<p>Apstrakt je obrađen tehnologijama za optičko prepoznavanje teksta (OCR)</p><p>Utvrdeni su sastav i količine nepolarnih i polarnih lipida kao i lipida iz skroba u pojedinim fazama izrade hleba na dva uzorka bra&scaron;na od kvalitetne p&scaron;enice. Takode su odredene promene i prelazi lipidnih sastojaka pod uticajem fizičkih, mehaničkih i toplotnih delovanja tokom tehnolo&scaron;kog postupka.<br />Na osnovu sastava masnih kiselina u lipidnim jedinjenjima razdvojenim tankoslojnom hromatografijom i računa verovatnoće utvrđen je njihov najverovatniji sastav.<br />Iz ekstrakta nepolarnih lipida bra&scaron;na kvantitativno je identifikovano preko 60 %, a iz hleba preko 40 % lipidnih jedinjenja (ASG, MG i TG).<br />U ekstraktima polarnih lipida identifikovano je preko 60 % jedinjenja (DGMG, DGDG, MGMG i MGDG) a u lipidima unutar skroba zastupljeni su samo LPI i NAPE.</p><p>U ekstraktima lipida i u lipidnim jedinjenjima identifikovano je oko 98 % masnih kiselina a najveći udeo je lilinolne kiseline.<br />Takođe je ispitan uticaj načina dodavanja tri vrste komercijalnih emulgatora u pojedinim fazama izrade testa na kvalitet hleba.<br />Delovanje komercijalnih emulgatora u testu i hlebu zavisi od vrste, sastava i i količine emulgatora kao i od kvaliteta bra&scaron;na kome se dodaje. Pobolj&scaron;avajući efekti se mogu postići samo ako se emulgator dozira na početku zamesa ili tokom razvoja testa.<br />Rezultati ovog rada su pomogli da se bliže odredi mesto i uloga lipidnih materija bra&scaron;na u procesu izrade hleba kao i interakcija lipida bra&scaron;na sa komercijalnim emulgatorima.</p> / <p>Abstract was processed by technology for Optical character recognition (OCR).</p><p>Composition and quantities of nonpolar, polar and starch lipids were identified in different stages of bread making process. Changes and translocations of lipid compounds influenced by physical, mechanical and heat treatment during the technological process were determined, too.<br />Based on fatty acid composition in different lipid compounds separated by TLC and on probability calculation, the most probable composition of them was est imated.<br />In nonpolar lipid extracts of flour, over 60 % and in bread over 40 % of lipid compounds were identified (ASG, MG and TG).<br />In polar lipid extracts over 60 % of lipid compounds were identified (DGMG,<br />DGDG, MGMG and MGDG) but in starch lipids only LPI and NAPE were present.<br />In lipid extract and lipid compounds about 98 % of fatty acids were identi- fied with the greatest shane of linoleic acid.<br />The influence of adding three commercial emulsifiers in different stages of dough making on bread quality was also invest igated.<br />Acting of commercial emulsifiers in dough and bread depends on their type, composition and quantity, as well as, on flour quality. Improving effects can be achieved only if emulsifiers ane added at the beginning of mixing stage or during dough development.<br />These results comprise to better understanding of the lipid compounds role, the place of their acting in breadmaking process as well as their interaction with commercial emulsifiers.</p><p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Kukuruzni plamenca (<em>Ostrinia nubilalis</em>, Hbn.) je vrsta umerenog klimatskog područja&nbsp;<br />koja niske zimske&nbsp; temperature preživljava ulaskom u dijapauzu u stadijumu gusenice.&nbsp;Dijapauza i otpornost na hladnoću (cold hardiness,&nbsp; eng.), kod mnogih insekatskih vrsta često&nbsp;predstavljaju esencijalne, tesno povezane komponente strategije preživljavanja delovanja&nbsp;niske temperature, kao &scaron;to je to slučaj i kod kukuruznog plamenca&nbsp; <em>Ostrinia&nbsp; nubilalis</em>, Hbn. U&nbsp;okviru grupe insekata otpornih na hladnoću, svrstava se u insekte otporne na zamrzavanje&nbsp;(freeze tolerant,&nbsp; eng.) jer su&nbsp; sposobne da prežive ekstracelularno zamrzavanje telesnih&nbsp;tečnosti.