Adult education is shaped by the socio-cultural and historical context in which it occurs. Hong Kong is confronting immense social change as it will cease to be a colony of the United Kingdom and become a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China in 1997. The reversion of sovereignty to China in 1997 is already changing the political, social, and cultural context although the Sino-British Joint Declaration (initialled on September 26, 1984 and formally took, effect on May 27, 1985) stipulated that Hong Kong's existing capitalist system and life-style would remain unchanged for 50 years after 1997. However, by 1989, it was clear that what people were "thinking" or "believing" about the situation was having a more potent effect on Hong Kong than legal documents or slogans such as "one country, two systems." Thus, this study was largely couched within a phenomenological frame of reference. The situation of Hong Kong is unprecedented and people face uncertainty as they enter the run-up to 1997. The "city of jitters" is undergoing a process of decolonization on the one hand and integration with Mainland China on the other. Adult education helps people prepare for change, but at the same time, is shaped by people's ideas of what the present situation is and what the future will be like. The purposes of this study were: 1. To obtain estimates concerning the anticipated changes in the content and processes of adult/continuing education (ACE) in the run-up to 1997. 2. To establish the extent to which socio-demographic variables of respondents explained variance in estimates (concerning the anticipated changes in the content and processes of ACE). 3. To establish the extent to which the political orientations of respondents explained variance in estimates (concerning the anticipated changes in the content and processes of ACE). 4. To examine the relationships between respondents1 "emigration intentions" and their estimates (concerning the anticipated changes in the content and processes of ACE). This was an ex post facto study in which 122 Hong Kong adult educators completed questionnaires which asked them to make estimates concerning the future content and processes of adult education. Following this, the researcher examined the extent to which the respondents' socio-demographic characteristics (and political orientations) explained variance in estimates (concerning the content and processes of adult education). Respondents claimed that in the run-up to 1997, for people staying, interests in "Management," "China Studies" and "Business & Commerce" programs will increase strongly. They believed that people leaving Hong Kong temporarily or leaving permanently will be greatly interested in "Technical Training" programs but their interests in "Law," "China Studies" and "Social Sciences" will decrease. Respondents thought that in the run-up to 1997, the use of adult education methods and techniques will increase (generally and in the workplace). They claimed that there will a larger increase in the use of "Courses By Computer" in Hong Kong generally and in the workplace. Age and educational qualification of respondents were significantly related to their estimates concerning the anticipated changes in ACE. There was no significant association between respondents' political orientations and their estimates. Nor were their "emigration intentions" significantly related to estimates. It appears that, in general, the structional-functional approach to adult education will remain. / Education, Faculty of / Educational Studies (EDST), Department of / Graduate

This study examined, via a meta-analysis, the relations among stressors, social support, and stress reactions. Unexpectedly, small to medium negative, but robust effect sizes were found for the stressors-social support relation. As expected the stressor-stress reaction relation was positive, and the social support-stress reaction relation was negative. Both relations had small to medium effect sizes that ranged from weak to very robust. The direct effect of social support on the stressor-stress reaction was generally supported, whereas the suppressor and mediating models were not supported. Furthermore, the findings were inconclusive for the moderator effect of social support. Non-interpersonal traumas appear different in the stressor-social support and social support-stress reaction relations compared to other trauma types. These findings have important clinical implications.

