Bakgrund En fjärdedel av världens befolkning har i något sammanhang varit i kontakt med psykisk ohälsa. När en individ drabbas av ohälsa påverkas även de närstående. Familjefokuserad omvårdnad kan vara ett adekvat redskap för sjuksköterskan att även inkludera närstående i vården. I Hälso- och sjukvårdslagen framgår hur sjuksköterskan ska bidra med information och kunskap för att den närstående ska kunna delta i vården. Psykisk ohälsa förekommer inom alla patientgrupper och en av sjuksköterskans huvuduppgifter blir att stödja den vårdsökande samt dess närstående till fortsatt hjälp och förbättrad hälsa.   Syfte Att beskriva upplevelser av att vara närstående till en person med psykisk ohälsa.   Metod Litteraturöversikt med induktiv ansats baserad på artiklar med kvalitativ design. Datainsamling genom sökning i databasen CINAHL samt sekundärsökning. Analys av 12 artiklar utifrån Fribergs femstegsmodell.   Resultat Resultatet visar att närstående till personer med psykisk ohälsa upplever familjesituationen förändrad, en negligerad egenhälsa, att information och stöd efterfrågas samt sökande efter meningsfullhet.   Slutsats Sjuksköterskan har en viktig roll i att tillfredsställa behovet av information för närstående till personer med psykisk ohälsa, då bristande kunskap och felaktiga uppfattningar försvårar livssituationen. / Background A quarter of the world population has in some context been in contact with mental illness. When an individual is affected by ill-health this also affects the individual’s relatives. Family focused care can be an adequate implement for the nurse to also include relatives in health care. The Health Care Act shows how the nurse's role is to provide information and knowledge so the relatives will be able to participate in the care. Mental ill-health occurs within all patient groups and one of the nurse's main tasks is to support the care applicant and its relatives to continued help and improved health.   Aim To describe experiences of being a relative to a person with mental illness.   Method Literature review with inductive approach based on articles with a qualitative design. Data was collected through CINAHL and a secondary search. Analysis of 12 articles made with Fribergs five-step model.   Results The result shows that relatives to individuals with mental ill-health experience a changed family situation, neglected own-health, more information and support is needed and a search for meaning.   Conclusion The nurse receives an important role to satisfy the need of information to relatives of individuals with mental ill-health, as a lack of knowledge and wrong comprehensions obstructs the life situation.

Bakgrund: Hypertoni var en av de främsta folkhälsosjukdomarna i Sverige 2015 och 1,8 miljoner människor beräknades vara drabbade. Den främsta behandlingen ur såväl medicinskt som omvårdnadsperspektiv vid diagnostiserad hypertoni är livsstilsförändringar. Dock har följsamheten visats låg och endast 20-30% av personerna med hypertoni uppnår behandlingsmålet med ett blodtryck lägre än 140/90 mmHg. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att undersöka personers upplevelser av vad som främjar till följsamhet av livsstilsförändringar vid hypertoni. Metod: En induktiv ansats av kvalitativa artiklar låg till grund för litteraturöversikten. Sju artiklar inkluderades och analyserades i resultatet. Resultat: De upplevelser som främjade följsamhet till livsstilsförändringar var upplevelser av trygghet relaterat till kunskap, miljö och ekonomi, autonomi relaterat till vanor, rutiner och livsstil, delaktighet relaterat till omvårdnaden samt samhörighet relaterat till kultur, religion och familj. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskan skulle i mötet med personer med hypertoni kunna framhäva och uppmärksamma upplevelser av trygghet, autonomi, delaktighet och samhörighet för att på så vis stötta personen mot följsamhet till livsstilsförändringar. / Background: Hypertension was one of the main public health diseases in Sweden 2015 with approximately 1.8 million people expected to be affected. The primary treatment when diagnosed hypertension, from both a medical and nursing perspective, is lifestyle changes. However, compliance has been shown to be low, only 20-30% of people with hypertension achieve the treatment goal of a blood pressure less than 140/90 mmHg. Purpose: The purpose of the literature review was to examine people's experiences of what promotes the adherence to lifestyle changes in hypertension. Method: An inductive approach of qualitative articles formed the basis for the literature overview. Seven articles were included and analyzed in the results. Result: The experiences that promoted adherence to lifestyle changes were experiences of confidence related to knowledge, environment and economy, autonomy related to habits, routines and lifestyle, participation related to the care and affection related to culture, religion and family. Conclusion: The nurse could, in meeting with people with hypertension, highlight and draw attention to perceptions of safety and confidence, autonomy, participation and belonging, and thus support the person against adherence to lifestyle changes.

