Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T23:16:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo8654_1.pdf: 1425777 bytes, checksum: 8d433853ca727102f1bb8b6122d10d26 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Conhecidas popularmente por cajueiro e angico, Anacardium occidentale Linn. e Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan são espécies encontradas no Nordeste brasileiro conhecidas por conter altos teores de metabólitos secundários, em especial taninos, utilizados como matéria-prima nas associações de fitoterápicos, sendo de interesse econômico e ecológico. A radiação gama é utilizada em produtos de origem vegetal para o controle microbiológico. Porém, o processo de exposição à radiação pode causar aumento ou diminuição dos conteúdos de compostos fenólicos, como fenóis totais e taninos, em materiais crus ou cozidos. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma avaliação química preliminar, detectando os teores de fenóis totais e taninos de extratos brutos secos de cascas e folhas do cajueiro e do angico, antes e após exposição à radiação com 60Co. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma abordagem fitoquímica dos extratos brutos de cascas e folhas do cajueiro e do angico, antes e após exposição à radiação gama do 60Co. Os extratos brutos obtidos no laboratório foram divididos em controle e expostos à radiação gama, nas doses de 5; 7,5 e 10 kGy. Os fenóis totais foram quantificados pelo método Folin-Ciocalteau e os taninos, pela precipitação da caseína. Posteriormente, avaliou-se o potencial antimicrobiano (cajueiro e angico) e moluscicida (cajueiro). Os percentuais de fenóis totais e taninos nas cascas de cajueiro não sofreram alteração estatisticamente significativa com a dose de radiação recebida, apresentando teores médios de 5,73±0,14 e 5,20±0,14, respectivamente. Nas folhas de cajueiro, os níveis de compostos químicos foram estatisticamente (p<0.05) influenciados pela radiação, observando médias para fenóis totais entre 3,13±0,04 (0 kGy) e 3,50±0,08 (10 kGy), e para taninos 2,47±0,06 (0 kGy) e 2,93±0,04 (10 kGy). Os teores de fenóis totais e taninos das cascas e folhas de angico não apresentaram alteração estatisticamente significativa com a dose de radiação. A radiação gama influenciou na atividade antimicrobiana apenas para os extratos de cajueiro, frente a representantes Gram-positivos, Staphylococcus aureus, apresentando médias de halos de inibição para cascas: 14,33±058 (0 kGy) e 22,33±0,58 (10 kGy); e para folhas: 11,33± 0,58 (0 kGy) e 19,00±1,00 (10 kGy). Os extratos do cajueiro apresentaram, ainda, aumento na letalidade embrionária de B. glabrata, aproximadamente cinco vezes maior, quando expostos aos extratos irradiados sobre os não-irradiados, com médias para cascas: a 25mg/L, entre 1,3±0,6 (0 kGy) e 3,0±0,02 (10 kGy) e a 50 mg/L, entre 5,9±2,3 (0 kGy) e 28,6±0,1 (10 kGy); nas folhas: a 100mg/L, entre 13±5 (0 kGy) e 27± 2,5 (10 kGy) e a 200 mg/L, entre 11±4 (0 kGy) e 57±14(10 kGy). A exposição à radiação causou alterações físico-químicas nos constituintes fenólicos dos extratos de folhas do cajueiro, aumentando os teores de taninos. Uma hipótese para o aumento dos teores de taninos é a de que a radiação gama agiu como catalisadora da reação de condensação dos polifenóis. Os resultados indicam uma potencial utilização dos extratos das folhas de cajueiro como matéria prima para obtenção de agentes antimicrobianos e moluscicida, a partir de fontes renováveis e ecologicamente corretas

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:06:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuizCFS.pdf: 3453741 bytes, checksum: a917d4da21cccce053bc103345ba7ee6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-10 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This research is about the use of the coconut?s endocarp (nucifera linn) and the waste of derivatives of wood and furniture as raw material to technological use. In that sense, the lignocellulosic waste is used for manufacture of homogeneous wood sheet agglomerate (LHWS) and lignocellulosic load which take part of a polymeric composite with fiber glass E (GFRP-WC). In the manufacturing of the homogeneous wood sheet agglomerate (LHWS), it was used mamona?s resin as waste s agglutinating element. The plates were taken up in a hydraulic press engine, heated, with temperature control, where they were manufactured for different percentage of waste wood and coconuts nuc?fera linn. Physical tests were conducted to determine the absorption of water, density, damp grade (in two hours and twenty-four hours), swelling thickness (in two hours and twenty-four hours), and mechanical tests to evaluate the parallel tensile strength (internal stick) and bending and the static (steady) flexural. The physical test?s results indicate that the LHWS can be classified as bonded wood plate of high-density and with highly water resistant. In the mechanical tests it was possible to establish that LHWS presents different characteristics when submitted to uniaxial tensile and to the static (steady) flexural, since brittle and elasticity module had a variation according to the amount of dry endocarp used to manufacture each trace of LHWS. The