masters of their own destinies. This study indicates that the abolishment of the tot system has not significantly reduced the incidence of habitual excessive drinking. Whilst achieving sobriety is a key intervention in achieving social harmony, in isolation, the outlook for sustained success is poor. Working for change on wine farms is not the exclusive domain of any one role player. In any geographical area a partnership between farming communities is needed to address labourers’ needs, and gaps and overlaps in service delivery. A comprehensive plan should be formulated by all role players with the empowerment of workers as the key outcome. Concerning social and domestic violence, a zero tolerance of abuse and violence needs to be taken by farm management and implemented, making use of legislation and law enforcement agencies. Early childhood development, educational enrichment and primary health care facilities are essential services on farms and should be staffed by qualified professionals dedicated to the upliftment and empowerment of farming communities. Finally there remains a need for further research into accessible, appropriate and sustainable intervention strategies on farms that empower labourers and break the cycles of habitual excessive drinking, social violence and hopelessness on farms.

Le but de ce mémoire est d’analyser l’évolution de la politique africaine du Brésil et des relations Brésil-Afrique, en mettant l’accent sur les changements apportés par le président Lula da Silva depuis son arrivé au pouvoir en 2003. La portée du travail couvre la période allant du milieu des années 1980 jusqu’en 2015, alors se prolongeant dans l’administration de Dilma Rousseff. Il suit le cadre théorique proposé par David Collier et Ruth Collier (1991) relatif aux conjonctures critiques, incluant quelques adaptations pour le contexte de cette recherche. L’étude est divisée en quatre chapitres, en partant d’une revue de littérature, suivie par une analyse de l’engagement brésilien en Afrique entre 1985 et 2002. Les deux derniers chapitres se concentrent, respectivement, sur la conjoncture critique hypothétique et sur l’héritage de la nouvelle politique africaine du Brésil. Le travail termine par tirer des conclusions ainsi que par souligner des contributions pour l’étude de la politique étrangère du Brésil, y compris sur l’applicabilité des modèles théoriques peu utilisés dans le domaine, tels que celui des conjonctures critiques. / The purpose of this dissertation is to analyse the evolution of Brazil’s African policy and Brazil-African relations, lending particular emphasis to those changes brought by President Lula da Silva since his accession to power in 2003. The scope of the work covers the period from the mid-1980s through 2015, extending into President Dilma Rousseff‘s administration. It follows the theoretical framework proposed by David Collier and Ruth Collier (1991) on critical junctures, including some adaptations to the context of the present research. The study is divided into four main chapters, starting with the literature review, followed by an analysis of Brazil’s African engagement between 1985 and 2002. Immediately after, the two remaining chapters, respectively, focus on the hypothesized critical juncture and the legacy of Brazil’s new African policy. The work closes by drawing conclusions and stating its contribution to the broader study of Brazil’s foreign policy, including the applicability of underexplored theoretical models in the field, such as the critical junctures framework. / O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar a evolução da política africana do Brasil e as relações Brasil-África, dando ênfase especial às mudanças trazidas pelo Presidente Lula da Silva desde sua ascensão ao poder em 2003. O escopo do trabalho cobre o período desde os meados dos anos 1980 até 2015, estendendo-se até a administração da Presidente Dilma Rousseff. O arcabouço teórico escolhido é aquele proposto por David Collier and Ruth Collier (1991) que focaliza conjunturas críticas, incluindo algumas adaptações para o contexto da presente pesquisa. O estudo é dividido em quatro capítulos principais, iniciando pela revisão de literatura, seguida de uma análise do comprometimento africano do Brasil entre 1985 e 2002. Logo a seguir, os dois capítulos restantes focalizam, respectivamente, a conjuntura crítica hipotetizada e o legado da nova política africana do Brasil. O trabalho finaliza apresentando conclusões e afirmando sua contribuição para o estudo mais abrangente da política exterior do Brasil, incluindo-se a aplicabilidade de modelos teóricos pouco explorados na área, tais como a perspectiva das conjunturas críticas.

