Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo de aspectos relacionados ao uso de uma Rede de Sensores sem Fio, como uma tecnologia de apoio para o monitoramento ambiental em vinhedos. Com o intuito de estender o tempo de duração das baterias dos nos sensores dessa rede, procurou-se evitar coletas desnecessárias de dados. O programa aplicativo dos nos foi redefinido para possibilitar a escolha de um intervalo de amostragem próximo das necessidades, sendo essa escolha feita pelos próprios nos, a partir de condições predefinidas no aplicativo. A área de aplicação escolhida foi a viticultura, devido a grande influencia das condições ambientais no desenvolvimento fisiológico das videiras, influenciando no rendimento e na qualidade das uvas produzidas, justificando a adoção de um sistema de monitoramento. Uma das características dessas redes que motiva a sua aplicação na área agrícola e a possibilidade de coleta de dados com a resolução espaço-temporal adequada, permitindo aplicar eficientemente os conceitos da Agricultura de Precisão. Realizaram-se experimentos em um parreiral cultivado sob cobertura plástica, localizado em Bento Gonçalves, RS. Os aspectos da rede estudados compreenderam: o alcance de conectividade e qualidade do enlace entre os nos e a estação base; o desempenho da rede com os nos posicionados em diferentes alturas; a exatidão dos dados coletados, em comparação com um equipamento de maior precisão; e a avaliação da variabilidade microclimática dentro do parreiral. A validação da proposta envolveu a implementação de um protótipo funcional, testado em laboratório. O modelo proposto permitiu estimar o tempo de vida dos nos, considerando-se parâmetros como o tipo de bateria, o intervalo de amostragem e o tamanho do pacote de dados enviados pelos nos. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram a existência de variabilidade microclimática tanto em diferentes alturas da videira, como espacialmente, dentro do parreiral. A interferência dos vegetais devido a água que contém foi avaliada a partir de dois parâmetros: o indicador de intensidade de sinal recebido e de qualidade de enlace, que indicaram maior interferência na altura do dossel das videiras. A correlação entre esses parâmetros levou a constatação que o melhor desempenho e o maior alcance de conectividade ocorrem com os nos posicionados na altura do cacho das videiras se comparados com as medições realizadas no dossel. A amostragem variável permitiu uma economia no numero de pacotes enviados, com menor consumo de energia, o que foi comprovado com o modelo proposto para tal finalidade. / A study of issues related to using a Wireless Sensor Network was carried out, as an enabling technology for environmental monitoring in vineyards. In order to extend the duration of sensor nodes batteries of the network, collecting unnecessary data was avoided. The nodes application program was redefined to allow the choice of a sampling interval close to the needs, and the choice made by the nodes themselves, based on predefined conditions in their application. The application area chosen was the viticulture because of the large influence of environmental conditions on the physiological development of the vines, influencing the yield and quality of produced grapes, justifying the adoption of a monitoring system. One of the characteristics of such networks that motivates its application in agriculture is the possibility of collecting data with the appropriate spatial and temporal resolution, allowing to efficiently apply the concepts of Precision Agriculture. Experiments were conducted in a vineyard cultivated under plastic overhead cover, situated in Bento Gonçalves, RS. The network aspects studied involved: connectivity range and link quality between nodes and gateway; network performance with nodes positioned at different heights; collected data accuracy, compared with a higher precision equipment; and microclimatic variability evaluation within the vineyard. The proposal validation involved the implementation of a functional prototype, tested in the laboratory. The model allowed estimating the nodes lifetime, considering parameters such as battery type, sampling interval and data packet size sent by sensor nodes. Results showed the existence of microclimatic variability both at different heights of the vine, and spatially within the vineyard. Vegetables interference due to the water contained in them was evaluated from two parameters: Received Signal Strength Indicator and Link Quality Indicator, which indicated greater interference in the height of the vines canopy. The correlation between these parameters led to the conclusion that the best performance and increased connectivity range occur with nodes positioned at the height of the bunch of grapes as compared with measurements made in the canopy. The variable sampling allowed savings in the number of sent packets, with lower power consumption, which agrees with the proposed model for this purpose.

Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo de aspectos relacionados ao uso de uma Rede de Sensores sem Fio, como uma tecnologia de apoio para o monitoramento ambiental em vinhedos. Com o intuito de estender o tempo de duração das baterias dos nos sensores dessa rede, procurou-se evitar coletas desnecessárias de dados. O programa aplicativo dos nos foi redefinido para possibilitar a escolha de um intervalo de amostragem próximo das necessidades, sendo essa escolha feita pelos próprios nos, a partir de condições predefinidas no aplicativo. A área de aplicação escolhida foi a viticultura, devido a grande influencia das condições ambientais no desenvolvimento fisiológico das videiras, influenciando no rendimento e na qualidade das uvas produzidas, justificando a adoção de um sistema de monitoramento. Uma das características dessas redes que motiva a sua aplicação na área agrícola e a possibilidade de coleta de dados com a resolução espaço-temporal adequada, permitindo aplicar eficientemente os conceitos da Agricultura de Precisão. Realizaram-se experimentos em um parreiral cultivado sob cobertura plástica, localizado em Bento Gonçalves, RS. Os aspectos da rede estudados compreenderam: o alcance de conectividade e qualidade do enlace entre os nos e a estação base; o desempenho da rede com os nos posicionados em diferentes alturas; a exatidão dos dados coletados, em comparação com um equipamento de maior precisão; e a avaliação da variabilidade microclimática dentro do parreiral. A validação da proposta envolveu a implementação de um protótipo funcional, testado em laboratório. O modelo proposto permitiu estimar o tempo de vida dos nos, considerando-se parâmetros como o tipo de bateria, o intervalo de amostragem e o tamanho do pacote de dados enviados pelos nos. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram a existência de variabilidade microclimática tanto em diferentes alturas da videira, como espacialmente, dentro do parreiral. A interferência dos vegetais devido a água que contém foi avaliada a partir de dois parâmetros: o indicador de intensidade de sinal recebido e de qualidade de enlace, que indicaram maior interferência na altura do dossel das videiras. A correlação entre esses parâmetros levou a constatação que o melhor desempenho e o maior alcance de conectividade ocorrem com os nos posicionados na altura do cacho das videiras se comparados com as medições realizadas no dossel. A amostragem variável permitiu uma economia no numero de pacotes enviados, com menor consumo de energia, o que foi comprovado com o modelo proposto para tal finalidade. / A study of issues related to using a Wireless Sensor Network was carried out, as an enabling technology for environmental monitoring in vineyards. In order to extend the duration of sensor nodes batteries of the network, collecting unnecessary data was avoided. The nodes application program was redefined to allow the choice of a sampling interval close to the needs, and the choice made by the nodes themselves, based on predefined conditions in their application. The application area chosen was the viticulture because of the large influence of environmental conditions on the physiological development of the vines, influencing the yield and quality of produced grapes, justifying the adoption of a monitoring system. One of the characteristics of such networks that motivates its application in agriculture is the possibility of collecting data with the appropriate spatial and temporal resolution, allowing to efficiently apply the concepts of Precision Agriculture. Experiments were conducted in a vineyard cultivated under plastic overhead cover, situated in Bento Gonçalves, RS. The network aspects studied involved: connectivity range and link quality between nodes and gateway; network performance with nodes positioned at different heights; collected data accuracy, compared with a higher precision equipment; and microclimatic variability evaluation within the vineyard. The proposal validation involved the implementation of a functional prototype, tested in the laboratory. The model allowed estimating the nodes lifetime, considering parameters such as battery type, sampling interval and data packet size sent by sensor nodes. Results showed the existence of microclimatic variability both at different heights of the vine, and spatially within the vineyard. Vegetables interference due to the water contained in them was evaluated from two parameters: Received Signal Strength Indicator and Link Quality Indicator, which indicated greater interference in the height of the vines canopy. The correlation between these parameters led to the conclusion that the best performance and increased connectivity range occur with nodes positioned at the height of the bunch of grapes as compared with measurements made in the canopy. The variable sampling allowed savings in the number of sent packets, with lower power consumption, which agrees with the proposed model for this purpose.

<p>The GSM network technology has been developed and improved during several years which have led to an increased complexity. The complexity results in more network parameters and together with different scenarios and situations they form a complex set of configurations. The definition of the network parameters is generally a manual process using static values during test execution. This practice can be costly, difficult and laborious and as the network complexity continues to increase, this problem will continue to grow.This thesis presents an implementation of an automated performance optimization algorithm that utilizes genetic algorithms for optimizing the network parameters. The implementation has been used for proving that the concept of automated optimization is working and most of the work has been carried out in order to use it in practice. The implementation has been applied to the Link Quality Control algorithm and the Improved ACK/NACK feature, which is an apart of GSM EDGE Evolution.</p> / <p>GSM-nätsteknologin har utvecklats och förbättrats under lång tid, vilket har lett till en ökad komplexitet. Denna ökade komplexitet har resulterat i fler nätverksparameterar, tillstånd och standarder. Tillsammans utgör de en komplex uppsättning av olika konfigurationer. Dessa nätverksparameterar har hittills huvudsakligen bestämts med hjälp av en manuell optimeringsprocess. Detta tillvägagångssätt är både dyrt, svårt och tidskrävande och allt eftersom komplexiteten av GSM-näten ökar kommer problemet att bli större.Detta examensarbete presenterar en implementering av en algoritm för automatiserad optimering av prestanda som huvudsakligen använder sig av genetiska algoritmer för att optimera värdet av nätverksparametrarna. Implementeringen har använts för att påvisa att konceptet med en automatiserad optimering fungerar och det mesta av arbetet har utförts för att kunna använda detta i praktiken. Implementeringen har tillämpats på Link Quality Control-algoritmen och Improved ACK/NACK-funktionaliteten, vilket är en del av GSM EDGE Evolution.</p>