GFRP-WC was industrially manufactured by a hand-lay-up process where the fiber glass E was used as reinforcement the lignocellul?sic?s waste as load. The matrix was made with ortofitalic unsaturated polyester resin. Physical and mechanical tests were performed in presence of saturated humidity and dry. The results indicated good performance of the GFRP-WC, as traction as in flexion in three points. The presence of water influenced the modules obtained in the flexural and tensile but there were no significant alteration in the properties analyzed. As for the fracture, the analysis showed that the effects are more harmful in the presence of damp, under the action of loading tested, but despite this, the fracture was well defined starting in the external parts and spreading to the internal regions when one when it reaches the hybrid load / Na presente pesquisam-se a utiliza??o do endocarpo do cocos nuc?fera linn e o res?duo de derivados de madeira e de m?veis como mat?ria-prima para uso tecnol?gico. Nesse sentido, usam-se esses res?duos lignocelul?sico na fabrica??o de chapa de madeira aglomerada homog?nea (CHMC) e, como carga, em comp?sito polim?rico refor?ado com fibra de vidro E (PHFV-MC). Na fabrica??o da chapa de madeira aglomerada homog?nea (CHMC) usou-se a resina ? base de mamona como elemento aglutinante dos res?duos. As chapas foram conformadas em uma prensa hidr?ulica aquecida com controle de temperatura, onde as mesmas foram fabricadas para diferentes percentuais dos res?duos de madeira e do cocos nuc?fera linn. Foram realizados ensaios f?sicos para a determina??o de absor??o de ?gua, densidade, do teor de umidade (em duas horas e vinte e quatro horas), inchamento de espessura (em duas horas e vinte e quatro horas), e ensaios mec?nicos para a determina??o da resist?ncia ? tra??o paralela (ades?o interna) e o ensaio de flex?o est?tica. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios f?sicos indicam que a CHMC pode ser classificada como chapa de madeira aglomerada de alta densidade e que suporta bem a presen?a de ?gua. Nos ensaios mec?nicos foi poss?vel constatar que a CHMC apresenta caracter?sticas distintas quando submetida ? for?a de tra??o uniaxial e ? flex?o est?tica, uma vez que os m?dulos de ruptura e de elasticidade variaram em fun??o da quantidade do endocarpo seco usado para fabricar cada tra?o da CHMC. A PHFV-MC foi fabricada industrialmente por meio do processo hand-lay-up onde a fibra de vidro-E foi usada como refor?o e os res?duos lignocelul?sicos, como carga. A matriz foi ? base de resina poli?ster ortofit?lica insaturada. Foram realizados ensaios f?sicos e mec?nicos em presen?a de umidade saturada e a seco. Os resultados indicaram um bom desempenho da PHFV-MC, tanto na tra??o quanto na flex?o em tr?s pontos. A presen?a de ?gua influenciou os m?dulos obtidos na flex?o e na tra??o, mas n?o alterou significativamente as propriedades analisadas. Quanto ? fratura, a an?lise mostrou que os efeitos s?o mais danosos em presen?a da umidade, sob a a??o dos carregamentos analisados, mas, apesar disto, a fratura se mostrou bastante caracterizada, iniciando nas regi?es externas e se propagando para as regi?es internas quando atinge a carga h?brida

Thesis (Ph.D. (Biochemistry)) --University of Limpopo, 2009 / Refer to document / National Research Foundation (NRF) and University of Limpopo

Hazardous materials data from business and industrial chemical information and incident databases were analyzed to study the types of chemicals located in Linn, Benton, and Lincoln Counties, Oregon. Federal and Oregon Department of Transportation data were analyzed to study traffic patterns and truck and railroad traffic levels. Results indicate more than 2,000 chemical products are reported by businesses and industries in the three counties, with about 1,000 hazardous ingredients. The primary hazard Classes for these chemicals are flammable fuels, corrosives, and poisonous materials. Diesel, heating fuel, gasoline, and related fuels comprised more than 50% of the materials transported in the study area. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to input industrial and business locations of hazardous materials, historic hazardous materials incidents, traffic densities, population centers, and traffic network intersections. These metrics were modeled as risk factors for potential hazardous materials transportation risks. For Benton County, these factors were combined with population density and critical facilities themes to provide the basis for overlay and proximity analysis for the purpose of facilitating emergency planning and to foster public awareness. Located on the Interstate 5 corridor, Linn County uses and transports a greater variety of hazardous materials than Benton or Lincoln Counties. For example, fifty-one of fifty-five extremely hazardous substances found in the three county area were reported in Linn County, with 24 reported in Benton County, and 6 reported in Lincoln County. Data from Oregon Department of Transportation were extracted to assess accident and traffic patterns and integrate these risk factors with hazardous materials information. One federal and one state database reporting hazardous materials incidents were analyzed. Although