Natural flow regimes are critical for sustaining biodiversity and river integrity. Floods and droughts form an important component of river systems and control population sizes and species diversity across space and time. Modification of flow regimes, including disruption of the timing, magnitude and duration of flooding, is a global problem, and many new impoundments are planned for large river-floodplain ecosystems in the tropics. Flow modifications may cause dramatic non-linear responses in population sizes and have lasting effects through time, but such topics are poorly investigated over multi-year scales, especially in highly diverse tropical ecosystems. Using a long-term dataset from the Upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil, I tested for threshold and legacy effects of fish assemblages to flood attributes, such as timing, magnitude, duration, rate of change and variation. Specifically, I hypothesized that long duration, high magnitude floods would elicit threshold responses in long-distance migratory fish species and these responses result in significant legacy effects detectable over multiple years. Consistent positive threshold responses to increasing flood duration and magnitude were detected for many species and not significantly correlated with reproductive guilds. Legacy effects were prevalent (i.e. identified for more than 90% of species) and including flood attributes from previous years increased variance explained in species abundances by 15-20% compared to contemporary flood attributes alone. Contrary to my hypotheses, flood duration did not elicit strong legacy effects and species from the same reproductive guild did not have similar legacy effects models. The prevalence of legacy effects across almost all species in this diverse study system highlights the need to consider such dynamics in other systems. My results provide targets for management and conservation actions, such as environmental flow releases from upstream reservoirs. Environmental flows releases may play a significant role in sustainability of the floodplain and other tropical floodplain ecosystems affected by impoundments.

Traditionnellement, les applications orientées objets légataires intègrent différents aspects fonctionnels. Ces aspects peuvent être dispersés partout dans le code. Il existe différents types d’aspects : • des aspects qui représentent des fonctionnalités métiers ; • des aspects qui répondent à des exigences non fonctionnelles ou à d’autres considérations de conception comme la robustesse, la distribution, la sécurité, etc. Généralement, le code qui représente ces aspects chevauche plusieurs hiérarchies de classes. Plusieurs chercheurs se sont intéressés à la problématique de la modularisation de ces aspects dans le code : programmation orientée sujets, programmation orientée aspects et programmation orientée vues. Toutes ces méthodes proposent des techniques et des outils pour concevoir des applications orientées objets sous forme de composition de fragments de code qui répondent à différents aspects. La séparation des aspects dans le code a des avantages au niveau de la réutilisation et de la maintenance. Ainsi, il est important d’identifier et de localiser ces aspects dans du code légataire orienté objets. Nous nous intéressons particulièrement aux aspects fonctionnels. En supposant que le code qui répond à un aspect fonctionnel ou fonctionnalité exhibe une certaine cohésion fonctionnelle (dépendances entre les éléments), nous proposons d’identifier de telles fonctionnalités à partir du code. L’idée est d’identifier, en l’absence des paradigmes de la programmation par aspects, les techniques qui permettent l’implémentation des différents aspects fonctionnels dans un code objet. Notre approche consiste à : • identifier les techniques utilisées par les développeurs pour intégrer une fonctionnalité en l’absence des techniques orientées aspects • caractériser l’empreinte de ces techniques sur le code • et développer des outils pour identifier ces empreintes. Ainsi, nous présentons deux approches pour l’identification des fonctionnalités existantes dans du code orienté objets. La première identifie différents patrons de conception qui permettent l’intégration de ces fonctionnalités dans le code. La deuxième utilise l’analyse formelle de concepts pour identifier les fonctionnalités récurrentes dans le code. Nous expérimentons nos deux approches sur des systèmes libres orientés objets pour identifier les différentes fonctionnalités dans le code. Les résultats obtenus montrent l’efficacité de nos approches pour identifier les différentes fonctionnalités dans du code légataire orienté objets et permettent de suggérer des cas de refactorisation. / Object oriented applications integrate various functional aspects. These aspects can be scattered everywhere in the code. There are various types of aspects : • aspects which represent business functionalities ; • aspects related to non functional requirements or to design concerns such as robustness, distribution, and security. The code representing such aspects can be located in different class hierarchies. Researchers have been interested in the problem of the modularisation of these aspects and many approaches were proposed : oriented programming subjects, oriented programming Aspects and oriented programming view. These approaches offer techniques and tools for designing object oriented applications based on the composition of slices of various aspects. The main benefit of the separation of aspects is supporting reuse and maintenance. Consequently, it is well worth identifying and extracting aspects of legacy object oriented applications. Our work mainly focuses on functional aspects. Assuming that the code of a functional aspect or a feature has a functional cohesion (dependencies between elements), we suggest methods for identifying such features from the code. The idea is to identify, in the absence of any aspect oriented paradigm, the techniques used for implementing a feature in the code. Our approach consists of : • identifying techniques used by developers to integrate a feature in the absence of aspect oriented techniques • characterizing the patterns of these techniques • and developing tools to identify these patterns. We present two approaches for the identification of the existing features in the object oriented code. The first one identifies various design patterns which integrates these features in the code. The second approach uses the formal concept analysis to identify the recurring features in the code. We experiment our approaches to identify functional features in different open source object oriented applications. The results show the efficiency of our approaches in identifying various functional features in the legacy object oriented, and can some times suggest refactoring.

