A administração de Ags solúveis via mucosas, antes da sensibilização com o mesmo Ag, leva a tolerância. Na presente tese estudou-se o efeito do LPS i.n. durante a indução de tolerância nasal a ovalbumina (OVA). A maioria dos modelos murinos de asma utilizam a OVA como alérgeno, desse modo também utilizamos o extrato de Blomia tropicalis (Bt), um ácaro prevalente em pacientes asmáticos. Características da Bt impedem o estabelecimento de tolerância e evidências experimentais indicam que a tolerância a um Ag pode induzir tolerância a um Ag não relacionado (tolerância cruzada). Assim, avaliamos se a tolerância a OVA ou lizozima de ovo (HEL) poderia induzir tolerância cruzada a Bt. Observou-se que o LPS i.n. durante a indução de tolerância a OVA previne o estabelecimento da tolerância, resultando em neutrofilia pumonar, IgG2a, diminuição de IgE com aumento de IgG1 anafilática. Observou-se também que a tolerância nasal, a HEL ou OVA, não é eficaz em induzir tolerância cruzada para as respostas contra Bt. Já, a tolerância oral com OVA induziu tolerância cruzada para Bt. / Mucosal administration of soluble Ags, before the sensitization with the same Ag, leads to mucosal tolerance. We studied the effect of i.n. LPS during the induction of ovalbumin (OVA) nasal tolerance. The majority of murine models of asthma used OVA as allergen,thus, we also used Blomia tropicalis (Bt) extract, a mite more common in asthmatic patients. Features of Bt block the nasal tolerance establishment and experimental data indicates that tolerance towards an Ag can promote tolerance to another not related Ag (cross-tolerance). Therefore, we evaluated if OVA or hen-egg white lisozyme (HEL) tolerance could result in cross-tolerance to the Bt. Our data showed that i.n. LPS during induction of tolerance to OVA prevents the establishment of this tolerance, resulting in neutrophil migration, IgG2a production, decreased levels of IgE and increased anaphylactic IgG1. We verify that nasal tolerance to HEL or OVA is not capable in induce cross-tolerance against the Bt. We also observed that OVA oral tolerance is able to induce cross-tolerance against Bt.

"The effect of bacterial surface biopolymers on bacterial adhesion to surfaces was studied through experiments and modeling. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) provided the tool to measure the interaction forces between different bacterial cells and silicon nitride tips under different chemical conditions at a nanoscopic level. Two bacterial strains were considered: Pseudomonas putida KT2442 and Escherichia coli K-12 JM109. This study addressed the following issues: 1) the effect of solution ionic strength and solvent polarity on adhesion between Pseudomonas putida KT2442 and the silicon nitride AFM tip, 2) role of heterogeneity of bacterial surface biopolymers on bacterial adhesion, 3) role of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on adhesion at three different scales: continuous, batch, and nanoscale, and 4) nature of interactions between E. coli JM109 and a model surface (silicon nitride tip). To address the first issue, formamide, water, and methanol were used to investigate the effect of polarity on surface characteristics of biopolymers on the bacterial surface while a range of salt concentrations between that of water to 1 M KCl were used to study the effect of ionic strength. The adhesion increased with decreasing polarity of the solvent, indicating that the polymers on the bacterial surface are hydrophilic in nature. The adhesion was slightly affected by ionic strength variations up to a concentration of 0.1 M KCl; this may have been due to the fact that the ionic concentration in the solution did not counterbalance the ionic concentration in the biopolymer brush on the bacterial surface. However, a dramatic increase in the adhesion magnitude was observed when the salt concentration increased above 0.1 M KCl. This transition in adhesion with ionic strength from a low to high value induced a transition in the elasticity of the bacterial surface biopolymers. The biopolymer brush layer did change from rigid to soft with increasing the ionic strength. The elasticity was quantified mainly by the use of the freely jointed chain (FJC) model. Our interest in investigating the role of heterogeneity on adhesion developed from the results of the first study. The bacterial surface polymers were thought to be different in their chemical and physical nature since they were found to span a range of segment lengths. Analyzing the adhesion forces for P. putida KT2442 showed that the bacterial surface is heterogeneous. The heterogeneity was evident on the same cell surface and between different cells from the same population. To resolve the third issue, approximately, 80% of the surface LPS of E. coli K-12 JM109 were removed by treating the cells with 100 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The effect of LPS removal on the adhesion of the cells to the silicon nitride tip was studied in water and phosphate buffered silane (PBS). The adhesion results from the AFM experiments were compared to batch retention experiments with glass as the substratum and column attachment experiments with columns packed with quartz sand. LPS controlled bacterial adhesion to the different surfaces in the study at three scales: batch, continuous, and nano-scale. Finally, the nature of interactions between E. coli JM109 and a model surface (silicon nitride tip) were investigated in solvents of varying polarity (formamide, water, and methanol). The Young’s modulus of elasticity for the bacterial surface was estimated by fitting of the Hertzian model to the force-indentation curves. Young’s modulus values increased as the solvent polarity decreased, indicating a stiffer bacterial surface in lower polarity solvents. The average adhesion force in each solvent was negatively correlated with the dielectric constant of the solvent, suggesting hydrophilic biopolymers. Specific and non-specific interaction forces between the AFM tip and the biopolymers were further characterized by applying a Poisson statistical analysis to the discrete adhesion data. The specific and non-specific interaction forces were the highest in methanol (-4 and -1.48 nN respectively). These values are in accordance with the high adhesion magnitude values measured with AFM in methanol. The results of my different studies emphasized the important role of AFM in studying biological interactions to different surfaces and in characterizing bacterial surface biopolymers."

