Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) är en sjukdom som leder till en funktionell motorisk störning i mag-tarmkanalen och symtom som förstoppning, diarré, gasbesvär, buksmärta och uppspänd buk är vanligt förekommande. Symtomen leder ofta till stress, depression, ångest vilket kan medföra ett begränsat vardagsliv. Individens livskvalitet påverkas av vad symtomen orsakar för individen i vardagslivet vilket kan leda till lidande. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att granska och sammanställa vårdvetenskaplig forskning som belyser patienters upplevelser av att leva med IBS. Metoden är en litteraturstudie utifrån Fribergs modell. Sex kvalitativa artiklar och tre kvantitativa artiklar har analyserats. Resultatet visade att kroppen var opålitlig då sjukdomen orsakade fysiska symtom och gav oönskade symtom som gasbesvär, smärta i buken, diarré, förstoppning och uppspändhet. Patienter upplevde begränsningar i vardagen i form av symtom som ökade gasbesvär, uppspändhet, diarré. Patienter hade ständigt uppsikt efter toaletter då de gick hemifrån vilket ofta skapade en ökad oro. Symtom som gasbildningar och diarré innebar att patienter ofta behövde gå på toaletten vilket var besvärligt i samband med möte, arbete, skola. Detta upplevde patienter vara skamligt. Sjukdomen bidrog i längden till ökad stress, ångest, depression och isolering hos patienterna. Detta har orsakat minskat förtroende till vården, patienterna upplevde sig missförstådda och välbefinnandet minskade. Strategier och planering bidrog till bekräftelse, medvetenhet, kunskap och förståelse. Patienter upplevde sig ha bättre koll på symtomen och kunde agera tills värken släppte. Sjuksköterskan har en viktig roll där hen kan hjälpa patienten att känna välbefinnande, hopp, livslust och ökad självkänsla genom bekräftelse av att bli sedd och hörd samt ge nyttig kunskap för att patienter ska kunna hantera sin sjukdom med bra planering och strategier.

1 H. Summary The Users' Rights in the Information Society Dissertation thesis "The Users' Rights in the Information Society" focuses on the copyright exceptions and limitations (hereinafter referred to as copyright limitations) as an area which, in addition to the licensed use, affects users of copyrighted works in the most direct way. The term "users" is understood in the concept of this work, in accordance with foreign and Czech scientific literature, in a broad sense, covering also consumers of copyrighted works or users of digital content on the Internet. In the context of copyright limitations users are allowed to use copyrighted works on a non-contractual basis, without the consent of the author, either for free or in the form of a paid statutory license. Copyright limitations include a wide range of uses reaching from the quotations through the use for a private purpose to the so-called news reporting and governmental statutory limitations. The concept of users' rights (despite - as seen from a certain angle - its actual existence) has not been so far defined in the legal literature in a consistent manner. However it attracts an exceptional academic attention for its conceptual and strategic importance. The concept of users' rights represents - rather than a framework of real subjective rights - a...