</p><p>Iako se o osnovnim strukturnim i metaboličkim de&scaron;avanjima u dijapauzi insekata već dosta&nbsp;zna, jo&scaron; uvek postoje brojne dileme o ovom vidu preživljavanja insekata u nepovoljnim&nbsp;uslovima sredine, posebno sa aspekta izloženosti niskim zimskim temperaturama i&nbsp;mehanizmima krioprotekcije. Zbog toga je&nbsp; cilj ove doktorske disertacije&nbsp; bio&nbsp; da se sa aspekta&nbsp;biofizičkih osobina lipida i sastava masnih kiselina: &nbsp;odrede biofizičke osobine (temperature&nbsp;faznog prelaza) ukupnih lipida nedijapauzirajućih i dijapauzirajućih gusenica tokom dijapauze&nbsp;(početak, sredina i kraj),&nbsp; kao i u kontrolisanim uslovima hlađenja dijapauzirajućih gusenica;&nbsp;zatim da se&nbsp; odredi zastupljenost pojedinih klasa lipida u hemolimfi i masnom telu&nbsp;nedijapauzirajućih i dijapauzirajućih gusenica;&nbsp; da se&nbsp; utvrde promene sastava masnih kiselina&nbsp;strukturne (polarne) i rezervne (nepolarne)&nbsp; frakcije&nbsp; lipida celih gusenica&nbsp; tokom dijapauze i&nbsp;pod uticajem različitih temperatura u eksperimentalnim uslovima; kao i da se&nbsp; odredi tkivna&nbsp;specifičnost, hemolimfe i masnog tela, masnih kiselina ukupnih lipida&nbsp; i&nbsp; biofizičke&nbsp; osobine&nbsp;ukupnih lipida masnog tela nedijapauzirajućih i dijapauzirajućih gusenica tokom dijapauze,&nbsp;kao i u kontrolisanim uslovima hlađenja dijapauzirajućih gusenica.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p>U analizi lipida kukuruznog plamenca <em>Ostrinia nubilalis</em>, Hbn. kori&scaron;ćene su sledeće tehnike:&nbsp;tankoslojna hromatografija (TLC) sa skenirajućom denzitometrijom, za razdvajanje i analizu&nbsp;klasa lipida;&nbsp; zatim&nbsp; gasno-masena hromatografija (GC-MS), za analizu masnih kiselina kao i&nbsp;diferencijalna skenirajuća kalorimetrija (DSC&nbsp; &ndash;&nbsp; differential scanning calorimetry,&nbsp; eng.), za&nbsp;termalnu analizu ekstrahovanih lipida.</p><p>Kod&nbsp; gusenica <em>Ostrinia&nbsp; nubilalis</em>&nbsp;sastav&nbsp; masnih kiselina ukupnih lipida analiziranih tkiva i&nbsp;lipidnih frakcija značajno se razlikuje između&nbsp; ova dva fiziolo&scaron;ka stanja, stanja dijapauze i&nbsp;nedijapauze.&nbsp; Dijapauza indukuje značajno povećanje sadržaja mononezasićenih masnih&nbsp;kiselina, pre svega palmitoleinske (16:1n-7) i oleinske masne kiseline (18:1n-9) uz&nbsp;istovremeno smanjenje sadržaja zasićenih i&nbsp; polinezasićenih masnih kiselina, pre svega&nbsp;palmitinske (16:0) i linolne masne kiseline (18:2n-6).&nbsp; Temperature faznog prelaza ukupnih&nbsp;lipida celih gusenica i masnog tela&nbsp; značajno su niže kod dijapauzirajućih gusenica&nbsp; <em>O.&nbsp;nubilalis</em>,&nbsp; usled &nbsp;značajnog povećanja&nbsp; stepena nezasićenosti masnih kiselina u njihovom&nbsp;sastavu. Značajno niže temperature&nbsp; faznog prelaza lipida dijapauzirajućih gusenica&nbsp; <em>O.<br />nubilalis</em>&nbsp; rezultat su povećanja stepena nezasićenosti njihovih masnih kiselina. Možemo&nbsp;zaključiti da su&nbsp; promene u sastavu&nbsp; masnih kiselina lipida indukovane dijapauzom važna&nbsp;komponenta preživljavanja niskih temperatura kod&nbsp; <em>O. nubilalis</em>&nbsp; Hbn. jer se&nbsp; veliki deo lipida&nbsp;održava u tečnom stanju čak i na temperaturama daleko ispod 0&deg;C, &scaron;to je neophodno za&nbsp;održavanje njihove fluidnosti odnosno funkcionalnosti.</p> / <p>European corn borer (<em>Ostrinia nubilalis</em>,&nbsp; Hbn.)&nbsp; inhabiting temperate regions&nbsp; that&nbsp;survive low winter temperatures as a diapausing fifth instar larva.&nbsp; Diapausing larvae are cold&nbsp;hardy and freeze tolerant as they are able to survive the extracellular formation of ice crystals.&nbsp;Winter survival for many insect species living in seasonally cold environments includes a&nbsp;radical remodeling of metabolism. This implies entry into a developmentally arrested,&nbsp;hypometabolic state of winter diapause, which in <em>O. nubilalis</em>&nbsp; and&nbsp; many&nbsp; other&nbsp; insect species&nbsp;of these habitats is closely related to their cold hardiness.</p><p>Although the basic structural and metabolic events consider insect diapause is already known,&nbsp;there are still many doubts about the survival of insects in an unfavorable environment,&nbsp;particularly in terms of&nbsp; exposure to low winter temperatures &nbsp;and mechanisms of&nbsp;cryoprotection. Therefore, the aim of this thesis in terms of biophysical properties of lipids&nbsp;and fatty acid compositions,&nbsp; was to: i) to determine &nbsp;the biophysical properties (phase&nbsp;transition temperatures) of the total lipids of non-diapausing&nbsp; larvae&nbsp; and diapausing larvae&nbsp;during diapause (early diapause, mid diapause and termination of diapause), as well as under&nbsp;controlled cooling conditions during different phases of diapause; ii) to determine the