The GSM network technology has been developed and improved during several years which have led to an increased complexity. The complexity results in more network parameters and together with different scenarios and situations they form a complex set of configurations. The definition of the network parameters is generally a manual process using static values during test execution. This practice can be costly, difficult and laborious and as the network complexity continues to increase, this problem will continue to grow.This thesis presents an implementation of an automated performance optimization algorithm that utilizes genetic algorithms for optimizing the network parameters. The implementation has been used for proving that the concept of automated optimization is working and most of the work has been carried out in order to use it in practice. The implementation has been applied to the Link Quality Control algorithm and the Improved ACK/NACK feature, which is an apart of GSM EDGE Evolution. / GSM-nätsteknologin har utvecklats och förbättrats under lång tid, vilket har lett till en ökad komplexitet. Denna ökade komplexitet har resulterat i fler nätverksparameterar, tillstånd och standarder. Tillsammans utgör de en komplex uppsättning av olika konfigurationer. Dessa nätverksparameterar har hittills huvudsakligen bestämts med hjälp av en manuell optimeringsprocess. Detta tillvägagångssätt är både dyrt, svårt och tidskrävande och allt eftersom komplexiteten av GSM-näten ökar kommer problemet att bli större.Detta examensarbete presenterar en implementering av en algoritm för automatiserad optimering av prestanda som huvudsakligen använder sig av genetiska algoritmer för att optimera värdet av nätverksparametrarna. Implementeringen har använts för att påvisa att konceptet med en automatiserad optimering fungerar och det mesta av arbetet har utförts för att kunna använda detta i praktiken. Implementeringen har tillämpats på Link Quality Control-algoritmen och Improved ACK/NACK-funktionaliteten, vilket är en del av GSM EDGE Evolution.

No description available.

No description available.

Mesh network is gaining importance as the next generation network for many high speed applications such as multimedia streaming. This is because it is easy and inexpensive to setup mesh networks with mobile and PDA devices and can be used as a private network. Hence research is active in the field of routing protocols and routing metrics to improve the mesh network performance. Though most of the protocols are evaluated based on simulation, we implemented protocols based on a few metrics like Expected Transmission Count (ETX) Per-hop Packet Pair Delay (Pkt Pair) and WCETT (Weighted Cumulative Expected Transmitted Time) to investigate the performance of the network through experiments. An advanced version of DSR protocol called LQSR (Link Quality Source Routing) protocol of Microsoft Research along with MCL (Mesh Connectivity Layer) allows multiple heterogeneous adapters to be used in mesh network. Since wireless adapters of 802.11a standard offer 12 non-interfering channels and 802.11b/g standard offer 3 non-interfering channels, using multiple adapters of different bands operating on non-interfering channels to improve capacity and robustness of mesh networks was also investigated. In this thesis we explore the possibility of increasing the coverage area of Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) to enhance the capacity of WMN and minimize the problems due to interference. Theoretical achievable capacity to every node in a random static wireless ad-hoc network with ideal routing is known to be where n is the total number of nodes in the network. Therefore, with increasing number of nodes in a network, throughput drops significantly. Our measurements show that throughput in a single WMN for different path length is closer to the throughput with nodes across two WMNs of the same path length. We propose to interconnect the networks by using multiple wireless adapters in a gateway node configured with the SSID of the networks in operation. We exploit the DSR protocol feature of assigning locally unique interface indices to its adapters. Performance of a network depends heavily on the metrics used for routing packets. Different metrics were studied in the thesis by setting up a 10-node testbed with a combination of nodes with single and two radios. Testbed was partitioned into two networks with two gateway nodes. Performance of multi-radio performance with the above metrics was compared with baseline single radio nodes in the network with the same metric. It is found that multi-radio nodes out-perform single radio nodes in the multi-hop scenario. Also, operating multi-mesh networks using multiple interfaces configured to those networks in a gateway node increases the coverage area and robustness without loss of performance.

No description available.