Bakgrund: Inom neonatalvården idag är det ovanligt att barn dör, men när det sker innebär det en i många fall livslång kris för de föräldrar som drabbas. Neonatal palliativ vård omfattar en helhetssyn och fokus på hela familjen, vilket bidrar till att relationer mellan familjen och vårdpersonalen byggs upp. Det innebär också etiska dilemman och att ställas inför svåra beslut. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva föräldrars erfarenhet av neonatal palliativ vård. Metod: En litteraturöversikt baserad på 12 kvalitativa artiklar som söktes fram i databaserna AMED, Cinahl, Medline och PsycINFO. Fribergs trestegsmodell användes för analys. Resultat: Åtta kategorier framkom: Att få möjlighet att vara nära; Att vara delaktig i att fatta beslut; Betydelsen av information; Att bli behandlad med respekt; Att lindra barnets lidande; Betydelsen av samtal och stöd; Att skapa minnen samt Sjukhusmiljöns betydelse. Slutsats: Föräldrarna har behov av att få vara delaktiga i barnets vård för att skapa minnen. De behöver information för att förstå och efterfrågar fortsatt kontakt med vårdpersonal och uppföljning efter dödsfallet. / Background: In today’s neonatal care, it is uncommon that babies die. When it happens, it is associated with a life-long crisis for the affected parents. In neonatal end-of-life care, the focus is on the entire family and on the relationships that occur between the family and the health care professionals. It is also related to the ethical questions and difficult decisions that take place in this situation. Aim: The aim was to describe parents´ experiences in neonatal end-of-life care. Method: A literature review consisting of 12 articles with a qualitative approach were made. Searches were made in the databases AMED, Cinahl, Medline and PsycINFO. Fribergs three step method for analysis was used. Results: Eight categories were found: To be able to be near; To be involved in making decisions; The importance of information; To be respected; To alleviate child suffering; The meaning of conversation and support; To create memories and The significance of the hospital environment. Conclusions: The parents have the need to be involved in the care of their dying child to create lasting memories. They need information to understand and they ask for further contact and follow-up meetings after the death of their child.

Bakgrund: Sällskapsdjur har ett flertal positiva hälsoeffekter på människor och det har lett till att viidag använder djur inom vården, främst hundar. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att undersöka hundens användande inom vården, attbeskriva och förklara dess effekt på människor. Metod: Metoden var en litteraturstudie och elva vetenskapliga artiklar granskades. Dessaanalyserades och sammanställdes utifrån gemensamma teman. Resultat: Vårdhundar inom vården kan i de flesta fall reducera ångest och acceptansen av vårdhundär mycket god både bland patienter, anhöriga och personal. Minskning av blodtryck ochhjärtfrekvens råder det delade meningar om, då vissa studier visar en minskning av dessa och andragör det inte. Vårdhundar kan användes till att vara motivationshöjande för patienten. Slutsats: Vårdhundar har många positiva effekter på människor, men fler studier behövs för att seom dessa resultat inte bara gäller för de grupper som har undersökts i studien utan även äröverförbara till andra grupper. / Background: Pets have a number of positive health effects in humans and this has led to ourcurrent use of animals in health care, particularly dogs. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the dog's use in health care, to describe and explainits effect on humans. Method: The method was a littareture review and eleven scientific studies was examined. Thesewere analyzed and summarized by common themes. Results: Therapydogs can in most cases reduce anxiety and acceptance of therapydogs is very goodamong patients, relatives and staff. There is a disagreement about bloodpressure and heart rate,since some studie show a decrease of these factors and others do not. Thearpydogs can be used as amotivation for patients. Conclusion: Thearpydogs have a number of positive effects on people in health care, but morestudies are needed to see if these results apply not only to those groups that has participated in thestudy but are also transferable to other groups.

