This dissertation presents the study of freeze-thaw resistance of carbonated, low-lime calcium silicate cement based paste, mortar, and concrete and the pore system of these materials characterized by MIP, SEM, and image J analysis.

Natural hydraulic lime and natural cement have been used in the building industry for centuries. These inorganic hydraulic binders are called "traditional" or "alternative" because they can, in some cases, substitute modern Portland cement. The recent increased interest in these binders is due not only to their use in restoration practices, but also because their production and use is less energetically demanding than in modern cements. Historically, many types of hydraulic binders were produced in the regions of Bohemia and Moravia. However, much information has been lost about their manufacturing process, which raw materials were used, and we are uncertain of the exact character and properties of the burned material. To date, studies have only addressed the impact of the chemical composition of raw material on the parameters of the burned material - all this is well known for Portland cement, much less for other types of hydraulic binders. The aim of this dissertation was to study the various types of raw materials (limestone containing non- carbon admixtures) and to understand the characteristics of their respective hydraulic lime and natural cement. This was done by analyzing the impact of conditions (highest achieved burning temperature and time of burning) and the mineral and chemical...

The geotechnical community has since decades been acquainted with the use of statistical approach for design optimizations. This has been approved as an operational method by many practitioners in the field but is yet to see a major full-scale breakthrough and acceptance in practice. The advantage of quantifying the many different sources of uncertainties in a design is already a fairly acknowledged method and is in this report expanded for the use in the case of road embankments founded on soft soil improved by lime-cement columns. Statistical approach was adopted with practice of reliability base design (RBD ) to consider the importance of ingoing variables’ variability with the target of streamlining the result by decreasing uncertainties (by means of increased measurements, careful installation, etc.). By constructing a working model that gives the corresponding area ratio between columns and soil needed to fulfill the different criterion set as input values, weight is put on investigating the effects of different coefficients of variation (COV ). The analyses show that the property variabilities have a significant influence on the requisite area ratio that an active use of RBD is a useful tool for optimizing designs in geotechnical engineering. The methodology favors the contractors own development of the mixing process since higher design values can be utilized when

BillerudKorsnäs AB (BK) i Gävle är ett av de världsledande företagen inom tillverkning av vätskekartong. För att fortsatt vara ett ledande företag arbetar de dagligen med förbättringsförslag för att utveckla och öka fabrikens säkerhet och tillgänglighet. Detta examensarbete innehåller ett av många förbättringsförslag på avdelningen, Lut och Kraft. BillerudKorsnäs AB har en tydlig önskan om att åtgärda ett känt problem som kan leda till förödande ekonomiska konsekvenser.  Examensarbetet har bestått av att införa en automatisk nedkylningssekvens av mesaugnen, med fokusområde på säkerhet och programmering. Säkerhet är ett brett område och arbetsuppgifterna har avgränsats till automationsnära uppgifter för att hålla sig inom tidsramen på tio veckor. För att hålla samma kontinuitet och standard hos BK har programmeringen utgått från att använda nuvarande programmeringsspråk funktionsblocks diagram i styrsystemet AC450 från ABB.  Metoden som har använts i arbetet är aktionsforskning som innehöll planering, riskanalys och dokumentation för att minimera och eliminera tänkbara risker, relaterade till personsäkerhet och maskinutrustning.  Målsättningen med examensarbetet var att ha en fungerade, säker och pålitlig nedkylningssekvens. För att optimera processen, avlasta processoperatören och förbättra arbetsmiljön i kontrollrummet genom att automatisera ett arbetsmoment. Simuleringen har påvisat att nedkylningssekvensens funktion uppfyller BK önskan. På grund av fabriksstopp under examensarbetets tidsram har idrifttagning blivit försenat och provkörningen har flyttats fram. / BillerudKorsnäs AB (BK) in Gävle is one of the world-leading companies in the manufacture of liquid board. To continue to be a leading company, they work daily with improvement proposals to develop and increase the factory's safety and availability. This thesis contains one of many improvement proposals in the department, Lut och Kraft. BillerudKorsnäs AB has a clear desire to remedy a known problem that can lead to devastating financial consequences.  The degree project has consisted of introducing an automatic cooling sequence of the lime kiln, with a focus area on safety and programming. Security is a broad area and the tasks have been limited to automation-related tasks to stay within the time frame of ten weeks. To maintain the same continuity and standard at BK, the programming has been based on using the current programming script function block diagram in the control system AC450 from ABB.  The method that has been used in the work is action research that included planning, risk analysis and documentation to minimize and eliminate possible risks, related to personal safety and machine equipment.  The goal of the degree project was to have a functional, safe, and reliable cooling sequence. To optimize the process, relieve the process operator and improve the working environment in the control room by automating a work step. The simulation has shown that the function of the cooling sequence fulfills the BK desire. Due to a factory shutdown during the degree project's time frame, commissioning has been delayed and the test drive has been moved forward.