Bakgrund: Hjärtinfarkt är en av de vanligaste sjukdomarna som leder till plötslig död runt om i världen. I Sverige insjuknar varje år 25300 av hjärtinfarkt. Stress, ångest, depression och en ohälsosam livsstil är några riskfaktorer som ökar risken för att drabbas av en hjärtinfarkt. Efter en hjärtinfarkt så krävs det livsstilsförändringar för att uppnå god hälsa, exempelvis fysisk aktivering, hälsosamma kostvanor och rökstopp. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva hur personer upplever sin vardag och livsstilsförändringar efter en hjärtinfarkt. Metod, detta examensarbete är en litteraturstudie som utgår ifrån 12 artiklar med både kvalitativ och kvantitativ ansats. Artiklarna som valdes ut överensstämmer med studien syfte. Databasen MedLine via PubMed användes för att leta upp artiklarna. Huvudresultatet i studien visar att många personer upplever problem i vardagen efter en hjärtinfarkt och har svårigheter att anpassa sig till de livsstilsförändringar som är nödvändiga efter en hjärtinfarkt. Resultatet visar att personens psykiska, emotionella, fysiska hälsa kan påverkas till det sämre efter en hjärtinfarkt. Detta kan leda till problem i det vardagliga livet, förhållanden och samlivet. Slutsatsen, hjärtinfarkt kan leda till en emotionell, existentiell och fysisk dagligt kamp. Sjuksköterskan ska kunna ge stöd, information och rehabilitering till vederbörande så att de kan återgå till ett mer hälsosamt vardagligt liv. Personer kan behöva få hjälp med olika copingstrategier av sjuksköterskan för att kunna hantera den nya livssituationen bättre. Personers erfarenheter och upplevelser av det dagliga livet kan ge sjuksköterskan värdefull kunskap, vilket kan förbättra den framtida vården för vederbörande. / Background: Myocardial infarction is one of the most common diseases that lead to sudden death around the world. In Sweden, 25300 people is affected by MI each year. Stress, anxiety, depression and an unhealthy lifestyle are just some risk factors that increase the risk of MI. After a MI, lifestyle changes are required to achieve good health, such as physical activation, healthy diets and smoking cessation. Aim, the purpose of this literature study was to describe how people experience their everyday life and lifestyle changes after a MI. Method, this thesis is a descriptive study that is based on 12 articles with both qualitative and quantitative approach. The articles selected correspond to the purpose of the study. The PubMed database via MedLine was used to find the articles. Main results, the study shows that many patients experience problems in everyday life after a MI and have difficulty adjusting to the lifestyle changes that are necessary after a MI .The result shows that people's mental, emotional, physical health and social life are negatively affected after a MI. This can lead to problems in everyday life, like relationships and intimacy. In conclusion, MI can lead to an emotional, existential and physical daily struggle. The nurse should be able to provide support, information and rehabilitation to the person concerned so that they can return to a more healthy everyday life. People may also need help with different coping strategies by the nurse to better handle the new life situation. People’s experiences of the daily life can provide the nurse with valuable knowledge, which can improve the future care for the person concerned.

Bakgrund: Diabetes mellitus typ 2 är en kronisk sjukdom som blir allt vanligare i samhället. Under 2019 uppskattades 463 miljoner vuxna leva med diagnosen och antalet förväntas att stiga. Komplikationer av sjukdomen är många men de allvarligaste är hyperglykemi och kardiovaskulära förändringar. Vården utgörs till stor del av egenvårdsaktiviteter för att främja fysisk aktivitet, hälsosam vikt och rökstopp. Egenvård innebär ett partnerskap med sjuksköterskan vilket innebär att patienten själv måste aktivt delta. Syfte: Syftet med denna översiktsstudie var att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter patientutbildning inom diabetes typ 2. Metod: Denna studie är en översiktsstudie med kvalitativ design baserad på tio granskade studier. Studierna analyserades med hjälp av innehållsanalys för att identifiera kategorier och underkategorier som svarade till syftet. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i två huvudkategorier: Sjuksköterskans upplevelser av barriärer och Sjuksköterskans upplevelser av sin identitet inom patientutbildningen. Detta innebär att det finns olika roller som sjuksköterskan måste tillämpa, vilket kan leda till osäkerhet. Sjuksköterskorna upplevde i vissa sammanhang även en otillräcklighet. Sjuksköterskorna upplevde även att det fanns barriärer av olika slag som hindrade en adekvat patientutbildning Konklusion: Det fanns en vilja och en insikt om att egenvårdsteori och individanpassning var något av stor vikt i patientutbildningen. Samtidigt uppmärksammades olika hinder strukturellt och personligt för att anpassa sin roll efter dessa principer. / Background: Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a chronic disease that is becoming more common in society. In 2019, 463 million adults were estimated to live with the diagnosis and the figure is expected to rise. Complications of the disease are many but the most serious are hyperglycemia and cardiovascular changes. The care consists largely of self-care activities to promote physical activity, healthy weight and smoking cessation. Self-care involves a partnership with the nurse, which means that the patient himself must actively participate. Purpose: The purpose of this literature review study was to illuminate nurses' experiences patient education in type 2 diabetes. Method: This study is a review study with a qualitative design based on ten studies. The studies were analyzed using content analysis to identify categories and subcategories that corresponded to the purpose. Results: The analysis resulted in two main categories: Nurse's experiences of barriers and Nurse's experiences of her identity in patient education. This means that there are different roles that the nurse must play, which can lead to uncertainty. In some contexts, the nurses also experienced an inadequacy. Conclusion: The nurses also felt that there were barriers of various kinds that prevented adequate patient education. At the same time, various obstacles were noted structurally and personally to adapt their role to these principles.

