La patología del aparato locomotor consume gran cantidad de recursos económicos y asistenciales en la práctica médica diaria. Tan importante como solucionar dicha patología, es realizar un diagnóstico correcto de la misma, sin el cual, podríamos estar tratando determinadas patologías de forma completamente errónea. Actualmente, la radiología, supone una de las herramientas más poderosas en el diagnóstico de la patología del aparato locomotor, siendo una ayuda inestimable en identificar la causa de las molestias en el paciente. Cada problema requiere de la técnica diagnóstica correcta, y un mal uso de ellas, puede llevarnos a diagnósticos equivocados. La ecografía es una técnica asequible, rápida que permite visualizar imágenes a tiempo real. Algunos equipos de trabajo, han intentado utilizar dicha técnica en el diagnóstico de las lesiones del complejo fibrocartílago triangular (FCT), concretamente para la valoración del disco articular. No obstante, la escasa literatura publicada, así como resultados muy dispares, no ha permitido asegurar que la ecografía, sea útil para el diagnóstico de roturas en dicha estructura. En el presente trabajo, pretendemos evaluar si la ecografía, es una técnica diagnóstica válida para la identificación y valoración del disco articular del CFT. Nosotros creemos que, dada la base anatómica, así como los hallazgos descritos en los estudios referidos, la ecografía no es útil para la evaluación del disco articular del complejo, ya que, la estructura anatómica identificada en estos trabajos como disco articular, se corresponde realmente con el menisco homólogo. Para poder validar nuestra hipótesis, se realizaron varias pruebas diagnósticas sobre 20 piezas anatómicas intactas, que incluyeron antebrazo, articulación de la muñeca y mano. Dichas pruebas consistieron en: radiología simple de la articulación de la muñeca, en proyecciones anteroposterior y lateral, ecografía simple del borde cubital de la muñeca, con corte coronal preestiloideo y longitudinal paracoronal oblicuo, artrografía con inyección tricompartimental de contraste, artroecografía con punción ecoguiada de marcador metálico en la estructura anatómica tradicionalmente identificada mediante ecografía como disco articular, y por último, disección anatómica, como técnica de referencia, con el fin de valorar la localización del marcador metálico, y si efectivamente, dicha estructura se correspondía con el disco articular. Sobre los datos obtenidos se realizó un estudio estadístico descriptivo, para conocer la distribución de frecuencias, y posteriormente, un análisis estadístico de los mismos, donde se estudió la relación entre variables mediante un análisis de tablas de contingencia con el test de la χ 2 de Pearson, y la prueba de McNemar. Para la valoración de la concordancia entre los resultados obtenidos en las distintas técnicas diagnósticas del trabajo, se aplicó el índice kappa. En nuestro estudio observamos, que existía concordancia entre la artrografía tricompartimental y la disección anatómica en el diagnóstico de rotura del disco articular. Sin embargo, no existía concordancia entre la ecografía y los resultados obtenidos mediante artrografía y disección anatómica; lo mismos resultados se obtuvieron con la artroecografía. En la disección anatómica se comprobó, que el marcador metálico se encontraba alojado en el menisco homólogo en el 80% de las piezas utilizadas. Existen diferentes trabajos en los que se estudia el CFT mediante ecografía, sin embargo, muy pocos en los que se le compare con otras técnicas diagnósticas, o con disección anatómica. Los resultados obtenidos son muy variables, no obstante, todos identifican la misma estructura ecográfica como el disco articular del complejo. Dados los resultados obtenidos en nuestro trabajo, observamos que dicha estructura se corresponde realmente con el menisco homólogo, quedando el disco articular oculto por la interposición de estructuras óseas y su profundidad en la articulación. Por tanto, la ecografía no ha demostrado ser una técnica diagnóstica útil para la evaluación del disco articular del CFT. / The locomotor system pathology consumes a lot of economic and welfare resources in everyday medical practice. As important as solving this disease, it´s to make a correct diagnosis, without which, certain diseases could be treated in a completely wrong way. Currently, radiology is one of the most powerful tools in the diagnosis of musculoskeletal pathology, plain radiography, magnetic resonance, computed tomography and ultrasound, are an invaluable aid in identifying the cause of the patient discomfort. Each problem requires proper diagnostic technique, and misuse of these techniques can lead to misdiagnosis. Ultrasound is an affordable, rapid technique, which allows viewing images in real time; It is helpful in the diagnosis of muscle and ligament pathology. In recent years, some teams have tried to use this technique in the diagnosis of lesions of the