To achieve a sustainable use of energy we must increase our use of renewable energysources, biogas if one such source. One of the greatest potentials for biogas are in theagricultural sector and the Energy Agency calculates that 25% of the available manurecan be used for biogas production. The purpose of this thesis is to contribute withknowledge of co-digestion of manure and how this affects the methane potential andhow co-digestion affects the contents of NH4 in the sludge. The report includes a literature study to understand the digestion process and its partsand allows interpretation of data. The report includes analysis of data from HalmstadUniversitys experiment of anaerobic digestion and an additional digestion. The resultsobtained in this study shows that the effect of co-digestion varies depending on manure.Horse and chicken manure and beef and pig manure gives a positive effect to the codigestion.

Context. Reports suggest that defects in code cost the US in excess of $50billion per year to put right. Defect Prediction is an important part of Software Engineering. It allows developers to prioritise the code that needs to be inspected when trying to reduce the number of defects in code. A small change in the number of defects found will have a significant impact on the cost of producing software. Aims. The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the factors which a ect the performance of defect prediction models. Identifying the causes of variation in the way that variables are computed should help to improve the precision of defect prediction models and hence improve the cost e ectiveness of defect prediction. Methods. This dissertation is by published work. The first three papers examine variation in the independent variables (code metrics) and the dependent variable (number/location of defects). The fourth and fifth papers investigate the e ect that di erent learners and datasets have on the predictive performance of defect prediction models. The final paper investigates the reported use of di erent machine learning approaches in studies published between 2000 and 2010. Results. The first and second papers show that independent variables are sensitive to the measurement protocol used, this suggests that the way data is collected a ects the performance of defect prediction. The third paper shows that dependent variable data may be untrustworthy as there is no reliable method for labelling a unit of code as defective or not. The fourth and fifth papers show that the dataset and learner used when producing defect prediction models have an e ect on the performance of the models. The final paper shows that the approaches used by researchers to build defect prediction models is variable, with good practices being ignored in many papers. Conclusions. The measurement protocols for independent and dependent variables used for defect prediction need to be clearly described so that results can be compared like with like. It is possible that the predictive results of one research group have a higher performance value than another research group because of the way that they calculated the metrics rather than the method of building the model used to predict the defect prone modules. The machine learning approaches used by researchers need to be clearly reported in order to be able to improve the quality of defect prediction studies and allow a larger corpus of reliable results to be gathered.

Bakgrund : Delaktighet och personcentrerad vård är centrala begrepp i den vård som bedrivs idag. För att patienten ska vara delaktig krävs det att patienten är mer involverad i de dagliga händelserna som till exempel skiftrapportering. Vid varje skiftbyte sker överrapportering från en sjuksköterska till en annan, överrapporteringarna saknar ofta patientmedverkan. En rapporteringsmodell är bedsiderapportering vilket innebär att rapporteringen sker i patientens närvaro. Syfte : Syftet var att beskriva patientens delaktighet i vården vid bedsiderapportering. Metod : En litteraturöversikt. Resultat : Bedsiderapportering fick patienterna att känna sig delaktiga i vården, vilket delvis berodde på att de kände sig som värdefulla deltagare. Patienterna betraktades i första hand som en person. Både patienter och sjuksköterskor ansåg att rapporteringssättet var avgörande för patientens delaktighet i vården. De flesta patienter uppskattade att få vara med i rapporteringen och få viktig information som de ansåg sig ha rätt till. Dock ville inte alla patienter delta, vilket bland annat berodde på att rapporten ansågs vara till för sjuksköterskor. Slutsats : Bedsiderapportering ökade patientens delaktighet i vården enligt både patienten och sjuksköterskan. Dock ville inte alla patienter delta i rapporteringen och graden av delaktighet var beroende av på vilket sätt rapporten gavs. / Background : Participation and person-centered care are key concepts in the care that are being given today. In order for the patient to participate, they must be involved in the daily work such as shift reporting. At each shift, reporting occurs from one nurse to another which often lacks patient involvement. A reporting model is bedside report, which means reporting takes place in the patient's presence. Aim : The aim of this study was to describe patient’s participation in care during bedside report. Method : A literature review. Results : Bedside report made patients feel more involved in their care, partly because they felt valued as a participant in the report. The patients were considered a person in the first hand. Both patients and nurses felt that the reporting method was crucial for the participation. Most patients appreciated being included in the reporting and that they received valuable information that they considered justifiable. However, not all patients wanted to participate, which was due, among other things, to the fact that the report was considered for the nurses. Conclusion : Bedside report increased patient involvement in care, according to both the patient and the nurse. However, not all patients wanted to participate and the reporting method were important for the level of participation.