Spel som Journey (Thatgamecompany, 2012) och ICO (Team Ico, 2001) har betonats som minimalistiska spel och har lyckats skapa en känsla av minimalism. Samtidigt motsäger dem vad Towards Minimalist Game Design (Nealen & Saltsman & Boxerman, 2011) anser är minimalism inom speldesign och kan därför inte tolkas som minimalistiskt. Eftersom detta tankesätt upplevs strikt söker vi att skapa ett mer öppet designtänkande för minimalism inom speldesign. Denna undersökning handlar om att kolla på minimalism som begrepp och utforska olika perspektiv av minimalism. Detta görs med målet att leda till nya tillämpningar inom speldesign, utan att sikta på total minimalism. Genom att titta på minimalismens områden inom: konst, design och livsstil; kan en bättre förståelse för minimalism och begränsningar uppnås. Begränsningar är ett gemensamt tema inom minimalismen och har upplysts inom de valda områdena. Under digitaliseringen fick minimalismen ett nytt tankesätt då den anpassades till att reducera komplexitet till slutanvändade istället för hur det brukade vara: att reducera överdriven komplexitet.  Genom brainstorming och MDA ramverket har en spelidé skapats. Denna spelidé har utvecklats till ett spel genom användandet av minimalistiska begränsningar på både design och arbetsmetod. Resultatet visar spår av en mix olika versioner av minimalism och lyckas demonstrera hur mångfaldigt begreppet kan appliceras. Med detta motiverar vi vårt nya synsätt på minimalism inom speldesign, där vi delar in det i två större kategorier som vi namnger Total Minimalism och Smart Minimalism. / Games like Journey (Thatgamecompany, 2012)  and ICO (Team Ico, 2001) have been emphasized as minimalist games and have managed to create a sense of minimalism. At the same time, they contradict what Towards Minimalist Game Design (Nealen & Saltsman & Boxerman, 2011) consider minimalism within game design and therefore cannot be interpreted as minimalist. Since this way of thinking is perceived as strict, we seek to create a more open way of thinking about minimalism in game design. This study is about looking at minimalism as a concept and exploring different perspectives of minimalism. This is done with the goal of leading to new ways of applying minimalism within game design, without aiming for total minimalism. By looking at minimalism within different areas: art, design and lifestyle; a better understanding of minimalism and limitations can be achieved. Limitations are a common theme in minimalism and have been highlighted in our chosen areas of minimalism. During the digitalization, minimalism gained a new way of thinking when it was adapted to: reduce complexity to end users; instead of how it used to be: to reduce excessive complexity.  Through brainstorming and the MDA framework, a game idea has been created. This game idea has evolved into a game by using minimalist limitations on both design and work method. The result shows traces from a mix of different versions of minimalism and manages to demonstrate how diversely the concept can be applied. With this we motivate our new approach to minimalism in game design, where we divide it into two larger categories that we name Total Minimalism and Smart Minimalism.

Na atual economia de mercado, mostra-se cada vez mais relevante a estruturação equilibrada do sistema de patentes, em razão das controvérsias geradas em torno do pêndulo: estímulo à inovação e desenvolvimento técnico-científico de um lado, e ônus sociais, de outro. Isso porque, o direito de exclusividade sobre a invenção - que envolve o desenvolvimento técnico com base em conhecimentos pré-existentes - gera custos sociais, uma vez que a sociedade, como um todo, fica impedida de usufruir dos avanços tecnológicos durante um período de tempo (prazo da patente), bem como fica submetida aos preços e à forma de exploração econômica ditada pelo titular. O sistema de patentes precisa ser minuciosamente equacionado de maneira a lidar com os benefícios do titular da patente e da sociedade. Nesse contexto, surge a importância de dois institutos jurídicos: a exclusão ao patenteamento (ou proibição do patenteamento de determinadas matérias) e a exceção ao exercício do direito de exclusividade do titular da patente (ou limitação do direito de patente). O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar, no Direito Comparado (tratados internacionais, tratados regionais e legislações estrangeiras), os institutos das exclusões e das exceções ao direito de patente diante, principalmente, dos novos desenvolvimentos em áreas como engenharia genética, biologia molecular e informática, a fim de verificar se há uma harmonização internacional; se há diferença em posições adotadas de acordo com o nível de desenvolvimento do país; e a regulamentação dessas hipóteses no Brasil. Ao final, pôde-se verificar, com base na análise de Direito Comparado, como os países estrangeiros lidam com as novas invenções, as diferentes posições adotadas na legislação ou na contrução jurisprudencial, o que torna qualquer intenção de harmonização um caminho ainda longe de ser alcançado; e o posicionamento adotado no Brasil e eventual proposta de interpretação. / The market economy today has evidenced the increasing importance of a structured and balanced patent system in view of the controversy that has arisen, creating a pendulum that swings between the stimulus for technological-scientific innovation and development on the one end, and the resulting social burden on the other. This is because the right to exclusivity of an invention which involves technological development based on preexisting knowledge - generates social costs since the society at large is impeded from enjoying technological advances during a certain period of time (the patent term), and moreover is submitted to prices and methods of economic exploitation determined by the patent holder. The patent system must be thoroughly restructured to deal with the patent holders benefits versus the demands of society. Within this context, the importance of two legal principles emerges: patenting exclusions (or prohibited patenting of certain items) and exceptions and limitations on the exercise of the right to exclusivity granted the patent holder (or limitation of the patent right). The purpose of this study is to analyze from the standpoint of Comparative Law (international treaties, regional treaties and foreign legislation) the principles of exclusions and exceptions and limitations on patent rights, mainly considering the new developments in areas such as genetic engineering, molecular biology and information technology to confirm whether there is international harmonization; whether there is a difference in the stands adopted according to the level of development in the country and regulation of these events in Brazil. Finally, based on Comparative Law it can be seen how foreign counties deal with new inventions, the different stands adopted in their laws or in construction of case law, all of which make any intention for attaining harmonization a long path to be tread; and to conclude the stand adopted in Brazil with proposals for interpretation.