Ce mémoire visait à déterminer si un petit parc périurbain, en l’occurrence le Parc national du Mont-Saint-Bruno, est parvenu à maintenir l’intégrité de sa flore au cours des trente dernières années en dépit de pressions humaines croissantes et de perturbations naturelles passées, en plus d’identifier les principaux changements floristiques survenus au cours de cette période et les facteurs responsables. Pour répondre à ces objectifs, une étude historique a été réalisée, en comparant un inventaire floristique ancien (1977) à un inventaire récent (2013). Mes résultats montrent d’abord une forte croissance de la diversité alpha indigène au cours des 35 dernières années, accompagnée d’un déclin significatif de la diversité bêta (30%). Malgré cette homogénéisation taxonomique, la diversité fonctionnelle de la flore forestière s’est accrue, la rendant probablement plus résiliente aux événements perturbateurs. D’autre part, mes analyses ont révélé la progression de traits fonctionnels souvent associés à des habitats forestiers intensément broutés, révélant une certaine influence du cerf de Virginie sur la composition et la structure de la flore forestière. Enfin, mes résultats ont montré que les herbiers botaniques se révèlent être une alternative fiable aux méthodes traditionnelles pour documenter et évaluer l’impact des grands herbivores sur la morphologie des plantes broutées. Au final, cette étude a montré que les petites aires protégées périurbaines peuvent jouer un rôle majeur dans la préservation de la diversité floristique d’habitats forestiers d’intérêt, particulièrement lorsque leur statut de protection permet d’encadrer de manière stricte les activités humaines. / This study aimed to determine whether a small suburban park, namely the Mont-Saint-Bruno National Park, managed to maintain the integrity of its flora over the last thirty years despite increasing human pressures and past natural disturbances, in addition to identify the main floristic changes during this period and the drivers of observed changes. To do so, a historical study was conducted by comparing past (1977) and recent (2013) floristic surveys. First, a striking increase in alpha diversity, driven mostly by native species and associated with a significant decline (30%) in the beta diversity over the last 35 years was found. Despite this taxonomic homogenization, the functional diversity of forest flora has increased, probably increasing its resistance to disruptive events. Furthermore, analyses revealed the progression of functional traits associated with overbrowsed forest habitats, revealing some influence of white-tailed deer on the composition and structure of the forest flora. Finally, my study also showed that herbarium specimens can be used as a reliable alternative to traditional methods to document and assess the impact of large herbivores on browsed plants morphology. In conclusion, this study showed that small suburban protected areas can play a major role in the preservation of the floristic diversity of rich forest habitats, particularly when their status strictly frames human activities.

The purpose of my thesis is to analyse the selected institutes of inheritance law. Since the new civil code has altered, or revived some of the institutes, my thesis looks at those changes, analyses them and provides a look to German and Austrian civil codes. The thesis composes of introduction, five chapters, each one of them dealing with different aspects of inheritance law and conclusion. Chapter one gives us general insight into inheritance law. Parts as follows are - General characteristics of inheritance law, selected basic principles and systematic of the New civil code and inheritance law. Chapter two focuses on the basic institute of inheritance law, the Testament. The following parts focus on specific parts of this institute. Namely as follows - General insight into Testament, Persons that make it, The way how to make it, Irregular forms, Regular forms, How to change or cancel it, The division of assets, Compulsory shares, Disinheritance and Orders in testament. Chapter three focuses on Contract of inheritance as institute that combines parts of inheritance and contractual law. The parts as follows are - General insight, Persons that make it, Forms in which it is made, Basic protection to the sides, Cancellation and changing contract. Chapter four focuses on Legacy interesting in the...

The purpose of my thesis is to analyse the selected institutes of inheritance law. Since the New civil code has altered, or revived some of the institutes, my thesis looks at those changes, analyses them, compares them with German and Austrian civil codes and when appropriate gives my own opinion on the changes. The thesis composes of introduction, five chapters, each one of them dealing with different aspects of inheritance law and conclusion. Chapter one gives us general insight into inheritance law. Parts as follows are - General characteristics of inheritance law, basic principles and position in the New civil code, Selected changes in civil law terminology, which are used in the following chapters. Chapter two focuses on the basic institute of inheritance law, the Testament. The following parts focus on specific parts of this institute. Namely as follows - General insight into Testament, Persons that make it, The way how to make it, How to cancel it, Regular forms, Irregular forms, The division of assets, Compulsory shares, Disinheritance and Orders in testament. Chapter three focuses on Contract of inheritance as institute that is combined with parts of inheritance and contractual law. The parts as follows are - General insight, Persons that make it, Forms in which it is made, Basic...