Bakgrund: Amyotrofisk lateralskleros (ALS) är en motorneuronsjukdom orsakad avnedbrytning och död av motorneuron, vilket leder till förlorad funktion i tillhörande muskler då nervsignaler uteblir. Personer med ALS är en sårbar grupp med begränsad möjlighet att uttrycka sig för omvärlden. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att genom ALS-drabbades narrativ identifiera beskrivningar av upplevelser och hur dessa företer sig under sjukdomsförloppet. Metod: Studien bygger på en kvalitativ ansats som analyserat självbiografier skrivna avpersoner med ALS, utifrån en innebördsanalys. Resultat: Sjukdomen medför mångdimensionella dilemman av existentiella slag som bidrar till lidande och att familjen har en betydelsefull roll i den ALS-drabbades mående. De främsta anledningarna till lidande är rädslan för påverkad värdighet och utanförskap. Konklusion: Sjuksköterskan har en central funktion i vårdandet av ALS-drabbade. God förståelse i de drabbades tankar och upplevelser är en förutsättning för att ge god vård och etablera trygghet. Sjuksköterskan ska sträva efter att skapa en god relation med den ALS-drabbade och anhörig för att kunna bidra till stöttning ur ett helhetsperspektiv och därifrån utöka möjligheten till välbefinnande. / Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a motor neuron disease caused by gradual deterioration and death of motor neurons, resulting in loss of function in the associated muscles due to the lack of nerve signals. People with ALS are a vulnerable group with physically limited ability to express themselves. Aim: The aim of this study was to identify and follow experiences of living with ALS, by examining narratives of ALS affected persons. Method: The study is based on a qualitative approach with a content analysis of autobiographies written by people with ALS. Results: The disease causes multidimensional dilemmas of existential kinds that contribute to suffering and that family is an important part that affects the perception of the disease. The primary causes of suffering are found to be the fear of affected personal dignity and alienation. Conclusion: The nurse has a central function in the care of ALS-affected persons. The nurse must strive to establish a good relationship with the caretaker and their relatives, thus striving to maximize the support from a holistic perspective, which increases the possibility for the caretaker to experience well-being.

Bakgrund: Bröstcancer är den vanligaste cancersjukdomen bland kvinnor och ca 8000 diagnostiseras varje år. Upplevelsen är individuell men generellt drabbas kvinnorna psykologiskt i dubbel bemärkelse. Det handlar dels om ovissheten angående sjukdomen och död, men också om kvinnlighet och utseende. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva hur kvinnor hanterar upplevelsen av att leva med bröstcancer. Metod: Litteraturstudie med deskriptiv design som bygger på 12 kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar. Databasen Pubmed via Medline har använts. Huvudresultat: Resultatet visade att stöd från familj, vänner och utomstående samt att finna någon slags mening med sin diagnos gav kvinnorna mest kraft för att hantera sin situation. Att distrahera sig själv genom att fokusera på andra saker, fortsätta som vanligt eller planera inför framtiden trots sjukdom beskrevs även som sätt att försöka klara sig igenom den svåra tiden. Kvinnor som trodde på en Gud och fann tröst i det förekom upprepade gånger. I de flesta av studierna berättar kvinnorna om att de har fått en ny syn på livet och uppskattar det på ett annat sätt jämfört med innan de fick diagnosen. Slutsats: Bröstcancer är den vanligaste cancersjukdomen hos kvinnor. Stöd från anhöriga och utomstående, förändra upplevelsen samt att fortsätta som innan diagnostisering var det vanligaste strategierna för att hantera upplevelsen på. Religion hjälpte många kvinnor att acceptera sin sjukdom. Genom att erhålla kunskap om detta kan sjuksköterskan bemöta dessa kvinnor med en bättre förståelse för hur upplevelsen av en bröstcancerdiagnos och efterföljande behandlingar hanteras. / Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer disease among women and about 8,000 are diagnosed each year. The experience is individual but in general women are psychologically affected in a double sense. It is partly about the uncertainty about the illness and death, but also about femininity and appearance. Aim: The aim of this literature study was to describe how women deal with the experience of living with breast cancer. Method: Literature study with descriptive design based on 12 scientific articles with a qualitative approach. Data collection has been carried out via PubMed. Main results: The result showed that support from family, friends and outsiders as well as finding some kind of meaning with their diagnosis gave women the most power to deal with their situation. Distracting oneself by focusing on other things, continuing as usual, or planning for the future despite illness was also described as a way to try to make it through the difficult times. Women who believed in a God and found comfort in that repeatedly appeared. In most of the studies, women report that they have been given a new outlook on life and appreciate it in a different way compared to before they were diagnosed. Conclusion: Breast cancer is the most common cancer disease among women. Support from relatives and others, changing the experience and continuing as before diagnosis was the most common strategies used to manage the experience. Religion helped many women to accept their illness. By gaining knowledge of this the nurse can respond to these women with a better understanding of how the experience of a breast cancer diagnosis and subsequent treatments are handled.