The subject of the diploma thesis is the elaboration of project documentation for the construction of a multifunctional house. The building is located on a building plot of parcel number 2176/15 in the cadastral area of Stará Boleslav. It is located in the northeastern part of the cadastral area. The terrain of the building plot is flat and currently the plot is covered with grass. It is a built-up area in which the development of apartment buildings predominates. The designed multifunctional house is spread over four floors. On the first floor there are three surgeries with a preparation room, facilities for staff and clients and communication areas of the building. The first floor is designed as barrier-free. There are six apartments on the second and third floors. On the fourth floor are designed two apartments and a walking terrace. The underground part consists of technical facilities, storage space and 13 parking spaces.

Since September 2020, Germany has experienced the first ever outbreak of African swine fever (ASF). The first known cases occurred exclusively in wild boar in forest areas in Brandenburg and Saxony; in July 2021, infected domestic pigs were also confirmed for the first time. As wild boar are considered the main reservoir for the virus in the European region, an effective interruption of this infection chain is essential. In particular, the removal and safe disposal of infected carcasses and the direct disinfection of contaminated, unpaved ground are priorities in this regard. For the disinfection, highly potent as well as environmentally compatible disinfectants must be used, which are neither influenced in their effectiveness by the soil condition nor by increased organic contamination. Thus, in this study, slaked lime, milk of lime and quicklime (1% to 10% solutions) were selected for efficacy testing against the test virus recommended by the German Veterinary Society (DVG), Modified Vaccinia Ankara virus (MVAV), and ASF virus (ASFV) in conjunction with six different forest soils from Saxony in two different soil layers (top soil and mineral soil) each. In summary, 10% of any tested lime type is able to inactivate both MVAV and ASFV under conditions of high organic load and independent of the water content of the soil. At least a 4 log reduction of the virus titer in all tested forest soil types and layers and by all applied lime types was observed. In conclusion, the high efficacy and suitability of all tested lime products against both viruses and in the presence of high organic load in forest soil can be confirmed and will help to control ASF spread.

Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Expansive soils, one of the problematic soils, are encountered on all continents with exception of polar continents. Problems caused by their heaving and shrinking behaviour, particularly to light structures, have been reported from different countries to place large financial burden on developers. For this reason, many techniques have been developed and applied to prevent and/or remediate the damage caused by these soils. Soil stabilization with traditional chemical additives has been applied successfully since ancient times. In addition to traditional additives such as lime, cement, fly ash, etc., some non-traditional additives, such as polymer based products, salts, etc. have been used effectively for soil treatment. On the other hand, industries are increasingly challenged by waste management in an acceptable and environmentally friendly manner. In this regard, a number of researches have been done on using industrial waste for soil improvement purposes. The study and understanding of basic reactions involved in lime-soil stabilization persuaded many researchers to study the applicability of lime-rich products for soil treatment. Studies conducted by Khalid et al. (2012); Muchizuki et al. (2004) and Thacker (2012) showed that lime-rich products such as pulp fly and bottom ashes and CaO by-products, can be applied for soil stabilization. This research was thus performed to investigate the effect of lime-rich paper mill waste ash on expansive soil properties. Two commonly listed soil engineering properties namely volume change and strength were investigated. Soil strength was examined in terms of unconfined compressive strength (UCS), due to its correlations with a number of other soil properties, and the volume change in terms of free swell and swelling pressure. In addition to these two engineering properties, dry density and moisture content were also studied due to their involvement in structural design, as well as gradation, Atterberg limits and California Bearing Ratio (CBR). The choice of these properties was also influenced by the availability of a standard (ASTM D4609-08) specifically developed to assess the effectiveness of admixtures for soil stabilization. Two main types of materials were used namely three clay materials and paper mill ash. According to the index properties, commonly used for expansive soil classification, three clays were classified into low, medium and high degrees of potential expansiveness. The ash results from the combustion of paper mill sludge, sawdust, bark, coal ash and bituminous coal in a multi-fuel boiler for the purpose of electricity and steam production. The tests mentioned above were conducted on both untreated and treated clays and the results were compared. Since the study was carried out on this material based on the fact that it contains lime, the procedure applied for lime-soil stabilization was considered. In general, it was observed that ash-soil treatment has a number of effects similar to lime-treatment and almost all studied properties were enhanced for all clays. It can thus be concluded that the paper mill ash from a multi-fuel boiler can be efficiently used for expansive soil treatment. For optimum use of this material for expansive soil treatment, more tests and further researches have been recommended. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Uitsettende gronde, een van die probleemtipe-gronde, kom op alle kontinente voor, behalwe die twee poolkontinente. Probleme veroorsaak deur uitswellende en inkrimpende gedrag van hierdie gronde, veral finansiële onkostes van ligte strukture is al in baie lande aangemeld. Vir hierdie rede is baie tegnieke ontwikkel en toegepas om skade wat deur hierdie tipe gronde veroorsaak is, te voorkom en/of herstel. Hierdie tegnieke sluit grondstabilisasie met chemiese bymengsels in, veral tradisionele bymengsels, wat met groot sukses in die verre verlede toegepas en na moderne tye oorgedra is. Bykomend tot tradisionele bymengsels soos kalk, sement, vlieg-as ensovoorts is ʼn aantal nie-tradisionele bymiddels soos polimeergebaseerde produkte, soute en ander produkte ontwikkel vir grondstabilisasie. Aan die ander kant raak industrieë toenemend daarmee gemoeid om afvalstowwe op ʼn aanvaarbare en omgewingsvriendelike wyse te bestuur. Op hierdie gebied is ʼn aantal navorsingsprojekte al uitgevoer om industriële afval vir grondverbetering te gebruik en sodoende die las op nywerhede te verlig. Navorsing is onderneem om die basiese reaksies wat onstaan tydens stabilisasie van grond met tradisionele en moderne middels te bepaal en om die geskiktheid van kalkryke produkte vir grondstabilisasie te ondersoek. Baie navorsing is uitgevoer wat aangetoon het dat kalkhoudende produkte soos pulp vlieg- en oondresidu-as, asook CaO neweprodukte gebruik kan word vir stabilisasie. Gebaseer hierop is hierdie projek onderneem om die effek van papiermeulas, verkry deur die verbranding in ʼn veelvuldige brandstof-stoomketel, op die gedrag van uitsettende grond te ondersoek. Tydens hierdie studie is twee algemene ingenieurseienskappe van grond, naamlik sterkte en volumeverandering ondersoek. Grondsterkte is geëvalueer in terme van eenassige druksterkte (EDS) as gevolg van ? deur middel van die korrelasie met ʼn aantal ander grondeienskappe, en die volumeverandering in terme van vry-swel en sweldruk. Addisioneel tot hierdie twee grondeienskappe is droë digtheid en waterinhoud ook bestudeer aangesien beide in struktuurontwerp betrokke is. Verdere eienskappe wat ondersoek is, is gradering, Atterberggrense en Kaliforniese drakragverhouding (KDV). Die keuse van hierdie eienskappe is beïnvloed deur die beskikbaarheid van ʼn toetsstandaard (ASTM D4609-08) wat spesifiek ontwikkel is om die effektiwiteit van bymengsels vir grondstabilisasie te evalueer. Hierdie standaard is deurgaans as verwysing tydens die projek gebruik. Daar is waargeneem dat as-behandeling van grond ʼn aantal effekte het soortgelyk aan kalkbehandeling, met die uitsondering van die droë digtheid en optimum waterinhoud van een van die gronde wat getoets is. Byna al die eienskappe wat ondersoek is, soos EDS, KDV, ensovoorts, is verbeter behalwe in die geval van die eerste klei waarvan die plastisiteitsindeks verhoog het en die grond meer plasties geraak het. Daar kan dus afgelei word dat papiermeule-as vanaf ʼn stoomketel wat veelvuldige tipes brandstof gebruik geskik is vir die behandeling van uitsettende grond. Om die optimumgebruik van hierdie materiaal vir die stabilisasie van swellende klei te bepaal, is meer toetse en projekte nodig.