Introdução: As citocinas de perfil Th17 parecem exercer um papel importante na fisiopatogenia da inflamação pulmonar alérgica crônica, embora sua exata influência seja incerta. Estudos demonstram uma influência destas citocinas em modular a resposta inflamatória e infecciosa. É importante enfatizar que a infecção é um dos responsáveis por perpetuar a resposta inflamatória crônica na asma, particularmente durante as exacerbações. Muitos dos efeitos desta via ainda não foram investigados em modelos de inflamação alérgica pulmonar crônica (asma) exarcebada pelo lipopolissacarídeos (LPS). Objetivos: Avaliar os efeitos do tratamento com anti-IL-17 em um modelo de inflamação pulmonar alérgica crônica exarcebada pelo LPS. Métodos: Camundongos BALB/c foram submetidos ao protocolo de indução alérgica crônica das vias aéreas com ovoalbumina ou salina e com posterior desafios inalatórios por 28 dias. Nos 1° e 14° dias um grupo (grupo OVA) recebeu ovoalbumina 50 mg em hidróxido de alumínio 6mg em um volume total de 0,2 ml por via intraperitoneal. Do 22° ao 28° dia, os animais receberam em dias alternados, inalação de aerossol de OVA diluída em NaCl 0,9% (soro fisiológico) na concentração de 10 mg/ml (1%) por 30 minutos. Ao mesmo tempo, o grupo controle (grupo SAL) recebeu solução salina (NaCl 0,9%) e hidróxido de alumínio (6 mg) por via intraperitoneal e nos dias dos desafios inalatórios foram expostos ao aerossol de solução salina 0,9% também por 30 minutos. Uma hora antes da inalação de ovoalbumina ou de salina, o anticorpo neutralizador anti-IL17 foi administrado por via intraperitoneal (ip) (grupos OVA-antiIL17 e SAL-antiIL17). Vinte e quatro horas antes do final do protocolo experimental (28° dia) um grupo de animais (grupo OVA-LPS) recebeu instilação traqueal de LPS (20 ?l de PBS + 0,1 mg / ml de Escherichia coli 0127: B8). O grupo sensibilizado que recebeu LPS e anti-IL17uma hora antes da exposição ao LPS foi chamado de OVA-LPS-antiIL17. No 29° dia do protocolo, os animais foram eutanasiados e inicialmente foram avaliadas as respostas máximas à metacolina da resistência e elastância do sistema respiratório. Os pulmões foram retirados e realizados as análises histológicas e morfométricas para avaliar a expressão celular de CD4+, CD8+, células dendríticas e células reguladoras T FOXP3; RT-PCR para arginase 1, transportador vesicular de acetilcolina (VAChT) e IL-17; ativação do fator de transcrição nuclear ?B (NF-?B); o número de células positivas para ROCK 1 e ROCK 2; resposta inflamatória de perfis Th1 (IL-2, IL-6, e TNF-alfa), Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 e IL-13), Th-17 (IL-17), quimiocinas CCL17/TARC e CCL11/Eotaxina; resposta de remodelamento da matriz extracelular (conteúdo de fibras colágenas tipos I e III, decorina, lumican, biglicano, fibronectina, actina, TGFbeta1, o número de células positivas para MMP-9, MMP-12 e TIMP-1), e a resposta de estresse oxidativo (o número de células positivas para iNOS e conteúdo de isoprostano PGF2alfa e Arginase 1). Além disso, avaliamos por reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (Real-time PCR) a expressão gênica de IL-17 e mRNA para VAChT As análises estatísticas foram realizada por meio do programa SigmaStat (Jandel Scientific, San Rafael, CA), onde um p < 0,05 será considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: O grupo OVA-LPS-antíIL17 apresentou uma diminuição na resposta máxima pós metacolina de elastância e resistência do sistema respiratório, NO exalado, o número de células positivas para CD4+ e CD8+, células dendríticas, células T reguladoras FOXP3, mRNA para VAChT, NF-?B, ROCK1 e 2, quimiocinas CCL17 / TARC, e CCL11 / eotaxina, IL2 IL4, IL5, IL6, IL10, IL13 e IL17 nas paredes das vias aéreas comparado aos grupos OVA e OVA-LPS (p < 0,05). Alem disso, o tratamento com anti-IL17 reduziu o remodelamento brônquico (conteúdo de fibras colágenas I e III, decorina, lumican, biglican e fibronectina nas paredes das vias aéreas) assim como o número de células positivas para TGFbeta1, MMP-9, MMP12 e TIMP-1 ao redor das vias aéreas em comparação ao grupo SAL (p < 0.05). Houve também a atenuação de todos os parâmetros exceto no grupo OVA-antiIL17 em comparação ao grupo OVA (p < 0.05). Quanto ao estresse oxidativo o tratamento com o anti-IL17 