traffic increased on study area roads more than 25% in the last decade, two hazardous materials incidents databases did not indicate an increasing number of emergency spill responses. The Oregon State Fire Marshall's incident database indicated an average of 34 per year between 1988-1997. Linn County averaged 18 per year during this time period, Benton County averaged 13, and Lincoln County averaged 3. Fuels were the primary chemical type responded to. The federal Hazardous Materials Information Reporting System database reported 40 incidents in the highway category and 11 railway incidents. Both types of incidents were dominated by corrosive materials in this database, which does not include fuels as defined hazardous materials. Traffic data on the roads used for hazardous materials transport show much higher traffic densities near intersections with other major roadways and in urban areas. Incident reports followed this pattern, primarily occurring in the major cities and towns of the three counties. Estimated daily numbers of trucks carrying hazardous materials ranged from 6 per day on the coastal portion of Oregon 34, to almost 700 on the section of I-5/99E between Albany and the Linn-Marion County border. Rail data studied indicate the highest quantities of materials designated hazardous were also transported on the main north-south corridor of Linn County, implicating this central area in the three counties has the highest density of the risk factors studied. / Graduation date: 2000

This study compared three methods of detecting test item bias, the chi-square approach, the transformed item difficulties approach, and the Linn-Harnish three-parameter item response approach which is the only Item Response Theory (IRT) method that can be utilized with minority samples relatively small in size. The items on two tests which measured writing and reading skills were examined for evidence of sex and ethnic bias. Eight sets of samples, four from each test, were randomly selected from the population (N=7287) of sixth, seventh, and eighth grade students enrolled in a large, urban school district in the southwestern United States. Each set of samples, male/female, White/Hispanic, White/Black, and White/White, contained 800 examinees in the majority group and 200 in the minority group. In an attempt to control differences in ability that may have existed between the various population groups, examinees with scores greater or less than two standard deviations from their group's mean were eliminated. Ethnic samples contained equal numbers of each sex. The White/White sets of samples were utilized to provide baseline bias estimates because the tests could not logically be biased against these groups. Bias indices were then calculated for each set of samples with each of the three methods. Findings of this study indicate that the percent agreement between the Linn-Harnish IRT method and the chisquare and transformed difficulties methods is similar to that found in previous studies comparing the latter approaches with other IRT methods requiring large minority samples. Therefore, it appears that the Linn-Harnish IRT approach can be used in lieu of other more restrictive IRT methods. Ethnic bias appears to exist in the two tests as measured by the large mean bias indices for the White/Hispanic and White/Black samples. Little sex bias was found as evidenced by the low mean bias indices of the male/ female samples and the fact that the male/female mean bias indices were lower than those of the White/White in 33% of the samples.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / In different parts of the world, medicinal plants have demonstrated a lot of health benefits to mankind and remains an important source for the discovery of new bio-active compounds. Libya is a typical example of a country where medicinal plants are widely used. Plant extracts of five Libyan medicinal plants were used in this study to investigate their in vivo effects on spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in male rats and on ovulation and fertility in female rats. The In vitro effects of these plant extracts were also investigated on TM3 Leydig cells and MCF 7 breast cancer cells. A phyto-chemical analysis of the five Libyan medicinal plants (flaxseed, black seeds, radish seed, date palm pollen and nutmeg) was done. The results showed that date palm pollen had a higher antioxidant activity than all of the above mentioned plants. In addition to this, Nigella sativa was observed to possess high flavonol content as well as high antioxidant activity. Male rats exposed to flaxseed, radish seeds and date palm pollen showed no significant alterations in body weight gain, whereas date palm pollen (240 mg/kg, p < 0.05) promoted an increase in body gain. This study also revealed a significant increase in the relative testicular weight of animals exposed to either flaxseed (300mg/kg) or date palm pollen (120mg/kg). In addition, the relative weights of the seminal vesicles of all treated groups showed significant increased values. The level of serum testosterone showed a significant increase after exposure to radish seed (80mg/kg) and a significant dose- dependent increase for date