Cette thèse propose une réflexion sur le rapport ville/processus d'urbanisme dans la période post-soviétique. Elle se focalise sur l'évolution des formes urbaines et urbanistiques à partir de l'articulation ville/pratiques juridiques/pratiques sociales. Erevan – capitale de l'Arménie est notre terrain d'investigations. Les analyses sont d'abord centrées sur l'état actuel des interfaces ville/politiques/pratiques urbaines : la situation socio-économique, les caractères spatiaux et les différentes logiques d'organisation de l'espace urbain. Les analyses portent ensuite sur l'évolution historique de ces mêmes interfaces ; sont examinés les projets et les modèles spatiaux appliqués, ou encore les Nouveaux Plans de la ville. La thèse se propose ainsi de comprendre le dialogue entre la ville, ses habitants et son héritage, en démontrant que ces derniers peuvent être un élément stimulant le développement urbain à toutes les échelles, un développement urbain identitaire et durable / This thesis proposes a reflection on the relationship between the city and urban planning processes in the post-Soviet period. It focuses on the evolution of urban forms and urban planning by considering the articulation of the city, legal rules and social practices. Yerevan, Armenia's capital, is our field of investigation. Our studies first focus on the current situation of interfaces between the city, policies and urban practices taking into account socioeconomic situations, spatial characteristics and logics of the organization of urban space. Then, the analyses deal with the historical evolution of these interfaces : projects, spatial models or new town planning schemes are examined. Thus, this thesis aims to understand the links between city, its inhabitants and its heritage, demonstrating that these last can be stimulating elements at all scales for attaining a sustainable and identitary urban development

This project report offers insight into my research, creative process and work during my two-year Master in visual communication at Konstfack, Stockholm.Clean: Not the Monochrome, Universal and Neutral Modernism You Expect is the published culmination of a period of visual research highlighting Modernism — Modernist (graphic) design and architecture to be precise — as a power structure by uncovering its connections to colonialism and design authoritarianism through misperception, whiteness, exclusive practicing and imposition.The book uses intersections of visual material, personal experience and theory to deconstruct the inheritance of the creative practitioner working in the realm of Modernism as well as its presumed neutrality.

Après un peu plus de deux décennies d’un système de parti unique, le Cameroun a connu le retour aupluralisme politique au début des années 1990. Ce retour au multipartisme a conduit à une certaine libération de la parole, à une libéralisation politique et des revendications d’appartenances. Le nouvel espace de liberté a contribué à soulever, dans la sphère sociopolitique nationale, la problématique relative à la construction nationale postcoloniale dans un pays où cohabitent un double héritage colonial (franco-britannique) localement domestiqué et des centaines d’appartenances locales d’ordreethno régional, linguistique et religieux. La problématique de la construction nationale, dans un tel contexte de multi appartenance, constitue le propos central de cette étude et porte plus précisément sur la libération manifeste de l’expression des frustrations de la minorité anglophone du Cameroun. Il yest notamment démontré comment le Cameroun moderne, issu de la réunification entre l’ancien territoire du Cameroun sous tutelle française et la partie méridionale de l’ancien Cameroun britannique, gère son double héritage colonial dans un espace d’une diversité labyrinthique. Une gestion parfois concurrentielle, hégémonique et népotique des appartenances ou des identités, identités relatives au double héritage colonial franco-britannique, mais également identités tribales ou ethno régionales, enfin un processus de démocratisation plutôt frivole, illusoire et languissant, semblent entretenir ce qu’on nomme désormais au Cameroun : « la question anglophone » ou encore « le problème anglophone ». / In the early 1990s, just over two decades of a single-party system, Cameroon experienced a return to political pluralism. The multiparty system then led to some free speech, to some political relaxation and claims of belonging as well. The then new area of freedom conduced to the raising, at the sociopolitical level, of the issue of postcolonial nation-building in a country where a double colonial legacy (Anglo-French), locally re-appropriated, has coexisted with hundreds of local particularities of ethno-regional, linguistic and religious nature. The issue of nation-building in such a multiple belonging context is actually the very objective of this study, which focuses on the evident liberation in the manifestation of the English-speaking minority’s frustrations in Cameroon after the political relaxation in the early 1990s. The study shows how the modern State of Cameroon, resulting from the reunification of the former French Cameroon and the former British Southern Cameroons, manages its double colonial legacy in an area of a labyrinthine diversity. What has now been termed in Cameroon as: “the Anglophone Problem” seems to have been nurtured by a competitive, hegemonic and nepotistic management, at times, of heritage or identities – identities regarding the Anglo-French colonial heritage. It has also been revealed by tribal or ethno regional identities and by a democratisation process, which can be seen as rather trivial, illusive and lackadaisical.