triangular fibrocartilage complex, more specifically for the assessment of the articular disc. However, limited published literature and disparate results, has not allowed ensure that ultrasound is useful for the diagnosis of tears in this structure. In this work, we evaluate whether ultrasound is a valid diagnostic technique for the identification and assessment of the articular disc of the triangular fibrocartilage complex. We believe that, given the anatomical basis and findings described in the studies mentioned, ultrasound is not useful for evaluating the articular disc of the complex, as the anatomical structure identified in those works as articular disc, actually correspond with the meniscus homologue. In order to validate our hypothesis, several diagnostic tests were made on 20 intact anatomical pieces, which included forearm, wrist joint, and hand held. These tests consisted of: plain radiography of the wrist joint, anteroposterior and lateral projections, simple ultrasound of the ulnar side of the wrist, with coronal prestyloid view and paracoronal longitudinal oblique view, three-compartment arthrography contrast injection, sonoarthrography with ecoguided metallic marker puncture on the anatomical structure traditionally identified by ultrasound as articular disc, and finally, anatomical dissection, as the gold standard, in order to assess the location of the metal label, and, if indeed such structure matched the articular disc. On data obtained, a statistical descriptive study was conducted to determine the distribution of frequencies, and then, a statistical analysis of the data, where the relationship between variables was studied by analyzing contingency tables with the test of χ 2 Pearson, and the McNemar test. For the assessment of the agreement between the results obtained from the various diagnostic techniques work, the kappa index was applied. We observed that there was agreement between the three-compartment arthrography and the anatomical dissection in the diagnosis of rupture of the articular disc. However, there was no correlation between ultrasound and the results obtained by arthrography and anatomic dissection; the same results were obtained with sonoarthrography. In anatomical dissection it was found that the metallic marker was staying in the homologous meniscus in 80% of the pieces used. There are different Jobs where the triangular fibrocartilage complex is studied by ultrasound, however, very few which compare with other diagnostic, or anatomical dissection techniques. The results are highly variable, however, all identified the same ultrasound structure as the articular disc of the complex. Given the results of our work, we note that such structure actually corresponds to the meniscus homologue, leaving the disk hidden by the interposition of bony structures and it´s depth in the joint. Therefore, ultrasound has not proven to be a useful diagnostic technique for the evaluation of the articular disc of the triangular fibrocartilage complex.

Up to 85% of the world population suffers from low back pain, a clinical condition often related to the intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (DD). Altered disc cell nutrition affects cell viability and can generate catabolic cascades that degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM). Also, a major degenerative biochemical change in the disc is the proteoglycan (PG) loss, which affects the osmotic pressure and hydration that is critical for cell nutrition. However, the relationship between biochemical degradation and nutrition along degeneration is unclear. The effect of cartilage endplates (CEP) tissue changes through known composition data remains unknown as well. Experiments have limited capacity in the study of multiple IVD interactions, while theoretical models are promising tools to this aim. Thus, this PhD thesis used computer models to study the relationship between disc degeneration and cell nutrition, and focuses on indirect mechanotransduction phenomena that occur in the IVD. Porohyperelastic IVD finite element models, including all tissues, were used. Such models consider the role of solid-fluid interaction within the IVD. In Chapter 3 a convergence study was performed to access the stability of local predictions under fast load rates. In Chapter 4 the models were updated by adding the viscoelastic collagen fibres of the annulus fibrosus (AF) and the osmotic pressure of the nucleus pulposus (NP). They were coupled to a transport-cell viability model, and a design of experiment (DOE) was used to study the effect of disc composition on cell nutrition. In Chapter 5 the transport model was modified to allow PG updates, depending on PG half-life and PG production related to predicted oxygen pressure. In Chapter 6, a composition-dependent permeability formulation was created for the CEP to focus on the impact of CEP degradation. Three days of diurnal load cycle were simulated for all