In this study, we analyzed elderly people in Thailand to identify the validity of suggested cutoff points of physical measures, handgrip strength, usual walking speed, and a composite score of both measures to predict functional limitations. Moreover, we examined whether these physical performance measures are accurate indicators of the investigated health outcomes. Methods: Using Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis, we investigated a sample of 8272 respondents aged 60 to 79 years. All data were based on the 2009 National Health Examination Survey (NHES IV) of Thailand. Results: For males aged 60 to 69 years, handgrip strength was used as an indicator of functional limitations. The cutoff point for disabilities in the activities of daily living (ADLs) was 29.5 kg, while in other limitations it ranged from 28.7 to 31.3 kg. In contrast, usual walking speed was able to indicate ADL disabilities at 0.7 m per second (m/s). As one might expect, the cutoff points for males aged 70 to 79 years were lower than for males in the 60 to 69 age group. For females, handgrip strength was able to indicate ADL disabilities at 16.5 kg for both the 60 to 69, and 70 to 79 age groups. Likewise, walking speed was indicative of ADL disabilities at 0.6 m/s for both age groups. Interestingly, the composite measure increases the ability to detect ADL disabilities in the younger group but not in the older group. The area under the curve (AUC) of cutoffs measuring the detection power of a diagnostic test was varied, ranging from 0.535 to 0.7386. Conclusions: The cutoff points of three measures varied according to sex and type of functional limitations. Our findings also showed that physical performance measures were useful for identifying people with an increased risk of functional limitations, particularly for ADL disabilities. However, although the AUC of the cutoffs of other functional limitations were relatively low, they should be considered with caution.

By increasing the volume and complexity of datasets, Visual Data Mining (VDM), new visualization techniques evolved and new techniques released. However, some of these techniques performing well and cover all expectations; the others failed to save their positions. The main issue of such techniques is problem dependency.In this study, after a short description about necessity of Visual Data Mining techniques, I will provide a classified review of previous researches. This will result in a deep understanding as well as simple accessibility to previous researches, in a concise manner. This will facilitate the extraction of the specifications of 3D visualization technique and will provide a comprehensive knowledge of this technique in a classified manner. After that, all possible combination of 3D visualization technique will review.3D Visualization technique as a popular technique is a concrete foundation for visualization of multi-dimensional datasets, but it has some limitations. To overcome these limitations, previous studies in literature as well as the experiences of professionals will gather. The results will prove the theoretical findings as well as offering new hybrid techniques (combination with 3D visualization and other visual data mining techniques).The contribution of professionals will empower and complement the results of this study, as they can address solutions for the weaknesses of 3D Visualization technique in their business which is new combination of techniques. These combinations of techniques will create the basis for future researches in order to discover new limitations and provide solutions to overcome by use of hybrid techniques. / Program: Magisterutbildning i informatik