palm pollen when compared to control (P< 0.05). In contrast, flaxseed caused a dose-dependent significant (p <0.01) decrease in testosterone level at radish seed (300mg/Kg). All plant extracts caused a significant increase in sperm concentration. Sperm vitality significantly (p < 0.05) increased by radish seed (80mg/kg), flaxseed (300mg/kg) and date palm pollen (120, 240mg/kg) respectively. Total progressive motility improved significantly at flaxseed (300 mg/kg) (p < 0.001) as well as date palm pollen (p < 0.01). Histological examination of the cross sections of the testis showed clear presence of all stages of spermatogenesis in all the treated groups. Rat epididymides showed normal morphological appearance and their lumen were filled with spermatozoa. The diameter of seminiferous tubules in male rats exposed to date palm pollen (120 and 240 mg/kg) was significantly higher (p < 0.001). The heights of the germ cell epithelia within the eminiferous tubules were also significantly increased in all treated groups. Liver and renal functions tests showed a significant decrease in Alanine transaminase (ALT) and creatinine in all treated groups (p < 0.05), and this demonstrates the lack of cytotoxic effects of date palm pollen, radish seed and flaxseed on the rats. However, these plant extracts produced a non-significant (p > 0.05) increase in Aspartate transaminase (AST) levels. Besides this, superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) in testis was increased significantly by radish seed (160 mg/kg), flaxseed (200 mg/kg) and date palm pollen (120 mg/kg). There was also improved catalase activity in testis of male rats exposed to radish seed and date palm pollen. Regarding male sexual behavior, the time to reach the female and the mount frequency decreased significantly in male rats exposed to flaxseed (300 mg/kg) and date palm pollen (120 and 240 mg/kg; p > 0.05) thus, these plant extracts exhibit aphrodisiac properties. In addition, exposure of male rats to date palm pollen (120 mg/kg) produced a significant (p < 0.01) increase in the number of embryos in untreated female rats. In the female rats, the body weight gain was not affected (p > 0.05). However, the relative uterus weights exposed to nutmeg (200 mg/kg) and date palm pollen (120 and 240 mg/kg) were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). In addition, the relative weights of ovaries after treatment with nutmeg (400 mg/kg) and black seed (400 mg/kg) showed significantly increased values (p < 0.01). Serum FSH was significantly increased (p > 0.05 or 0.01) when the female rats have been exposed to black seed (200 mg/kg), nutmeg (200 mg/kg) or date palm pollen (120 mg/kg). The LH level significantly (p < 0.01) decreased following exposure to black seed (200 mg/kg), date palm pollen (120 mg/kg). On the other hand, serum LH concentration was significantly increased in female rats exposed nutmeg (400 mg/kg; p > 0.05). The creatinine activity in female rat serum in all treated groups was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Whereas the higher dose of date palm pollen (240 mg/kg) caused only a non-significant decrease. ALT activity in serum of female rat exposed to either black seed (400 mg/kg) or date palm pollen (120 and 240 mg/kg) was shown to decrease significantly (p < 0.05). Histology of the reproductive organs, kidney and liver in the female rats showed no obvious alterations in any of the treated groups. In addition, the number of embryos in female rats significantly increased (p < 0.01; p < 0.001) following exposure of female rats to black seeds 400 and date palm pollen 240 mg/kg, respectively. Incubation of TM3 Leydig cells with radish seeds for 24, 48 or 72 hours caused a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity. Besides that, date palm pollen and flaxseed increased the mitochondrial dehydrogenases activity of TM3 Leydig cells. In addition, higher concentration of date palm pollen, nutmeg and black seed were cytotoxic to MCF7 breast cells. In testis slices testosterone secretion in vitro was significantly increased by flaxseed (500 μg/ml; p > 0·05) and date palm pollen (500 μg/ml; p > 0·01). MCf-7 cells treated with BS 10-50 μg/ml black seed and nutmeg 10-50μg/ml significantly increased cell proliferation. However, the treatment with date palm pollen produced only a weak estrogenic effect, which resulted in a concentration dependent significant increase as observed between 50-1000 μg/ml date palm pollen. In conclusion, in this study, we observed that date palm pollen, radish seed and flaxseed increased libido as well as steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis, improved hepato and nephron-protective effects. In female rats, the plant extracts NM, BS and date palm pollen potentiated the production of gonadotropic hormones. In addition to this, at lower concentrations these medicinal plants promoted cell growth, whereas at higher concentrations they inhibited cell proliferation of MCF- 7 breast cancer cells. The anti-oxidant effects of these plant extracts have been implicated for the above mention effects.