transport-cell viability simulations. Solute concentrations were evaluated along the mid-sagittal plane path. Chapter 3 showed that unrealistic spatial oscillations in the fluid velocity predictions were due to material discontinuities. Previous stabilization strategies did not eliminate the oscillations. However, the creation of a material transition zone combined with local refinement reduced them by 91%. The model obtained warranted the stability of local calculations for long lasting loads. Chapter 4 results revealed that none of DOE combinations affected the cell viability, and that water reductions altered the most disc nutrition. Moreover, NP degeneration might affect the AF nutrition, possibly explaining the tears found in grade III discs. In Chapter 5, IVD nutrition affected the PG content, which seemed to simulate natural ageing. Also, PG loss altered disc mechanical behaviour but neither cell viability nor nutrition. However, the inclusion of NP dehydration reduced solute levels, which might activate catabolic processes. Chapter 6 showed that CEP permeability would increase with DD. Also, CEP degeneration alone produced NP dehydration under compression, which affected disc nutrition. The results suggested that the CEP might play a key role in DD. Interestingly, cell death was predicted when CEP degeneration was combined to AF and NP degeneration, questioning the paradigm that CEP calcification might be responsible for cell death along DD. This PhD thesis identified different paths related to DD. On one hand, NP dehydration and PG loss reduced glucose at the inner AF, weakening the latter due to inflammation and enzyme activation. Meanwhile, nutrition regulated the PG content, which can explain natural ageing but probably not accelerated degeneration processes. However, CEP degeneration caused NP dehydration, and the combined degeneration of all disc tissues activated the cell death. All these simulated events are important to understand DD and might promote the development of new experimental explorations and treatment strategies / El 85% de la población mundial sufre de lumbago, condición clínica relacionada con la degeneración (DD) del disco intervertebral (IVD). Cambios en la nutrición del disco afectan la muerte celular, causando cascadas catabólicas que degradan la matriz extracelular (ECM). El mayor cambio bioquímico que ocurre en la DD es la pérdida de proteglicanos (PG), afectando la presión osmótica y la hidratación que es crítica para la nutrición. Sin embargo, la relación entre la degradación bioquímica y la nutrición durante la DD no está clara. El efecto de cambios en las placas terminales de cartílago (CEP) a partir de datos de composición es desconocido. Los experimentos tienen una capacidad limitada en el estudio de múltiples interacciones del IVD, siendo los modelos teóricos herramientas prometedoras para tal fin. Así, esta tesis doctoral usa modelos computarizados para estudiar la relación entre la degeneración y la nutrición, enfocándose en la mecanotransducción indirecta del IVD. Se usaron modelos de elementos finitos porohiperelásticos de IVD, incluyendo todos los tejidos. Los modelos consideran la interacción sólido-fluido dentro del IVD. En el Capítulo 3 se realizó un estudio de convergencia para lograr la estabilidad de los cálculos locales bajo cargas rápidas. En el Capítulo 4 los modelos se actualizaron añadiendo las fibras del anillo fibroso (AF) y la presión osmótica del núcleo pulposo (NP). Se acoplaron a un modelo de transporte-muerte celular, y se usó un diseño de experimento (DOE) para estudiar el efecto de la composición del disco sobre la nutrición. En el Capítulo 5 se modificó el modelo de transporte, permitiendo actualizaciones de PG, en base a la vida media y producción de los PG. En el Capítulo 6, se creó una formulación de permeabilidad dependiente de la composición para ver el impacto de la degeneración del CEP. Se simularon tres días de carga diaria para los estudios de transporte-muerte celular. Los solutos se evaluaron en el plano sagital. El Capítulo 3 mostró que las oscilaciones espaciales en la velocidad de fluido se deben a discontinuidades de material. Estrategias de estabilización no eliminaron las oscilaciones. No obstante, la creación de una zona de transición de material con un refinamiento local las redujo un 91%. El modelo final garantiza la estabilidad de los cálculos locales para cargas de larga duración. El Capítulo 4 reveló que ninguna de las variaciones del DOE afectó la muerte celular, y que la reducción del agua alteró más la nutrición. Además, la degeneración del NP podría afectar la nutrición del AF, explicando las grietas vistas en discos de grado III. En el Capítulo 5, la nutrición afectó la cantidad de PG, simulando el envejecimiento natural. Además, la pérdida de PG alteró la conducta mecánica del disco pero no la nutrición ni la muerte celular. Sin embargo, añadir la deshidratación del NP redujo los niveles de solutos, que