Nous étudions la réponse élastoplastique des verres silicatés à de fortes contraintes par diffusion Brillouin de la lumière. Des cartographies micro-Brillouin 3D du champ de densité résiduelle sont obtenues dans l'empreinte plastique laissée par une indentation Vickers et comparés à des modélisations par éléments finis. L'analyse conjointe des mesures réalisées en enclumes diamants sur la silice dans le domaine de déformation élastique et des données de la littérature fait apparaître que le durcissement anormal des modules élastiques avec la température est d'origine dynamique. La température à laquelle le durcissement est mis en évidence augmente avec la pression hydrostatique appliquée. Nous observons également que la densification progressive de la silice diminue fortement l'amplitude du maximum dans le frottement interne observé à 2 GPa de même qu'elle supprime l'anomalie dans la compressibilité. / We study the elastoplastic response of silicate glasses at high stresses with Brillouin light scattering. 3D micro-Brillouin mapping residual density field are obtained in the plastic region left by a Vickers indentation. Maps are compared with finite element modeling. The joint analysis of new high-pressure measurements in a diamond anvil cell on silica in the elastic domain and literature data revealed that the abnormal hardening of elastic moduli with temperature is of dynamical origin. The onset temperature of the hardening increases with increasing applied hydrostatic pressure. We also observe that densification of silica strongly reduces the amplitude of the maximum in internal friction observed at 2 GPa as well as it suppresses the compressibility anomaly.

Consacrée à la céramique de l’habitat d’Acy-Romance et, plus largement, à la céramique rème en Champagne, cette thèse comporte un premier volet dédié à l’analyse chronologique du corpus du village des IIe-Ier s. avant J.-C. En s’appuyant sur un classement technique et morphologique et sur une sériation des données, la perception de l’évolution a pu être affinée en relation avec le contexte social et culturel. Le second volet est dédié à l’approche fonctionnelle qui constitue l’objectif majeur. L’analyse est étendue à des ensembles de fouilles préventives d’habitats dans la vallée de la Vesle afin d’élargir la perspective. Le croisement de familles fonctionnelles, définies à partir de l’analyse interne, et des traces d’altération observées de manière systématique apporte de nouveaux arguments et pistes concernant l’utilisation des céramiques. Des correspondances dans la représentation des traces sur les grands contenants et les vases fermés amènent, avec d’autres arguments, à reconsidérer les interprétations pour l’attaque des parois intérieures et débouchent sur la reconnaissance de grandes céramiques probablement destinées à la préparation de la bière au cours de l’âge du Fer. En outre, l’étude de dépôts calcaires à l’intérieur d’ustensiles à large(s) perforation(s) conduit à proposer une interprétation comme entonnoirs pour fabriquer de l’eau de chaux. Une réflexion sur les emplois potentiels de ce produit s’accompagne d’un nouvel éclairage sur la production de la chaux dont tout indique qu’elle a pu jouer un rôle considérable au second âge du fer et s’accompagner de la colonisation de territoires où la ressource adaptée à sa fabrication était directement accessible. / This thesis focuses on pottery from the Iron Age settlement of Acy-Romance and more generally on pottery used by the Remi people of the Champagne area between 300 BC and 30 BC. A chronological approach, based on the definition of recurrent assemblage facies using statistical analysis and detailing the evolution of the pottery in Acy-Romance in relation to cultural and social contexts constitutes the first part of this work. The second part deals with the function of pottery based on new data from rescue excavations from the TGV project in the Vesle valley near to Reims, which has been included to significantly broaden the analysis. The vessel type and the functional relationship between vessels – as defined by measurable properties such as shape, volume and fabric, and surface alteration provide new arguments concerning their actual use. A similar type of surface attrition is observed on large containers and on fineware used to store and serve liquids. Including references such as ethnographic comparisons, it is proposed that some of the larger vessels were used for beer-brewing. Moreover, the study of a white mineral deposit regularly observed in “perforated pots” with large perforations has led to the hypothesis that they were used as funnels (with a cloth filter) to obtain a clear limewater solution. A discussion on the potential uses of lime underlines the role played by its production during the late Iron Age, as well as identifying specific production sites. The development of this production is probably one of the contributing factors of Celtic settlement on land where materials mainly composed of calcium carbonate such as chalk or limestone were easily accessible.