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Biochemistry)) --University of Limpopo, 2009 / Commelina benghalensis Linn is used in traditional medicine in several Asian and African countries for the treatment of various ailments such as stomach irritations, burns, sore throat and feet, diarrhoea and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Recently, our laboratory showed that the crude methanolic extract of Commelina benghalensis L (CMECB) exhibits growth inhibitory and proapoptotic effects in Jurkat T and Wil-2 NS cancer cell lines. In this study, the precise molecular mechanism(s) associated with CMECB-induced growth inhibitory and apoptosis inducing effects in Jurkat T and Wil-2 NS cell lines were investigated. This was achieved by investigating the effects of the extract on the cell division cycle distribution profile as well as its effects on various cell division cycle and apoptosis regulatory genes. Ground stems of C. benghalensis L were extracted with absolute methanol to obtain a crude extract. To assess the effect of CMECB on cancer cell growth, experimental cell cultures were exposed to various concentrations (0 to 600 μg/ml) of CMECB for up to 72 hours. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in cell viability and inhibition of proliferation of experimental cell cultures as determined by the trypan blue dye exclusion assay and the Coulter counter method, respectively. Analysis of nuclear morphological changes in cells stained with Hoechst 33258 confirmed apoptosis as the mode of cell death that is associated with the growth inhibitory effects of CMECB in both the Jurkat T and Wil-2 NS cell lines. This assertion was based on the observed presence of nuclear morphological changes such as chromatin condensation and fragmentation and apoptotic bodies in cells exposed to CMECB. In order to get an insight on the pro-apoptotic mechanisms of CMECB, Western blot xxi and quantitative real-time PCR (qrt-PCR) were used to investigate the expression profiles of various apoptosis and cell division cycle regulatory genes. Qrt-PCR results showed a lack of a clear up- and/or down-regulatory effects of CMECB on the mRNA expression levels of bax and bcl-2 in both Jurkat T and Wil-2 NS cells. Western blot analyses demonstrated that CMECB induced apoptosis by facilitating Bax protein translocation from the cytosol to the mitochondria in both Jurkat T and Wil-2 NS cells. In addition, CMECB down-regulated Bcl-2 protein expression which, as a result, led to the shift in the Bax/Bcl-2 protein ratio at certain time points and concentration in both Jurkat T and Wil-2 NS cells. The modulation of the Bcl-2 family members led to mitochondrial cytochrome c release into the cytosol and activation of caspases-9 and -3; this was also confirmed by caspase activity assays and eventual degradation of PARP. Furthermore, CMECB induced Jurkat T and Wil-2 NS cell division cycle arrest at the G2/M phase as determined by flow cytometric analysis. Western blot analyses of G2/M phase regulatory proteins demonstrated that the CMECB-induced cell division cycle arrest was associated with the downregulation of cyclin B1 and Cdc2 protein expression levels. Western blot analyses results further revealed that the arrest of Wil-2 NS cells at the G2/M phase was independent of p21 protein activity. However, Jurkat T cell division cycle arrest was found to be mediated, in part, by p21. Quantitative real-time PCR results did not show a clear trend in terms of the down- or up-regulatory effects of the extracts on the G2/M phase regulatory genes. The CMECBinduced apoptosis and G2/M arrest was found to occur in a p53-independent xxii manner due to the lack and down-regulation of p53 protein levels in both Jurkat T and Wil-2 NS cells, respectively. In conclusion, CMECB induces its anticancer activity by inducing G2/M phase arrest and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis independent of p53 protein activity. Although the study did not perform in vivo experiments to ascertain the efficacy of extracts of CMECB against specific tumour types in animal models, the present findings somehow validate the traditional use of C. benghalensis L as an anticancer agent. A more definitive study needs to be done to ascertain this assertion. / National Research Foundation and the University of Limpopo research office

Cocos nucifera Linn is a tropical palm tree whose fruit is used for alimentary, cosmetics, handmade and medicinal purposes. However the research from other parts of this species is incipient. The researchs about therapeutic activities from plants used by population is encouraged by the Health World Organisation and, in Brazil, fomented by 10 thousand vegetable species cataloged and only 10% evaluated with respect to their biological activities and safety. The resolution No. 197/1997 of the Federal Council of Nursing endorses the use of plants in the practice of nursing care and linked to the need for alternatives against microbial multirresistance and oxidative diseases which are problems contemporaries of humanity. This preclinical experimental research was performed at the Master’s Program in Nursing at the Federal University of Alagoas in order to investigate the antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity and free radical scavenging capacity of crude ethanol extracts