This study is devoted to investigating and developing WSN based localisation approaches with high position accuracies indoors. The study initially summarises the design and implementation of localisation systems and WSN architecture together with the characteristics of LQI and RSSI values. A fingerprint localisation approach is utilised for indoor positioning applications. A k-nearest neighbourhood algorithm (k-NN) is deployed, using Euclidean distances between the fingerprint database and the object fingerprints, to estimate unknown object positions. Weighted LQI and RSSI values are calculated and the k-NN algorithm with different weights is utilised to improve the position detection accuracy. Different weight functions are investigated with the fingerprint localisation technique. A novel weight function which produced the maximum position accuracy is determined and employed in calculations. The study covered designing and developing the centroid localisation (CL) and weighted centroid localisation (WCL) approaches by using LQI values. A reference node localisation approach is proposed. A star topology of reference nodes are to be utilized and a 3-NN algorithm is employed to determine the nearest reference nodes to the object location. The closest reference nodes are employed to each nearest reference nodes and the object locations are calculated by using the differences between the closest and nearest reference nodes. A neighbourhood weighted localisation approach is proposed between the nearest reference nodes in star topology. Weights between nearest reference nodes are calculated by using Euclidean and physical distances. The physical distances between the object and the nearest reference nodes are calculated and the trigonometric techniques are employed to derive the object coordinates. An environmentally adaptive centroid localisation approach is proposed. Weighted standard deviation (STD) techniques are employed adaptively to estimate the unknown object positions. WSNs with minimum RSSI mean values are considered as reference nodes across the sensing area. The object localisation is carried out in two phases with respect to these reference nodes. Calculated object coordinates are later translated into the universal coordinate system to determine the actual object coordinates. Virtual fingerprint localisation technique is introduced to determine the object locations by using virtual fingerprint database. A physical fingerprint database is organised in the form of virtual database by using LQI distribution functions. Virtual database elements are generated among the physical database elements with linear and exponential distribution functions between the fingerprint points. Localisation procedures are repeated with virtual database and localisation accuracies are improved compared to the basic fingerprint approach. In order to reduce the computation time and effort, segmentation of the sensing area is introduced. Static and dynamic segmentation techniques are deployed. Segments are defined by RSS ranges and the unknown object is localised in one of these segments. Fingerprint techniques are applied only in the relevant segment to find the object location. Finally, graphical user interfaces (GUI) are utilised with application program interfaces (API), in all calculations to visualise unknown object locations indoors.

Le nombre et la complexité croissante des applications qui sont intégrées dans des objets mobiles communicants sans fil (téléphone mobile, PDA, etc.) implique une augmentation de la consommation d'énergie. Afin de limiter l'impact de la pollution due aux déchets des batteries et des émissions de CO2, il est important de procéder à une optimisation de la consommation d'énergie de ces appareils communicants. Cette thèse porte sur l'efficacité énergétique dans les réseaux de capteurs. Dans cette étude, nous proposons de nouvelles approches pour gérer efficacement les objets communicants mobiles. Tout d’abord, nous proposons une architecture globale de réseau de capteurs et une nouvelle approche de gestion de la mobilité économe en énergie pour les appareils terminaux de type IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee. Cette approche est basée sur l'indicateur de la qualité de lien (LQI) et met en œuvre un algorithme spéculatif pour déterminer le prochain coordinateur. Nous avons ainsi proposé et évalué deux algorithmes spéculatifs différents. Ensuite, nous étudions et évaluons l'efficacité énergétique lors de l'utilisation d'un algorithme d'adaptation de débit prenant en compte les conditions du canal de communication. Nous proposons d'abord une approche mixte combinant un nouvel algorithme d'adaptation de débit et notre approche de gestion de la mobilité. Ensuite, nous proposons et évaluons un algorithme d'adaptation de débit hybride qui repose sur une estimation plus précise du canal de liaison. Les différentes simulations effectuées tout au long de ce travail montrent l’efficacité énergétique des approches proposées ainsi que l’amélioration de la connectivité des nœuds. / The increasing number and complexity of applications that are embedded into wireless mobile communicating devices (mobile phone, PDA, etc.) implies an increase of energy consumption. In order to limit the impact of pollution due to battery waste and CO2 emission, it is important to conduct an optimization of the energy consumption of these communicating end devices. This thesis focuses on energy efficiency in sensor networks. It proposes new approaches to handle mobile communicating objects. First, we propose a global sensor network architecture and a new energy-efficient mobility management approach for IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee end devices. This new approach is based on the link quality estimator (LQI) and uses a speculative algorithm. We propose and evaluate two different speculative algorithms. Then, we study and evaluate the energy efficiency when using a rate adaptation algorithm that takes into account the communication channel conditions. We first propose a mobility-aware rate adaptation algorithm and evaluate its efficiency in our network architecture. Then, we propose and evaluate a hybrid rate adaptation algorithm that relies on more accurate link channel estimation. Simulations conducted all along this study show the energy-efficiency of our proposed approaches and the improvement of the nodes’ connectivity.