O seguro é abordado de forma pouco detalhada pela doutrina. A figura do beneficiário no seguro é ainda menos estudada, tendo em vista que, por se relacionar tanto a questões típicas de direito securitário, como de direito de família e sucessões, acaba não sendo analisada de forma profunda, nem pelos estudiosos de direito securitário e, tampouco, pelos de direito de família e sucessões. O objetivo da presente dissertação é traçar os principais aspectos relacionados ao contrato de seguro, desde a sua origem e evolução histórica, natureza jurídica, conceito, elementos e partes, à luz da legislação securitária, tanto no âmbito civil como no âmbito regulatório (Superintendência de Seguros Privados SUSEP e Conselho Nacional de Seguros Privados CNSP), para então, demonstrar as espécies e as coberturas securitárias nas quais pode surgir a figura do beneficiário. O estudo do tema estará limitado ao beneficiário de seguro com cobertura de morte, seu conceito, como se dá a sua designação, substituição e renúncia, as pessoas que podem ser beneficiárias (companheira como beneficiária, pessoa jurídica, o nascituro). Será analisada a sistemática do artigo 792, do Código Civil Brasileiro atual, no tocante ao pagamento de indenização securitária na falta de indicação de beneficiário e a polêmica em torno do referido artigo, além de situações como a perda da condição de beneficiário, premoriência e comoriência, a prescrição da pretensão do direito do beneficiário, o suicídio do segurado. Em todas essas situações, a jurisprudência e a doutrina divergem, seja em razão da interpretação dada ao dispositivo legal pertinente (como ocorre na prescrição e no suicídio), seja porque não há previsão específica na lei (como ocorre nos casos de premoriência e comoriência). Para dirimir tal divergência, na árdua tarefa de buscar uma solução equânime às questões práticas expostas, sugere-se, ao final, um projeto de lei para modificar a redação de alguns artigos do Código Civil referentes à matéria. / Jurists provide little in the way of detailed analysis of insurance. The figure of the insurance beneficiary has been studied even less. It is related to typical questions both of insurance law and of family and successions law, and as a result, it has not been thoroughly analyzed by students of either of these branches of the law. The purpose of this dissertation is to trace the key aspects related to insurance contracts, from their origin, looking at changes that have taken place, their legal nature, concept, elements and parties involved, in the light of the insurance legislation both in the civil and in the regulatory sphere (Private Insurance Superintendence - SUSEP and the National Private Insurance Council - CNSP), and subsequently to demonstrate the types of insurance and of insurance coverage in which the figure of the beneficiary may arise. The study of the topic will be limited to beneficiaries of life insurance: the concept of the beneficiary, how they are designated and replaced, how they can waive their position, and who can be a beneficiary (companions, legal entities, unborn children). The implications of Article 792 of the Brazilian Civil Code will be analyzed, in relation to the payment of indemnity when no beneficiary is named and the controversy this article has stirred up, as well as situations such as the loss of the status of beneficiary, predeceasing and simultaneous death, the statute of limitations affecting beneficiaries claims, and the suicide of the insured. In all these situations, case law and jurists diverge, whether because of the interpretation given to the pertinent legal device (as in the case of statute of limitations and suicide) or because there is no specific provision in the law (as in the case of predeceasing and simultaneous death). It is no easy task to find a fair solution to these practical issues. In conclusion, as a way of settling the differences identified, the dissertation proposes a draft law amending the wording of certain relevant articles in the Civil Code.

Bakgrund: Hjärttransplantation har utförts sedan 1967 och det är idag främst patienter med svår hjärtsvikt som kan bli aktuella för hjärttransplantation. Efter en hjärttransplantation följer en livslång medicinering och patienterna behöver gå på regelbundna kontroller för att minska risken för avstötning av det nya hjärtat. Sjuksköterskans ansvar är exempelvis att ge patienterna och dess närstående information kring hjärttransplantationen. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva patienters erfarenheter av att leva med ett transplanterat hjärta. Metod: En beskrivande innebördsanalys har använts för att analysera sju bloggar. Resultat: Resultatet visade att tiden efter hjärttransplantationen upplevdes besvärlig och patienterna satte upp nya relevanta mål med stöd av sjuksköterska, närstående och vänner för att kunna anpassa sig till de nya levnadsvillkoren och den livslånga medicineringen. I samband med hjärttransplantationen upplevde patienterna hur de fått ett nytt sätt att se på livet och tack vare tacksamheten över att få fortsätta leva valde vissa av patienterna att sprida kunskap om organdonation vidare. Konklusion: Hjärttransplantationen innebar en stor omställning för patienterna och de fick anpassa sig till de nya levnadsvillkoren. Känslor som oro, uppgivenhet och tacksamhet präglade deras vardag. Stöd av närstående, vänner och sjuksköterska uppskattades av patienterna för att återgå till en vardag utan ett ickefungerande hjärta. / Background: Heart transplants have been performed since 1967. Today it’s primarily patients with severe heart failure who are considered for the procedure. After the transplant a lifelong immunosuppressive medication for the patients follows, and they need regular check-ups to lower the risk of rejection of the heart. The nurse’s responsibility was for example to give the patients’ and their families’ information about the procedure. Aim: The aim was to describe patients’ experiences of living with a transplanted heart. Method: A descriptive content analysis was used to analyze seven blogs. Results: The first period following the transplant was experienced as difficult. The patients created new relevant goals with help of nurse, family and friends in order to adjust to the new life and lifelong medication. The patients’ experienced how they got a new perspective of life. Because of the gratitude of survival, the patients chose to spread knowledge about organ donation further. Conclusion: The heart transplant meant a big adjustment for the patients, to a new life. Feelings like anxiety, resignation and gratitude were now a part of their life. Support from family, friends and nurse was appreciated by the patients in order to get back to a life without a non-functioning heart.