Bakgrund: Inflammatorisk tarmsjukdom (IBD) är ett samlingsnamn för de kroniska tarmsjukdomarna Crohns sjukdom (CD) och Ulcerös kolit (UK). Det gemensamma för de två sjukdomarna är att de löper i skov med försämringsperioder och långa besvärsfria perioder samt att de drabbar relativt unga personer. Det är viktigt att sjuksköterskan kan stödja dessa individer genom evidensbaserad och personcentrerad vård för att kunna ge en så god omvårdnad som möjligt.  Syfte: Beskriva individers upplevelse av att leva med inflammatorisk tarmsjukdom Metod: En litteraturöversikt valdes som metod. Artikelsökningen genomfördes i databaserna CINAHL Complete och PubMed. De begränsningar som gjordes i databassökningarna var vetenskapliga originalartiklar, skrivna på engelska, genomgått peer-review och publicerade mellan 2009-2019. Totalt inkluderades elva artiklar i resultatet, av dessa var tio artiklar kvalitativa och en var kvantitativ. Resultat: Resultatet visade att individerna upplevde att sjukdomen påverkade deras arbetsliv, sociala liv, känslor och identitet. Deras möte med hälso- och sjukvården påverkade personernas förtroende för vården samt deras vilja att söka vård framöver. Det visades även att personer med inflammatorisk tarmsjukdom genomgick en transitionsperiod efter deras diagnos. Hur personerna upplevde att leva med IBD påverkades av om de för tillfället befann sig i ett skov eller nyligen fått diagnosen. De personer som befann sig i ett skov eller nyligen fått diagnosen hade en övervägande negativ syn.  Diskussion: Resultatet diskuterades utifrån Katie Erikssons teori om lidande och hälsa. Författarna resonerade om individernas negativa påverkan kunde kopplas till stigman av sjukdomen. De diskuterade även angående den långsiktiga påverkan av frånvaron från arbetet och sociala sammanhang. Författarna fann i resultatet att individer med IBD upplevde sjukdomen olika i sin vardag beroende på hur länge de haft sjukdomen och vilken inställning de har gentemot sin IBD. Därmed bör vården anpassas efter de individuella behoven för att säkerställa att insatserna främjar hälsan. / Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic illness that includes Crohn´s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UK). Both diseases have in common that they have relapse and periods with improvement. The diseases effects relatively young people. It is important that the nurse can support these individuals through evidence based and person-centred care in order to provide the best possible care. Aim: Describe individuals experiences of living with inflammatory bowel disease  Method: A literature review was chosen as the method. The article search was carried out in the databases CINAHL complete and PubMed. The limitations made in the database searches were scientific original articles, written in English, peer-reviewed and published over the last ten years. A total of eleven articles was included in the result, of which ten were of qualitative design and one was quantitative design. Results: The results showed that the individuals experienced that the disease affected their working life, social life, feelings and identity. Their meeting with healthcare services affected their trust in the care and their willingness to seek care in the future. It was also shown that people with inflammatory bowel disease underwent a transition period after the diagnosis. How the individuals experienced living with IBD was affected by whether they were relapsing or in remission. People currently in a relapse had a more negative view of the disease.  Discussion: The result was discussed based on Katie Eriksson´s theory of suffering and health. The authors reasoned if the negative impact of the individuals could be linked to the stigma and shame of the disease. They also discussed the long-term impact of the absence from work and social activities. The authors found in the results that individuals with IBD experienced the disease differently in their daily lives depending on how long they had the disease and what attitude they had towards their IBD. The care should be adapted to the individual needs to ensure that the efforts promotes health.