Bakgrund: Studier visar att en av tre kvinnor världen över har blivit utsatta för våld i en nära relation. Våld i nära relationer finns i alla samhällsklasser och är ett världshälsoproblem. Vårdpersonal kommer ofta i kontakt med kvinnor som blivit utsatta för våld av en manlig partner. Många kvinnor mister livet varje år på grund av konsekvenserna från våldet. Syfte: Att beskriva vårdpersonalens erfarenheter av att vårda kvinnor som blivit utsatta för våld i en nära relation. Metod: Designen är en litteraturöversikt. Datainsamling har skett i databaserna Cinahl och PubMed. Resultat: Resultatet är baserat på 15 vetenskapliga artiklar och visade tre huvudområden: identifiering av kvinnor som lever med våld i en nära relation, hinder för att kunna identifiera de utsatta kvinnorna och vårdpersonalens möte med kvinnor som lever med våld i en nära relation. Vårdpersonalen upplevde svårigheter att identifiera kvinnor som blivit utsatta för våld i nära relationer. Hinder för att utföra screening var framförallt brist på kunskap och utbildning hos vårdpersonalen. Vårdpersonalen upplevde det svårt att möta våldsutsatta kvinnor, på grund av att det fanns svårigheter att distansera sig från de utsatta kvinnorna. Slutsats: Utifrån denna studie kan slutsatsen dras att riktlinjer, kunskap och träning behövs samt rutiner för att kunna utföra screening, för att vårdpersonalen ska kunna identifiera och ge kvinnor som lever med våld i nära en relation en god vård. / Background: Studies show that one of three women worldwide are exposed to intimate partner violence. Intimate partner violence exists in all social classes and is a global health problem. Healthcare professionals often come in contact with women who have experienced intimate partner violence. Many women lose their lives each year as a result from the violence. Purpose: To describe the healthcare professionals experience of taking care of women who have experienced intimate partner violence. Method: The method is a literature review. Data collection has taken place in databases Cinahl and PubMed. Results: The results is based on 15 scientific articles and three main areas emerged in the outcome: identification of women who lives with intimate partner violence, barriers to identifying the vulnerable women and healthcare professionals meeting with women who have experienced intimate partner violence. Healthcare professionals experience difficulties in identifying women who were exposed to intimate partner violence. Barrier to performing screening were primarily lack of knowledge and training in healthcare professionals. The healthcare professionals experienced it difficult to meet women who lived with intimate partner violence, due to the difficulty of distancing themselves from vulnerable women. Conclusions: From this study, the clue can be drown that guidelines, knowledge and training are needed, and also routines for screening, in order to identify women who are living with intimate partner violence.