Les travaux menés dans cette Thèse ont consisté à développer un pilote expérimental prouvant la faisabilité de la capture de CO2 par boucle chimique calcium en utilisant des chaudières du type Lit Fluidisé Circulant. Ceux-ci ont été conduits en deux phases: une phase expérimentale à l'échelle du laboratoire avec l'interprétation théorique des résultats et une phase expérimentale à l'échelle du pilote dans le but de valider le procédé. Les résultats expérimentaux à 1'échelle du laboratoire ont permis de montrer que le frittage de CaOest la cause de la décroissance du taux de carbonatation au cours des cycles successifs calcination/carbonatation. La vitesse de frittage étant accélérée par la présence de CO2 pendant la phase de calcination. Les analyses menées sur les échantillons calcinés ont révélé l'apparition d'une structure de micrograin à l'intérieur des grains initiaux de carbonate. Les micrograins de CaO non frittés sont le siège de la réaction de carbonatation.Un procédé de capture de CO2 par boucle chimique calcium a été conçu et réalisé. Il se compose de deux lits fluidisés circulants, un réacteur de carbonatation assurant la capture du CO2 et un réacteur de calcination permettant la régénération de la chaux. Ces deux lits fluidisés circulants sont couplés de façon à permettre un fonctionnement continu du procédé de capture de CO2. Malgré le faible rendement de capture obtenu à l'échelle de ce pilote (entre 18 à 23%), ces résultats apparaissent encourageants pour le développement de cette technologie, compte tenu du fait que beaucoup de facteurs limitant le rendement de capture disparaissent avec le changement d'échelle. / The works led in this Thesis consisted in developing an experimental pilot proving CO2 capture feasibility by calcium chemical looping using Circulating Fluidised Bed as boilers. These were undertaken in two step: At the laboratory scale with theoretical interpretation of the experimental results and at the pilot scale in the aim to validate the process.The experimental results on the scale of the laboratory allowed to show that the sintering of CaO bring about the decreasing of the carbonation rate during calcination/carbonation cycles. The sintering velocity are accelerated by CO2 during the calcinations step. The analysis of the calcined samples showed a micrograins structure inside the initial carbonate grains The not sintered CaO micrograins are the location of the carbonation reaction.A process of CO2 capture by calcium chemical looping was designed and built. It was made by two circulating fluidized beds, a carbonator where the CO2 capture were performed and the calcinator allowing the lime regeneration. These two circulating fluidized beds are coupled allowing a continuous CO2 capture.In spite of the low capture efficiency obtained on the scale of this pilot (from 18 to 23 %), these results seem encouraging for the development of this technology, considering the fact that many limiting factors of the capture efficiency disappear with the change of scale.