of the leaves, stem and stalk's husk of Cocos nucifera L. (coconut palm) in vitro. It was evaluated the extract's antimicrobial activities against the Gram positive bacteria: S. aureus and Gram negative: E. coli and P. aeruginosa and C. albicans fungus by Àgar diffusion methods and identification of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations by microdilution. It was performed cytotoxicity assay in J774 lineage cells by MTT [3 - (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] and verification of the antioxidant potential by qualitative and quantitative methods of free radical scavenging ability. The results confirmed the antioxidant potential against the DPPH with CI50 of 135.03 ± 0.04 mg / mL and 179.22 ± 2.1 mg / mL from extracts of stem and leaf respectively while stem and ethanolic and methanolic leaf only showed free radical scavenging capacity in qualitative assay. The extracts of stem and leaves of the Cocos nucifera L. inhibited bacterial growth of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa with lower growth inhibitory concentration of 10mg (5%). There was no growth inhibition of E. coli and C. albicans at a concentration of 1.5 x 106 UFC with extracts by 10%. The crude extracts of Cocos nucifera Linn didn't showed cytotoxicity at concentrations of 200 and 100 mg / mL; crude ethanol extract of the stem did not cause cytotoxicity at concentration of 1000 mg / mL. The DMSO 2% solvent was cytotoxic, making unfeasible analysis of the extracts at 2000μg. The results confirm existence of free radical scavenging and antimicrobial activity and absence of cytotoxicity in some of crude extracts of the leaves, stem and stalk's husk of the Cocos nucifera Linn collected in Alagoas soil / Cocos nucifera Linn. é uma palmeira tropical cujo fruto é utilizado para fins alimentícios, cosméticos, artesanais e medicinais. No entanto, a investigação das demais partes desta espécie é incipiente. Pesquisas sobre atividades terapêuticas de plantas usadas pela população são incentivadas pela Organização Mundial de Saúde e no Brasil, fomentada por 10 mil espécies vegetais catalogadas e apenas 10% avaliadas com relação a suas atividades biológicas e segurança. A Resolução do Conselho Federal de Enfermagem nº 197/1997 respalda o uso de plantas na prática da assistência em Enfermagem e atrelado à necessidade de alternativas diante da multirresistência microbiana e doenças oxidativas que são agravos contemporâneos da humanidade, realizou-se esta pesquisa experimental pré-clínica no programa de Mestrado em Enfermagem da Universidade Federal de Alagoas, com objetivo de investigar a atividade antimicrobiana, citotóxica e capacidade sequestradora de radicais livres dos extratos brutos etanólicos das folhas, pecíolo e casca do caule do Cocos nucifera L. (coqueiro anão verde) in vitro. Foram avaliadas as atividades antimicrobianas dos extratos frente às bactérias Gram positiva: S. aureus e Gram negativas: E. coli e P. aeruginosa e ao fungo Candica albicans pelos métodos de difusão em Ágar e identificação das Concentrações Inibitórias Mínimas pela microdiluição. Realizou-se teste de citotoxicidade em células da linhagem J774 pelo MTT [Brometo de 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2)-2,5-difeniltetrazolio] e verificação do potencial antioxidante pelos métodos qualitativo e quantitativo da capacidade sequestradora de radicais livres. Os resultados confirmaram o potencial antioxidante frente ao radical sintético DPPH com CI50 de 135,03 ± 0,04 µg/mL e 179,22 ± 2,1 µg/mL dos extratos do caule e folha respectivamente, enquanto os extratos do pecíolo e folha etanólica/metanólica (EtOH/MeOH) apenas apresentaram capacidade sequestradora de radicais livres no ensaio qualitativo. Os extratos do pecíolo e folha do Cocos nucifera L. inibiram o crescimento bacteriano de S. aureus e P. aeruginosa com menor concentração inibitória do crescimento 10mg (5%). Não houve inibição do crescimento de E. coli e C. albicans na concentração de 1,5 x 106 UFC pelos extratos a 10%. Os extratos brutos do C. nucifera Linn. não apresentaram citotoxicidade nas concentrações de 200 e 100 µg /mL; o extrato bruto etanólico do pecíolo não causou citotoxicidade na concentração de 1000 µg/mL. O solvente DMSO 2% foi citotóxico, o que inviabilizou a análise dos extratos a 2000µg. Os resultados comprovam a existência de atividade sequestradora de radicais livres, antimicrobiana e a ausência de citotoxicidade em alguns dos extratos brutos das folhas (lâmina), pecíolo e casca do caule do Cocos nucifera Linn coletado em solo Alagoano