fatty&nbsp;acid compositions of structural (polar) and storage (non-polar)&nbsp; total&nbsp; lipid fractions of non-diapausing&nbsp; larvae&nbsp; and diapausing larvae, as well as under the influence of different&nbsp;<br />temperatures during diapause in the controled experimental conditions; iii)&nbsp; to determine the&nbsp;lipid classes&nbsp; composition of total lipids extracted from the haemolymph and fat body of non-diapausing and diapausing larvae;&nbsp; iiii) to determine&nbsp; the haemolymph and fat body total lipid&nbsp;fatty acid compositions&nbsp; as well as the biophysical properties of the fat body total lipids of&nbsp;non-diapausing larvae&nbsp; and diapausing larvae during diapause as well as in terms of controlled&nbsp;cooling conditions. Thus, our research was focused on the non-diapausing (ND) as well as the&nbsp;diapausing larvae&nbsp; (D) that&nbsp; were exposed to low temperatures during different phases&nbsp; of&nbsp;diapause.</p><p>During analysis of European corn borer&nbsp; <em>O. nubilalis</em>&nbsp; lipids, the following techniques was&nbsp;used: thin&nbsp; layer&nbsp; chromatography (TLC) with scanning densitometry, for the separation and&nbsp;quantification&nbsp; of lipid classes; gas-mass chromatography (GC-MS ) for the&nbsp; analysis of the&nbsp;fatty acid composition&nbsp; of lipids and&nbsp; the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), for the&nbsp;thermal analysis of the extracted lipids.</p><p>The fatty acid compositions&nbsp; and biophysical properties of lipids differed markedly between&nbsp;non-diapausing and diapausing larvae&nbsp; of&nbsp; <em>O. nubilalis</em>. Diapause was associated with a&nbsp;dramatic increase&nbsp; mainly the proportions of palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7) and oleic acid (18:1n-9), with concurrent reductions in palmitic acid (16:0) and linoleic acid (18:2n-6). The increase&nbsp;in&nbsp; the level of unsaturation of&nbsp; lipids,&nbsp; which caused a marked shift in their phase transitions to&nbsp;lower temperatures,&nbsp; was triggered&nbsp; by diapause rather than low temperatures.&nbsp; Adjustments of&nbsp;fatty acid compositions are likely to be an important component of winter diapause &nbsp;mechaisms, possibly maintaining the fluidity of cell membranes, and the functionality &nbsp;of the&nbsp;organism during lower winter temperatures.&nbsp; We conclude that&nbsp; <em>O. nubilalis &nbsp;</em>undergoes&nbsp;remodeling of fatty acid profiles of lipids as an element of its overwintering physiology which&nbsp;may improve the ability to harden during diapause.</p>

<p>Bosiljak (Ocimum basilicum L.) pripada familiji Lamiaceae i jedna je od najrasprostranjenijih i najče&scaron;će gajenih biljaka &scaron;irom sveta. Njegova upotreba je &scaron;iroko rasprostranjena zbog bogatog sadržaja i skladnog odnosa vitamina, minerala kao i različitih fenolnih jedinjenja kao glavnih nosilaca antioksidativne aktivnosti. Poslednjih godina velika pažnja je usmerena ka fenolnim fitokomponentama kao potencijalnim promoterima zdravlja. Ciljevi ovog rada bili su ispitivanje kvalitativnih i kvantitativnih karakteristika, kao i biohemijskih aktivnosti ekstrakata bosiljka dobijenih različitim rastvaračima, kao i ispitivanje uticaja farmaceutsko-tehnolo&scaron;ke formulacije u obliku mikrovezikula ekstrakta bosiljka na glikemijski, lipidni i oksido-redukcioni status kod oglednih životinja, u odnosu na vodeni ekstrakt. In vitro ispitivanja su uključivala analizu 100 ekstrakata dobijenih različitim rastvaračima i stepenom usitnjenosti. Ukupni fenolni i flavonoidni sadržaj, kao i antioksidativna aktivnost određena je spektrofotometrijskom metodom. Takođe, kvantifikovane i kvalifikovane su fenolne komponente (fenolne kiseline i flavonoidi) primenom visokoefikasne tečne hromatografije (HPLC). In vivo ispitivanje je rađeno na 84 albino laboratorijska pacova soja Wistar. Per os su primenjivani vodeni ekstrakt bosiljka, rastvor natrijumove soli monoketoholne kiseline, njihove kombinacije, kao i ekstrakt u obliku farmaceutsko-tehnolo&scaron;ke formulacije, mikrovezikula. Posle sedmodnevnog tretmana, merene su koncentracije glukoze u krvi, a nakon žrtvovanja, u serumu su određeni parametri lipidnog statusa i antioksidativnog stresa. Ex vivo analizama procenjivani su efekti ekstrakta bosiljka na enzimske i neenzimske parametre antioksidativnog odbrambenog sistema i