Increased availability of natural gas has boosted research and development efforts to further increase gas turbine performance. Performance has been increased remarkably and unit cost reduced due to achievements gained in improving thermodynamic cycles and cooling technologies. However, increased complexity in power industry regulations and fluctuations in fuel price have indicated that all the aforementioned improvements in gas turbine performance could not cope with the increased competition in the gas turbine industrial market. Innovation within the aero-derivative concept has enabled further significant improvement in the performance of industrial gas turbines. It allows a more beneficial approach than developing new designs of industrial gas turbines owing to reduced designing time and cost. Objectives in this project focus on developing a methodology of design and assessing aeroderivative gas turbine engines derived from a 130-seat aircraft engine. Developed methodology includes techno-economic and environmental assessment, conducted through further developments of models based on Techno-economic and Environmental Risk Assessment (TERA) philosophy, to be applied in further industrial applications. Tools used in this investigation include a significant literature research on the development of aero-derivative gas turbine technologies, including thermodynamic cycles and its land-based applications. Turbomatch is a homebased code developed in Cranfield University, used in calculating design point and predicting off-design performance of parent aero-engine and the aeroderivative engines developed. Excel and FORTRAN code are also used in calculating engine’s design parameters, and creating a model of life estimation Creep. Moreover, FORTRAN code is used for building emission and economic models for power generation and combined heat and power applications. Finally, MATLAP code is used in creating a small model for generating performance TXT files, and running marine integrated models platform. All models needed to develop the methodology have been created, and calculations of an engine’s performance and assessment were conducted based on this developed methodology. Sensible results are generated from the investigated methodology and they show acceptable designs of aero-derivative engines on different thermodynamic cycles. Based on the acceptable level of technology and material thermal barriers, all design and off-design performance limitations of new developed aero-derivative engines have been determined for a wide range of ambient conditions. Techno-economic and environmental assessment performed through implementing the developed aero-derivative engines on power generation and marine applications under different operating scenarios. Results of operating the engines on power generation and marine applications have been investigated and compared. It is observed that engines respond differently when operating under different environmental profiles, depending on the number of units engaged and their thermodynamic cycle as well as mechanical configurations. Also, the selected specific gas turbine engine can be the best economical choice for operating on determined scenario, while it cannot be when operating in different scenarios. Assessment of developed engines on the investigated application shows how the lowest specific cost (small engine size) can constitute important criteria in engine selection.

Diabetes is an epidemic that has started to capture political attention in the United States because of the devastating health care costs associated with the disease. Researchers in other studies have concluded that additional education face-to-face (FTF) and FTF with alternative forms of diabetes communication (FTF plus) have been beneficial. However, there is very little information on the comparison of the two groups as mentioned above when comparing chronic limitations, self-perception, health status, and healthcare satisfaction as circumscribed by specific demographic population. This study was an investigation of the above variables and explored how specific demographic characteristics (age, gender, educational level, and race/ethnic background) may have an identifiable association with each diabetes education type, either FTF or FTF plus. This research involved the use of the social cognitive theory and the health belief model to help explain self-care behavior changes. This quantitative, cross-sectional study used secondary data from the 2016 National Health Interview Survey for analysis. A simple linear regression was used to understand health status and healthcare satisfaction. A logistical regression was used for chronic limitations, while controlling for demographics for all the variables. The study revealed FTF plus had an association with chronic limitations with race and education level, but age was not significant. After controlling for demographics, a person who has FTF plus has decreased odds of having chronic limitations, in comparison to someone who receives only FTF. The results from this study may aid formulation of future healthcare policies that focus on how to refer patients to multiple forums of diabetes education, while reducing healthcare costs.