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-12-29T18:52:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GabrielAraujoDaSilva_TESE.pdf: 9716564 bytes, checksum: 88caa6463776cc29d04cd3e917b9c1e0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-01-02T21:34:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GabrielAraujoDaSilva_TESE.pdf: 9716564 bytes, checksum: 88caa6463776cc29d04cd3e917b9c1e0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-02T21:34:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GabrielAraujoDaSilva_TESE.pdf: 9716564 bytes, checksum: 88caa6463776cc29d04cd3e917b9c1e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-12 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Este estudo conjuga uma abordagem etnofarmacol?gica no ?mbito do uso tradicional das esp?cies como triagem, em associa??o a aspectos filogen?ticos, considerando que h? comprova??es cient?ficas quanto ? composi??o qu?mica e atividades farmacol?gicas em outras esp?cies dentro dos mesmos g?neros. Isto est? associado a avalia??es das atividades antioxidante e hepatoprotetora j? realizado em estudos pr?vios do grupo de pesquisa usando o extrato bruto do Spondias mombin?S. tuberosa e Turnera ulmifolia Linn. var. elegans, que indicaram um efeito terap?utico positivo, al?m da da import?ncia de uma avalia??o toxicol?gica, outras atividades farmacol?gicas e a elucida??o dos compostos majorit?rios presentes nos extratos brutos e fra??es de Licania tomentosa Benth. Fritsch, C. impressa Prance, L. rigida Benth., S. mombim?S. tuberosa e T. ulmifolia Linn. var. elegans. Assim, os extratos das folhas e suas fra??es referentes ?s esp?cies supracitadas foram caracterizados quanto a composi??o qu?mica, atividades farmacol?gicas atrav?s de ensaios in vitro e ex vivo, al?m da avalia??o in vivo de sua toxicidade. A composi??o qu?mica dos extratos brutos e suas fra??es foram avaliadas por um m?todo cromatogr?fico validado e por t?cnicas espectrofotom?tricas, que possibilitam a identifica??o e/ou caracteriza??o de compostos majorit?rios. Esta an?lise indicou que os extratos e suas fra??es s?o uma fonte de compostos fen?licos, principalmente flavon?is e seus glicos?deos, tais como flavon?is-3-O-glicosilados. Em rela??o ? atividade antioxidante, apenas o extrato metan?lico das folhas de S. mombim?S. tuberosa e a FRF apresentaram uma acentuada capacidade de sequestro do radical livre DPPH?, enquanto que FRP foi ?nico capaz de proteger a integridade celular dos eritr?citos ao prevenir a hem?lise, inibindo a lipoperoxida??o l?pica e mantendo os n?veis de GSH. Os outros extratos induziram hem?lise. Este efeito antioxidante est? associado ? composi??o qu?mica presente em todos os extratos e fra??es. A avalia??o da atividade antimicrobiana s? apresentou um moderado efeito bactericida com o extrato de S. mombim?S. tuberosa e a FRF. A avalia??o toxicologica de todos os extratos em modelo murino, utilizando-se a dose ?nica do extrato na concentra??o de 2000 mg/kg, n?o mostrou qualquer efeito t?xico. Portanto, os resultados aqui descritos promovem um conhecimento cient?fico complementar, viabilizando o uso das folhas dessas esp?cies vegetais como recurso terap?utico, permitir o aproveitamento racional das mesmas, e um controle do extrativismo indiscriminado devido a usos medicinais n?o validados cientificamente, c? no Nordeste do Brasil e no mundo. / This study combines one ethnopharmacological approach within the traditional use of species such as screening, in association with phylogenetic aspects, considering the scientific evidences regarding the chemical composition and pharmacological activities in other species within the same genus. This is associated with assessments of antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities already performed in previous studies from the research group using the crude extract of Spondias mombim?S. tuberosa and Turnera ulmifolia Linn. var. elegans, which indicated a positive therapeutic effect, as well as the importance of a toxicological evaluation, other pharmacological activities and the elucidation of the major compounds present in crude extracts and fractions of Licania tomentosa Benth. Fritsch, C. impressa Prance, L. rigida Benth., S. mombim?S. tuberosa and Turnera ulmifolia Linn. var. elegans. Thus, leaf extracts and their fractions relating to the above mentioned species were characterized for chemical composition, pharmacological activities by in vitro and ex vivo assays, as well as the in vivo evaluation of toxicity. The chemical composition of crude extracts and fractions were evaluated by a validated chromatographic procedure and spectrometric techniques, which enabled the identification and/or characterization of compound majority. This analysis pointed that extracts and their fractions are a source of phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids and their glycosides such as flavonls-3-O-glicosilates. In the leaf extract of S. mombim?S. tuberosa and its rich in flavonoids fraction, called FRF, was isolated and characterized rutin as major compound of this species. Regarding the antioxidant activity, only the methanol S. mombim?S. tuberosa leaf extract and its FRF showed a marked DPPH free radical scavenging capacity, while FRP was only one able to protect the erythrocyte integrity by preventing its hemolysis by inhibiting lipid lipoperoxidation and maintaining the GSH levels. The other extracts induced hemolysis. This antioxidant effect is associated to chemical composition in all extracts and fractions. The antimicrobial activity assessment showed just a moderate bactericidal effect in the presence of the S. mombim?S. tuberosa extract and its FRP. The toxicological assessment of all extracts in a murine model, using a single dose of the extract at a concentration of 2000 mg / kg, showed no toxic effect. Therefore, the results described herein promote a complementary scientific knowledge, enabling the use of these plant species leaves as a therapeutic resource, allowing the rational use of the same, and control the indiscriminate extraction due to medical uses no scientifically validated, here in Northeastern Brazil and worldwide.