activarían procesos catabólicos. El Capítulo 6 mostró que la permeabilidad del CEP aumentaría con la DD. También, sólo la degeneración del CEP produce la deshidratación del NP bajo compresión, afectando la nutrición. Los resultados sugieren que el CEP sería clave en la DD. Curiosamente, la muerte celular se predijo uniendo las degeneraciones del CEP, AF y NP, cuestionando la idea que la calcificación del CEP sería la causa de la muerte celular en la DD. Esta tesis doctoral identificó varias vías relacionadas a la DD. Por un lado, la deshidratación del NP y la pérdida de PG redujeron la glucosa en el AF, debilitándolo debido a la activación de enzimas. A la vez, la nutrición regula el contenido de PG, explicando el envejecimiento natural pero no la aceleración de la DD. Sin embargo, la degeneración del CEP causó la deshidratación del NP, y la degeneración combinada de todos los tejidos del disco activó la muerte celular. La simulación de estos eventos es importante para entender la DD, promoviendo nuevas exploraciones experimentales y estrategias de tratamiento.

Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor / Determina la influencia de la postura bípeda sostenida en síntomas musculoesqueléticos en profesores del colegio “Antonia Moreno de Cáceres” de San Juan de Lurigancho 2017. La investigación es de tipo cuantitativa, de diseño no experimental transversal y descriptiva. Se entrevistó a 62 profesores de un colegio público, el 83.9% consideró que permanece mucho tiempo de pie durante su actividad laboral; los síntomas musculoesqueléticos incrementaron a medida que aumentaba el rango de edad en los últimos 12 meses, y en los últimos 7 días se estableció que predominaban en el eje axial, seguido de miembros inferiores y terminando con los miembros superiores; el sexo femenino presentó mayor prevalencia para el eje axial en los últimos 12 meses y 7 días; el total de los profesores de 30 a 40 años de experiencia laboral presentaron síntomas musculoesqueléticos en los miembros inferiores en los últimos 12 meses; las zonas corporales de mayor frecuencia en presentar estos síntomas fueron la zona lumbar, cuello y tobillo-pie, siendo para los últimos 12 meses 63%, 47% y 45% respectivamente ,y para los últimos 7 días 32%, 31% y 24% respectivamente. Se concluye que existe una alta prevalencia de la influencia de la postura bípeda sostenida en la aparición de síntomas musculoesqueléticos en docentes, los cuales aumentan a medida que se incrementa la edad de los mismos para los últimos 12 meses, se estable que predominan en el eje axial, seguido de los miembros inferiores y por último los miembros superiores para los últimos 7 días; predominan en el sexo femenino en los últimos 12 meses y 7 días, y las zonas corporales más prevalentes fueron lumbar, cuello y tobillo-pie. / Tesis

The increasing level of the UV-B irradiation due to depleting of the ozone layer is considered to be one of the causes of global amphibian declines. The UV-B radiation causes damage to the DNA in the nuclei of the skin cells and their eventual death. In many amphibian species there was found a negative influence of the UV-B radiation on the hatching success of tadpoles and their subsequent viability. It has been assumed that tadpoles are able to actively avoid places with the higher exposure of the UV-B radiation thanks to their locomotion. In this experiment tadpoles could have chosen between a zone with the UV radiation (UV-B and UV-A) and without the UV radiation. The tadpoles have not been exposed to the UV radiation before the measurement started. The location of the tadpoles during the measurement was recorded by CCD camera. A computer program EthoVision then evaluated the time that these tadpoles spent in each of the zones and the total path length these tadpoles has swum in the zones. The measurements were performed for two groups of tadpoles differing in age to determine whether the level of development may affect the tadpoles' preference to the UV radiation. The tadpoles in both groups spent more time in the zone without the UV radiation. The tadpoles in the more advanced development phase have spent 7 times more time in average in the zone without the UV radiation than in the zone with it. The tadpoles from the second group have spent in average 2.5 times more time in the zone without the UV radiation than in the zone with the UV radiation. The total swimming path length of advanced tadpoles was almost 2.5 times longer in the zone without the UV radiation than in the zone with the UV radiation. Conversely, the total path length of younger tadpoles did not significantly differ between the zones. The total time spent in the zones with / without the UV radiation did not differ between the groups of tadpoles. Also the total path length did not differ between the groups in the zone with the UV-B radiation. However, the total path length of tadpoles had differed between groups in the zone without the UV radiation.