Bakgrund: Bröstcancer är den vanligaste cancerdiagnosen bland kvinnor i världen idag. Sjukdomen medför fysiska och psykiska följder med påverkan på hälsan. Kvinnans sexuella hälsa påverkas också negativt av sjukdomen. Olika sorter av stöd är viktiga för den sjukdomsdrabbade. Det finns olika typer av lidande som bröstcancer-drabbade kvinnor kan utsättas för. Metod: En litteraturbaserad metod där datamaterialet består av 14 kvalitativa artiklar. Syfte: Att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser av att leva med bröstcancer och dess följder. Resultat: Ur analysen framkom 2 huvudteman, En livsförändring och Behov av samverkanmed vardera 4 subteman. Konklusion: Efter diagnosen förändras livet för kvinnorna. De fick en annan uppfattning på livet och såg det viktiga i vardagen. Kvinnor som genomgått en mastektomi kände en identitetsförlust. Bröstet var en grund för deras kvinnlighet. Stöd från familj och vänner upplevdes som väldigt viktig för kvinnorna, samtidigt som det professionella stödet från vårdpersonal var väldigt viktigt vid behandlingarna / Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer-diagnosis among women in the world. The disease contributes to physical and mental stresses that affect health. The women’s sexual health is also negatively affected because of the disease. Different types of support are important for women who are suffering from breast cancer. There are different types of suffering which breast cancer-affected woman may be exposed to.Method: A literature study based on 14 articles with qualitative approach. Aim: To describe women's experiences of living with breast cancer and its consequences. Findings: From the analysis two themes were identified, A life change and Need for cooperation with four sub-themes. Conclusion: After the diagnosis, the lives of the women changed. They got a different perception of life and saw the important things in life. Women who had undergone a mastectomy felt like it was an identity loss. The breast was a basis for their femininity. Support from family and friends was perceived as very important for the women, at the same time as the professional support from healthcare staff was very important when undergoing the treatments.

These four stories are stories about life. The central characters are at a time in their lives when decisions become crucial and they have to act or become lost. Each of the dominant characters has experienced something in life that was beyond their control and they haven't recovered. These stories bring out and explore their recoveries. They are stories of rediscoveries of the self. In the story Gray, Margaret, is not in control of her life. She has had the trauma of losing her only daughter, and there is the intervention of a family friend who has only greed at heart. Margaret and her husband cannot cope and their situation is rapidly moving out of their control. Margaret discovers inner strength, and in her own subtle way, conveys this to her husband. She rebounds from the death of her daughter by becoming stronger herself. In the end, she has found peace within herself and the grief will take a more natural course. The characters in Revenge, parody people in repressed situations. The three women, a farce on three fairy tales, are out for revenge. They comically plot the deaths of the men who have repressed them. Their feminist attitudes lead them through adventures until, at last, they are free. Red Hood, Locks, and Beauty represent women who when bonded together become strong. They gain support from one another and then have the courage to act out their plans. Monica in A Strangled Cry, is not quite so strong. She has a history of problems. These problems are being compounded without her knowledge. She is repressed and controlled by Jeff, her doctor. She finally reaches a point where she knows that she either has to break free of the downward spiral of her life or give in to it forever. She cannot do it alone, however, and she has the help of her brother zack for her final escape. Finally, in Nine Lives, Katherine is in a relationship which is keeping her repressed. She tries to escape but cannot seem to. Finally she relies on help from her mother and her mother's attorney to help her flee from her abusive husband. She achieves her freedom after a long and trying escape. All four of the stories are a brief outlook on a side of life. The main characters have to make decisions which will affect the rest of their lives. The decisions are not always completely conscious or deliberate, but the results are consequential.

Background: A cardiac arrest is a traumatic experience. During the dramatic event of a cardiac arrest the focus is to keep the person alive with minimal brain damage. Statistics shows that more people are surviving cardiac arrest and 90 % of the survivors return home without major brain-damage. However previous research shows that survivors struggle with anxiety and depression post-arrest. This leads to a gap in knowledge concerning what makes a good recovery. Nurses have a responsibility to promote physical and mental wellbeing. Therefore, it is important for nurses to carry the knowledge of the experience of recovering from a cardiac arrest. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore the experience of recovery after surviving cardiac arrest. Method: This study was performed using a literature-based method. Articles were searched using databases CINAHL and PubMed and resulting in 9 qualitative articles analysed according to Friberg´s 5-step model. Results: Three themes emerged: lifestyle changes after cardiac arrest, need for support after cardiac arrest and the meaning of life after cardiac arrest. Based on the themes, eight sub-themes were identified: new routines in everyday life, to get to know a new self, to get an understanding for the event, to increase insecurity in oneself and family, access to good coping strategies, to return to work, to be around loved ones and to perform their dreams. Conclusion: Changes in everyday life and existential questions are hard to handle alone after cardiac arrest. To ease the recovery after cardiac arrest persons need support from healthcare systems and family.