também foi efetivo. Observamos redução de expressão celular de iNOS, conteúdo de PGF2alfa e expressão gênica de arginase1 em comparação com os grupos OVA e OVA-LPS (p < 0,05). Ainda, observamos uma atenuação do antí-IL17 na expressão gênica de IL17 e VAChT. Conclusões: A inibição da IL17 contribuiu para o controle da hiperresponsividade brônquica, da inflamação Th1/Th2/Th17, da expressão de quimiocinas, do remodelamento da matriz extracelular e da resposta da via NO-arginase, do sistema colinérgico sinalizado pela avaliação do VAChT e de estresse oxidativo no modelo de asma experimental. No modelo de asma experimental exarcebado pelo LPS houve potencialização das respostas de hiperresponsividade das vias aéreas distais, assim como da maioria dos marcadores de resposta inflamatória, de remodelamento da matriz extracelular e da ativação das vias via NO-arginase e do estresse oxidativo. O tratamento com anti-IL17 nesses animais foi capaz de controlar a maior parte das alterações citadas, exceto o conteúdo de actina. Dentre os mecanismos envolvidos no controle pelo tratamento com anti-IL17 das alterações estudadas no modelo de asma experimental exarcebado pelo LPS observamos a importância da expressão do fator de transcrição NFkb e de Rho quinase 1, e expressão gênica mRNA para VAChT. Embora outros mecanismos possam estar envolvidos e doses repetidas de anti-IL17 nos animais com asma exarcebado pelo LPS também necessitem ser testadas, o tratamento com anti-IL17 se mostrou uma ferramenta farmacológica importante para o tratamento das alterações, que à semelhança do observado nestes modelos experimentais, também se observam em pacientes com asma grave mesmo associada a quadros infecciosos agudos / Introduction: Th17 cytokines appear to play an important role in the pathophysiology of chronic allergic pulmonary inflammation, although their exact role is uncertain. Studies have demonstrated an influence of these cytokines in modulating the inflammatory and infectious response. It is important to emphasize that infection is one of the factors responsible for perpetuating the chronic inflammatory response in asthma, particularly during exacerbations. Many of the effects of this pathway have not yet been investigated in models of chronic allergic lung inflammation (asthma) exacerbated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Objectives: To evaluate the effects of anti-IL17 treatment on a model of chronic allergic pulmonary inflammation exacerbated by LPS. Methods: BALB/c mice were submitted to protocol of chronic allergic induction of the airways with ovalbumin or saline and with subsequent inhaled challenges for 28 days. On days 1 and 14 a group (OVA group) received ovalbumin 50 mg in 6 mg aluminum hydroxide in a total volume of 0.2 ml intraperitoneally. From the 22 to the 28 day, the animals received, on alternate days, aerosol inhalation of OVA diluted in NaCl 0.9% (saline solution) at a concentration of 10 mg/ml (1%) for 30 minutes. At the same time, the control group (SAL group) received saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) and aluminum hydroxide (6 mg) intraperitoneally and on the days of the inhalation challenges were exposed to aerosol 0.9% saline solution for 30 minutes. One hour prior to inhalation of ovalbumin or saline, the anti-IL17 neutralizing antibody was administered i.p. (OVA-anti-IL-17 and SAL-anti-IL17 groups). Twenty-four hours before the end of the experimental protocol (28th day) one group of animals (OVA-LPS group) received LPS tracheal instillation (20 ul PBS + 0.1 mg/ml Escherichia coli 0127: B8). The sensitized group that received LPS and anti-IL17 an hour before exposure to LPS was called OVA-LPS-anti-IL-17. On the 29th day of the protocol, the animals were euthanized and initially the maximum methacholine responses of resistance and elastance of the respiratory system were evaluated. The lungs were removed and the histological and morphometric analysis were performed to evaluate the cell expression of CD4+, CD8+, dendritic cells and T regulatory cells FOXP3; RT-PCR for arginase 1, vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) and IL-17; activation of nuclear transcription factor KappaB (NFkb); the number of positive cells for ROCK 1 and ROCK 2; Th1 (IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-alpha), Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13), Th-17 (IL-17), CCL17 chemokines/TARC and CCL11 / Eotaxin; (content of collagen fibers types I and III, decorin, lumican, biglican, fibronectin, actin, TGFbeta1, number of cells positive for MMP-9, MMP-12 and TIMP-1), and the response of oxidative stress (the number of positive cells for iNOS and isoprostane content PGF2alpha and Arginase 1). In addition, we evaluated the gene expression of IL-17 and mRNA for VAChT by real-time PCR. Statistical analysys were performed using the SigmaStat program (Jandel Scientific, San Rafael, CA), where a p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The OVA-LPS-anti-IL-17 group showed a decrease in post-methacholine maximal response of elastance and respiratory system resistance, exhaled NO, number of CD4 + and CD8 + positive cells, dendritic cells, FOXP3 regulatory T cells, mRNA for VAChT, (p < 0.05), and in the presence of a significant increase in the expression of IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13 and IL17 in the airway walls compared to OVA and OVA-LPS (p < 0,05). In addition, anti-IL17 treatment reduced bronchial remodeling (content of collagen fibers I and III, decorin, lumican, biglican and fibronectin in the airway walls) as well as the number of TGFbeta1, MMP-9, MMP-12 and TIMP-1 around the airways compared to the SAL group (p < 0.05). There was also attenuation of all parameters except in the OVA-antiIL17 group compared to the OVA group (p < 0.05). As for oxidative stress, treatment with anti-IL17 was also effective. We observed reduction of iNOS cell expression, PGF2alpha content and arginase1 gene expression in comparison to OVA and OVA-LPS groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, we observed an attenuation of the anti-IL17 in the IL17 and VAChT gene expression. Conclusions: Inhibition of IL-17 contributed to the control of bronchial hyperresponsiveness, Th1/Th2/Th17 inflammation, chemokine expression, extracellular matrix remodeling and NO-arginase pathway response, cholinergic system signaled by VAChT and of oxidative stress in the experimental asthma model. In the model of experimental asthma exacerbated by LPS there was a potentation of hyperresponsiveness responses of the distal airways, as well as of the majority of inflammatory response markers, extracellular matrix remodeling and activation of the pathways via NO-arginase and oxidative stress. Treatment with anti-IL-17 in these animals was able to control most of the above-mentioned changes, except the actin content. Among the mechanisms involved in the control by anti-IL17 treatment of the alterations studied in the model of experimental asthma exacerbated by LPS, we observed the importance of the expression of the transcription factor NF-Kappa B and Rho kinase 1, and gene expression mRNA for VAChT. Although other mechanisms may be involved and repeated doses of anti-IL17 in animals with LPS-exacerbated asthma also need to be tested, treatment with anti-IL17 has proved to be an important pharmacological tool for the treatment of the changes, which similar to those observed in these experimental models, are also seen in patients with severe asthma associated with acute infectious conditions

Septic shock is a major cause of deaths resulting from uncontrolled inflammation and circulatory failure. Recent studies suggest that the vascular isoform of ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels is an important contributor to septic susceptibility. To understand the molecular mechanisms for channel regulation during sepsis, we performed studies in isolated endothelium-denuded mesenteric rings. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced vascular relaxation and hyporeactivity to phenylephrine. The LPS-treated aortic smooth muscle cells displayed hyperpolarization and augmentation of KATP channel activity. Both were due to an up-regulation of Kir6.1 and SUR2B surface expression. The up-regulation relied on transcriptional and translational mechanisms, in which nuclear factor-¦ÊB (NF-¦ÊB) and Protein kinase A (PKA) played a critical role. Oxidative stress occurs during sepsis and may act as another regulatory mechanism affecting KATP channel activity and vascular contractility. We found that micromolar concentrations of H2O2 impaired the pinacidil-induced vasodilation. The effect attributed to the suppression of KATP channel activity, which can be fully produced by reactivity oxidants. Unlike the Kir6.1/SUR2B channel, the Kir6.2/SUR2B channel was insensitive to 1mM H2O2, indicating that the modulation sites are located in Kir6.1. Site-directed mutational analysis showed that three cysteine residues located in N-terminus and the core region of Kir6.1 were likely to mediate the redox-dependent channel modulation. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a vasoconstrictor that is successfully applied to manage sepsis. However, the downstream target of AVP is uncertain. Our studies show that AVP-induced vasoconstriction depended on V1a receptor, Protein kinase C (PKC) and KATP channel. Additionally, AVP decreased Kir6.1/SUR2B channel activity through V1a receptor. The inhibitory effect was caused by a suppression of the channel open state probability. The channel inhibition was mediated by phosphorylation of the channel protein by PKC. The widespread involvement of the vascular KATP channel in vascular responses to endotoxemia strongly suggests that the temporospatial control of channel activity may constitute an important intervention to vascular tone, blood pressure and organ-tissue perfusion in septic shock. Such a control appears feasible by targeting several modulatory mechanisms of intracellular signaling, Kir6.1/SUR2B expression, redox state and channel protein phosphorylation as demonstrated in this dissertation.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2004. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 144-164).

Thesis (doctoral)--Lund University, 1997. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2003. / Vita. Bibliography: 162-207.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Virginia, 2007. / Title from title page. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online through Digital Dissertations.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, Faculty of Medicine, / Typescript. Bibliography: leaves 44-68.

A administração de Ags solúveis via mucosas, antes da sensibilização com o mesmo Ag, leva a tolerância. Na presente tese estudou-se o efeito do LPS i.n. durante a indução de tolerância nasal a ovalbumina (OVA). A maioria dos modelos murinos de asma utilizam a OVA como alérgeno, desse modo também utilizamos o extrato de Blomia tropicalis (Bt), um ácaro prevalente em pacientes asmáticos. Características da Bt impedem o estabelecimento de tolerância e evidências experimentais indicam que a tolerância a um Ag pode induzir tolerância a um Ag não relacionado (tolerância cruzada). Assim, avaliamos se a tolerância a OVA ou lizozima de ovo (HEL) poderia induzir tolerância cruzada a Bt. Observou-se que o LPS i.n. durante a indução de tolerância a OVA previne o estabelecimento da tolerância, resultando em neutrofilia pumonar, IgG2a, diminuição de IgE com aumento de IgG1 anafilática. Observou-se também que a tolerância nasal, a HEL ou OVA, não é eficaz em induzir tolerância cruzada para as respostas contra Bt. Já, a tolerância oral com OVA induziu tolerância cruzada para Bt. / Mucosal administration of soluble Ags, before the sensitization with the same Ag, leads to mucosal tolerance. We studied the effect of i.n. LPS during the induction of ovalbumin (OVA) nasal tolerance. The majority of murine models of asthma used OVA as allergen,thus, we also used Blomia tropicalis (Bt) extract, a mite more common in asthmatic patients. Features of Bt block the nasal tolerance establishment and experimental data indicates that tolerance towards an Ag can promote tolerance to another not related Ag (cross-tolerance). Therefore, we evaluated if OVA or hen-egg white lisozyme (HEL) tolerance could result in cross-tolerance to the Bt. Our data showed that i.n. LPS during induction of tolerance to OVA prevents the establishment of this tolerance, resulting in neutrophil migration, IgG2a production, decreased levels of IgE and increased anaphylactic IgG1. We verify that nasal tolerance to HEL or OVA is not capable in induce cross-tolerance against the Bt. We also observed that OVA oral tolerance is able to induce cross-tolerance against Bt.