Childhood cancer is a life-threatening disease with a profound impact on the family. Treatment side-effects and accompanied dietary difficulties are for example severe stressors, as appropriate nutrition is important for the treatment success and quality of life. In addition, (unhealthy) dietary patterns established in childhood tend to maintain in survivors. Parents are key players in feeding and establishing these pat-terns, though, systematic research on how parents experience these dietary difficulties is limited. This study aimed at exploring parental experiences of children’s dietary changes and difficulties during cancer treatment and after completion: what feelings do parents experience regarding their child’s dietary changes and difficulties, what feeding strategies to they apply to handle these difficulties, and how did they experience professional support and what are parental support needs. A systematic literature review was conducted and resulted in 21 suitable articles. The children were 0-21 years old, had various types of cancer, and received various types of therapy. Findings showed that parents reported many dietary changes (e.g. increase or decrease in food intake) and associated symptoms (e.g. nausea, changed tastes) during and after the cancer treatment course. Parents reported mainly negative feelings towards these dietary difficulties (e.g. distress and anxiety) and applied a wide range of behavioural feeding strategies, both negative (e.g. pressure to eat) and positive (e.g. provide healthy food) strategies. Parents also used complementary and alternative medicine. A high need for informational support regarding eating and feeding was expressed by parents during treatment, a need for emotional and practical support to a lower extent. These results showed how frequent and profound eating and feeding difficulties are in the childhood cancer and survivor population, and their (negative) impact on parents. Parents consequently need more support: they need oral and written information to set realistic expectations and install appropriate feeding strategies. This is important for the child’s nutritional status and general health both during and after cancer.

Bakgrund: I Sverige bedöms mellan 70 000 till 75 000 att ha behov av palliativ vård av drygt 90 000 avlidna personer årligen. Palliativ vård utgår från att lindra lidandet och andra fysiska, psykiska och andliga problem som uppstår i samband med livshotande sjukdom. De närstående utgör en stor och viktig del av vården för den palliativa personen. Vid vård i livets slutskede är målet att bidra till välbefinnande och värdighet och ge stöd till de närstående.   Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva närståendes upplevelse när en familjemedlem vårdas inom palliativ vård. Metod: En litteraturöversikt genomfördes av 14 vetenskapliga kvalitativa artiklar som analyserades och sammanställdes.   Resultat: Resultatet visar att fler närstående har ökat behov av stöd och hjälp i den palliativa fasen. Fem huvudteman presenteras utifrån de närståendes upplevelser, att känna delaktighet, att känna stöd, att känna hjälplöshet och maktlöshet, att känna tillit och trygghet och att känna förhoppning.    Slutsats: De närstående uttrycker ökat behov av stöd och information inom den palliativa processen. Samt att som vårdpersonal är det är viktigt att uppmärksamma närståendes behov och känslor eftersom de upplever att de ställs åt sidan. Den palliativa vården upplevs vara en förändrad livssituation som är krävande och svår att komma ifrån som närstående. För att kunna skapa en bättre upplevelse av vården har sjuksköterskan en väsentlig roll, genom att bemöta och erbjuda stöd bidrar sjuksköterskan till positiva upplevelser, eftersom det är en komplex situation för de närstående. / Background: Between 70 000 and 75 000 are estimated to need palliative care of more than 90, 000 deceased persons annually. Palliative care is based on relieving the suffering and other physical, psychological and spiritual problems arising from life-threatening illness. The related persons constitute a major and important part of palliative care. At the end of life's care, the goal is to contribute to well-being and dignity and to support the relatives. Aim: The aim was to describe relatives’ experiences when a family member is treated in palliative care.   Method: A literature review was conducted by 14 scientific qualitative articles that were analyzed and compiled. Main results: The result of this literature review shows that more relatives have increased the need for support and assistance in the palliative phase. Five main themes are presented based on the experiences of their close relatives, feeling involved, feeling support, feeling helplessness and powerlessness, feeling confidence and secure and to feel hope. Conclusions: The related people express the increased need for support and information in the palliative process. As well as being a healthcare professional, it is important to be attentive to the needs and feelings of the close relatives because they feel that it is set aside. The palliative care is experienced as a changing life situation that is demanding and difficult to come from as close relatives. In order to create a better experience of the care, the nurse has an important role by responding and offer support, the nurse contributes to positive experiences as it is a complex situation for the relatives.