oksidativne modifikacije lipida. Praćen je i uticaj tretmana na akutno o&scaron;tećenje jetre usled primene paracetamola. Svi analizirani ekstrakti bosiljka su pokazali prisustvo velikog broja fenolnih jedinjenja iz klase fenolnih kiselina i flavonoida. Detektovane i kvantifikovane aktivne komponente bile su fenolne kiseline: hlorogenska, p-hidroksibenzoeva, kafena, vanilinska, ferulna, rozmarinska i cimetna, kao i apigenin, kvercetin, naringenin i rutin kao predstavnici flavonoidnih jedinjenja. Primena ekstrakta bosiljka i natrijumove soli monoketoholne kiseline, same ili u kombinaciji, a takođe i u farmaceutsko-tehnolo&scaron;koj formulaciji, pokazale su smanjenja o&scaron;tećenja tokom oksidativnog stresa, značajno antidijabetesno delovanje, povoljan uticaj na lipidni status i protektivni efekat na funkcije jetre i bubrega. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da ekstrakt bosiljka sadrži značajnu količinu fenolnih jedinjenja odgovornih za antioksidativnu aktivnost. Vodeni ekstrakt bosiljka, sam ili u kombinaciji sa monoketoholnom kiselinom, i u obliku farmaceutsko-tehnolo&scaron;ke formulacije snižava nivo glukoze u krvi, ubrzava obnovu &beta; ćelija, ima povoljan efekat na lipidni status i ne dovodi do toksičnih promena na jetri i bubrezima kod eksperimentalnih životinja.</p> / <p>Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) belongs to the family Lamiaceae and represents one of the most widespread and most commonly cultivated plant worldwide. Its use is widespread due to its rich content and harmonious relationship of vitamins, minerals and various phenolic compounds which are responsible for the antioxidant activity. In recent years, great attention is directed to phenolic phytocomponents as potential promoters of health. The objectives of this study were to test the qualitative and quantitative characteristics, as well as the biochemical activity of basil extracts obtained by various solvents and investigate the impact of pharmaceutical technological formulation of basil extract on glycemic, lipid and oxidation-reduction status of the aqueous extract in the experimental animals. In vitro studies have included 100 extracts obtained by various solvents and degrees of fragmentation. Total phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as antioxidant activity was determined by spectrophotometric method. Also, phenolic compounds (phenolic acids and flavonoids) were qualified and quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vivo testing was performed on 84 laboratory albino Wistar rats. The aqueous extract of basil, a solution of sodium salt of monoketocholic acid, their combinations, as well as an extract in the form of the pharmaceutical technological formulation were administered per os. After seven-day-treatment, the concentrations of glucose were measured in the blood and after sacrificing of animals, the lipid and antioxidative parameters were determined in serum. Ex vivo analysis assessed the effect of the extract of basil on the parameters of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense system and the oxidative modification of lipids. The effect of paracetamol on acute liver injury was also monitored. All analyzed basil extracts showed the presence of the large number of phenolic compounds from the class of phenolic acids and flavonoids. Chlorogenic, p-hydroxybenzoic, caffeic, vanillic, ferulic, rosmarinic, and cinnamic acid, as well as apigenin, quercetin, naringenin and rutin were detected and quantified. The application of basil extracts and the sodium salt of monoketocholic acid, either alone or in combination, and also in pharmaceutical technological formulation of microvesicles has shown a reduction in damage during oxidative stress, then a significant antidiabetic activity, favorable effect on the lipid profile and protective effect on the liver and kidney function. Based on these results it can be concluded that basil extract contains significant amounts of phenolic compounds responsible for antioxidant activity. The aqueous extract of basil, alone or in combination with monoketocholic acid, and in the form of the pharmaceutical technological formulations lowers glucose levels in the blood, accelerates the restoration of &beta; cells, has a favorable effect on the lipid status and does not lead to toxic changes in the liver and kidneys in experimental animals.</p>