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-26T18:52:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ANA PAULA TRINDADE ROCHA – TESE (PPGEP) 2006.pdf: 2605471 bytes, checksum: 29c8f1076e79512504affafce03e4657 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-26T18:52:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ANA PAULA TRINDADE ROCHA – TESE (PPGEP) 2006.pdf: 2605471 bytes, checksum: 29c8f1076e79512504affafce03e4657 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-22 / CNPq / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o recobrimento contínuo de grânulos de quebra pedra em leito de jorro. Os grânulos foram obtidos a partir do processo de granulação por via úmida do extrato seco de quebra pedra, utilizando como ligante o PVPK30. Utilizou-se um recobridor em leito de jorro de configuração tronco-cilíndrica, construído em acrílico com base cônica de 60o, diâmetro da coluna de 15 cm, altura de 45 cm e diâmetro de entrada do ar de 3,0 cm. A suspensão polimérica a base de Eudragit foi atomizada sobre o leito de partículas, através do bico atomizador de duplo-fluido, localizado na parte superior da coluna. Trabalhou-se com uma carga de grânulos de 0,4 kg formada por partículas cuja distribuição granulométrica variou de 1,7 a 3,35 mm. Inicialmente, foi realizado o levantamento das curvas características e a partir dos resultados destas, juntamente com os resultados dos testes preliminares de recobrimento elaborou-se um planejamento experimental 23 com 6 pontos axiais e três repetições no ponto central, totalizando 17 experimentos de recobrimento. As variáveis operacionais foram: pressão de atomização, vazão de suspensão de recobrimento e temperatura do ar de secagem. Os resultados experimentais permitiram investigar as variáveis respostas: eficiência de recobrimento, crescimento relativo das partículas, índice de aglomerados e taxa de evaporação. A eficiência do processo variou de 40,78 a 93,19 %, o crescimento relativo de 7,31 a 15,86 %, o índice de aglomerado de 0 a 38,82% e a taxa de evaporação de 3,16 g/min a 10,9 g/min. O planejamento experimental forneceu modelos estatisticamente significativos para o índice de aglomerados e crescimento de partículas. Quanto à taxa de evaporação o modelo obtido além de estatisticamente significativo, foi também preditivo. Foram realizados ensaios de dissolução para avaliar o filme de recobrimento nos experimentos com maior eficiência, com menor eficiência e no ponto central. O principio ativo avaliado nesses testes foi o teor de flavonóides totais. Os resultados reforçam a importância do estudo da dissolução in vitro e que o processo de revestimento em leito de jorro é uma alternativa viável para modificação do perfil de liberação de formas farmacêuticas granulares. / The present work aimed to study the continuous coating process of stone breaker (Phylanthus niruri L.) granules in spouted bed. The granules were obtained from the granulation process, through humid via of stone breaker’s dry extract, in which the PVP-K30 was utilized as a binder. It was used a cone-cylindrical spouted bed coater, built of Plexiglass, whose dimensions were: angular base of 60o, column diameter of 5cm, column height of 45cm and inlet orifice diameter of 3.0 cm. The aqueous polymeric suspension of Eudragit was sprayed on the particles bed through the double-fluid atomizer nozzle located at the top the bed. The experiment carried out granules of 0.4kg formed by particles whose granulometric distribution varied from 1.7 to 3.35 mm. Initially, the characteristic curves had been analyzed and then, after these results were taken into consideration along with the coating preliminary tests, a 23 factorial design - with 3 central points and 6 axial points, 17-run full factorial design - was employed to evaluate the effects of the operational variables on the coating process. The independent variables studied were the air pressure of atomization, flow rate of suspension and the air inlet temperature. The responses analyzed were the process efficiency, the particles growth, the agglomeration index and the evaporation rate. The process efficiency varied from 40.78 to 93.19%, the relative growth from 7.31 to 15.86%, the agglomeration index from 0 to 38.82% and the evaporation rate from 3.16 to 10.9 g/min. The factorial design provided statistically significant models to the agglomeration index and the particles growth. As for the evaporation rate, besides being statistically significant, the model obtained was also predictive. Dissolution tests were carried out to analyze the coating film in the runs with lower and higher efficiency and with central point. The active ingredient evaluated in these tests was the total flavonoids content. The results point out the importance of the in vitro dissolution study and also that the coating process in spouted bed is a viable alternative to the profile modification in the granular pharmaceutic form’s release.