The hypothesis that experimental manipulations increasing life span correlate to reduced physical activity and reduced molecular oxidative damage was tested. We used three longevity phenotypes of males and females of Pyrrhocoris apterus, diapause insects, reproductive insects and insect with ablation of the corpus allatum, an endocrine gland producing juvenile hormone. Protein carbonyl content in thoracic muscles was used as an index of molecular oxidative modification.

Orientador: Lilian Teresa Bucken Gobbi / Banca: Renato de Moraes / Banca: Luciane Aparecida Pascucci Sande de Souza / Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o comportamento locomotor de pacientes com DP na tarefa de subir e descer degraus. Para isso, dois estudos foram desenvolvidos. Estudo 1: objetivou verificar, por meio de análise qualitativa, a percepção subjetiva de facilidade/dificuldade para subir e descer degraus, a frequência de uso de escadas, o tipo de escadas utilizadas no dia a dia, a frequência de quedas neste ambiente e a relação entre a facilidade/dificuldade percebida para subir e descer degraus, o nível de atividade física, o estágio e comprometimento da DP. Participaram deste estudo 50 pacientes com DP, nos estágios leve e moderado da escala de Hohen e Yahr. Após avaliação clínica, foram aplicados 2 questionários: 1) questionário diagnóstico, com perguntas abertas e fechadas, que buscou investigar sobre o uso de escadas no dia a dia e o número de quedas (NQ) por pacientes com DP. 2). Questionário de Baecke Modificado para Idosos, para avaliar o nível de atividade física (NAF) dos pacientes. Os dados foram tratados através de porcentagem de ocorrência, teste de correlação de Spearman e regressão linear múltipla. Os resultados do Estudo 1 indicaram que pacientes com DP percebem a descida dos degraus como mais desafiadora e, que o nível de atividade física e a incidência de quedas influenciam a percepção de facilidade/dificuldade para subir (R2= 0,260; p=0,001; NAF/β= -0,313; p=0,016; NQ/β= 0,393; p=0,003) e para descer (R2= 0,233; p=0,002; NAF/β= -0,386; p=0,004; NQ/β= 0,279; p=0,034) degraus. Estudo 2: objetivou analisar o comportamento locomotor, por meio de análise cinemática e cinética, na tarefa de subir e descer degraus; indicar as principais diferenças no comportamento das forças externas de reação do solo, verticais e ântero-posteriores, entre as duas tarefas; identificar a estratégia de uso do corrimão... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze the locomotor behavior of people with Parkinson's disease (PD) in the task of going up and down stairs. Two studies were conducted to achieve this purpose. Study 1 aimed to verify, through qualitative analysis, the subjective perception of facility/difficulty to go up and down stairs, the frequency of stairs utilization, the stairs features the patients used every day, the falls frequency in this environment and the relationship among the perceived facility/difficulty to go up and down stairs, the physical activity level and the PD stage and impairment. Fifty people with PD (mild and moderate levels in the Hohen and Yahr rating scale) participated in Study 1. After clinic assessment, participants answered two questionnaires: (1) An assessment questionnaire with open and closed questions to investigate the everyday stairs utilization and the falls incidence (FI), and (2) the modified Baecke questionnaire for older people to assess the physical activity level (PAL). The data were treated by the occurrence percentage, Spearman correlation test and multiple regression analyses. The results revealed that people with PD perceived more challenging going down stairs than up stairs and the physical activity level and the falls incidence affected the perception of facility/difficulty to go up (R2= 0.260; p=0.001; NAF/β= -0.313; p=0.016; NQ/β= 0.393; p=0.003) and down (R2= 0.233; p=0.002; NAF/β= -0.386; p=0.004; NQ/β= 0.279; p=0.034) stairs. Study 2 aimed to analyze the locomotor features using kinematic and kinetic tools while going up and down stairs, to indicate the major differences in the behavior of the ground reaction external forces, verticals and anterior-posteriors, between the two tasks; to identify the strategy of handrail use and the perceived facility/difficulty in going up and down stairs, and to observe the relationship... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:28:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 teixeiraarroyo_c_me_rcla.pdf: 2571699 bytes, checksum: 30bfe0b8c13e9a64db4ab400e27f7271 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o comportamento locomotor de pacientes com DP na tarefa de subir e descer degraus. Para isso, dois estudos foram desenvolvidos. Estudo 1: objetivou verificar, por meio de análise qualitativa, a percepção subjetiva de facilidade/dificuldade para subir e descer degraus, a frequência de uso de escadas, o tipo de escadas utilizadas no dia a dia, a frequência de quedas neste ambiente e a relação entre a facilidade/dificuldade percebida para subir e descer degraus, o nível de atividade física, o estágio e comprometimento da DP. Participaram deste estudo 50 pacientes com DP, nos estágios leve e moderado da escala de Hohen e Yahr. Após avaliação clínica, foram aplicados 2 questionários: 1) questionário diagnóstico, com perguntas abertas e fechadas, que buscou investigar sobre o uso de escadas no dia a dia e o número de quedas (NQ) por pacientes com DP. 2). Questionário de Baecke Modificado para Idosos, para avaliar o nível de atividade física (NAF) dos pacientes. Os dados foram tratados através de porcentagem de ocorrência, teste de correlação de Spearman e regressão linear múltipla. Os resultados do Estudo 1 indicaram que pacientes com DP percebem a descida dos degraus como mais desafiadora e, que o nível de atividade física e a incidência de quedas influenciam a percepção de facilidade/dificuldade para subir (R2= 0,260; p=0,001; NAF/β= -0,313; p=0,016; NQ/β= 0,393; p=0,003) e para descer (R2= 0,233; p=0,002; NAF/β= -0,386; p=0,004; NQ/β= 0,279; p=0,034) degraus. Estudo 2: objetivou analisar o comportamento locomotor, por meio de análise cinemática e cinética, na tarefa de subir e descer degraus; indicar as principais diferenças no comportamento das forças externas de reação do solo, verticais e ântero-posteriores, entre as duas tarefas; identificar a estratégia de uso do corrimão... / The aim of this study was to analyze the locomotor behavior of people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) in the task of going up and down stairs. Two studies were conducted to achieve this purpose. Study 1 aimed to verify, through qualitative analysis, the subjective perception of facility/difficulty to go up and down stairs, the frequency of stairs utilization, the stairs features the patients used every day, the falls frequency in this environment and the relationship among the perceived facility/difficulty to go up and down stairs, the physical activity level and the PD stage and impairment. Fifty people with PD (mild and moderate levels in the Hohen and Yahr rating scale) participated in Study 1. After clinic assessment, participants answered two questionnaires: (1) An assessment questionnaire with open and closed questions to investigate the everyday stairs utilization and the falls incidence (FI), and (2) the modified Baecke questionnaire for older people to assess the physical activity level (PAL). The data were treated by the occurrence percentage, Spearman correlation test and multiple regression analyses. The results revealed that people with PD perceived more challenging going down stairs than up stairs and the physical activity level and the falls incidence affected the perception of facility/difficulty to go up (R2= 0.260; p=0.001; NAF/β= -0.313; p=0.016; NQ/β= 0.393; p=0.003) and down (R2= 0.233; p=0.002; NAF/β= -0.386; p=0.004; NQ/β= 0.279; p=0.034) stairs. Study 2 aimed to analyze the locomotor features using kinematic and kinetic tools while going up and down stairs, to indicate the major differences in the behavior of the ground reaction external forces, verticals and anterior-posteriors, between the two tasks; to identify the strategy of handrail use and the perceived facility/difficulty in going up and down stairs, and to observe the relationship... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH) é uma desordem neurocomportamental caracterizada por graus variados de desatenção, atividade motora excessiva e impulsividade. Sua etiologia não é completamente conhecida, porém, um grande número de evidências sugere que, além de fatores de risco genéticos, a exposição gestacional ao etanol e a altas doses de cafeína contribuem para a manifestação deste transtorno. O etanol, presente na composição de bebidas alcoólicas, e a cafeína, presente na composição de diversas bebidas (refrigerantes, chás, café, e energéticos), alimentos derivados do cacau e medicamentos estão entre as substâncias neuroativas mais consumidas no mundo. Apesar das evidências epidemiológicas do uso combinado de cafeína e etanol por gestantes, as interações entre estas substâncias têm recebido pouca atenção em estudos experimentais. Este fato é particularmente importante visto que alguns estudos apontam que cafeína é capaz de ampliar alguns aspectos importantes da ação de outras substâncias com potencial neurotóxico. Nesse estudo avaliamos os efeitos da co-exposição à cafeína e ao etanol durante o desenvolvimento na atividade locomotora em camundongos adolescentes. Para tanto, camundongos Suíços foram expostos do primeiro dia gestacional até o vigésimo primeiro dia pós-natal (PN21), a solução de cafeína 0,1g/L (Grupo CAF1, 10 ninhadas), a solução de cafeína 0,3g/L (Grupo CAF3, 10 ninhadas) ou tiveram acesso à água potável (Grupo CAF0, 10 ninhadas). Em dias alternados de PN2 a PN8, os animais de cada ninhada receberam uma injeção intraperitoneal de 0,25 l/g de etanol (grupo ETOH25), 0,5 l/g de etanol (grupo ETOH50) ou de solução salina (grupo ETOH0). Em PN30, a atividade locomotora foi avaliada por 15 minutos no teste de Campo Aberto. A análise dos níveis de etanol sérico, realizada em uma amostra independente de animais em PN8, indicou que, para as duas doses de etanol, a alcoolemia dos animais do grupo CAF3 foi significativamente maior do que as dos grupos CAF0 e CAF1, que não diferiram entre si. No teste de campo aberto, apenas os animais expostos ao etanol apresentaram aumento da atividade locomotora. Tanto o grupo ETOH25 quanto o grupo ETOH50 tiveram a atividade maior que o grupo ETOH0. A exposição à cafeína, por si só, não afetou a atividade locomotora dos animais nem potencializou os efeitos do etanol. No grupo CAF3, a atividade locomotora não foi afetada pela exposição ao etanol. Nossos dados confirmam o papel da exposição precoce ao etanol na manifestação da hiperatividade locomotora. Além disso, a exposição à cafeína durante o desenvolvimento pode exercer um papel protetor para a manifestação da hiperatividade locomotora induzida pela exposição precoce ao etanol. / The attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral disorder characterized by varying degrees of inattention, excessive motor activity and impulsivity. This etiology is not fully known, but considerable evidence suggests that, in addition to genetic factors, exposure to ethanol and high doses of caffeine contribute to the manifestation of the disorder. Ethanol, which is present in all alcoholic beverages, and caffeine, which is present in many beverages (sodas, teas, coffee and energetic drinks), food derived from cacao and medications, are two of the most consumed neuroactive drugs in the world. In spite of the epidemiological evidence of the combined use of caffeine and ethanol by pregnant women, the interactions between these two drugs have received little attention in experimental studies. This fact is particularly important since some studies have shown that caffeine is capable of amplifying important aspects of the action of other substances that have neurotoxic potential. In the current study we analyzed the effects of co-exposure to caffeine and ethanol during development on the locomotor activity of pre-pubertal mice. In this sense, Swiss mice were exposed from the first gestational day to the 21st postnatal (PN21) day to one of three solutions: 1) a solution containing caffeine 0.1 g/L (group CAF1, 10 litters); 2) a solution containing caffeine 0.3g/L (group CAF3, 10 litters); 3) filtered tap water (group CAF0, 10 litters). Every other day, from PN2 to PN8, animals in each litter were i.p injected with one of the following solutions: 1) 0.25 l/g ethanol (group ETOH25); 2) 0.5 l/g ethanol (group ETOH50); 3) saline solution (group ETOH0). On PN30, locomotor activity was analyzed for 15 min in the open field. The analysis of the ethanol serum levels, which was carried out in an independent sample of animals at PN8, indicated that levels were significantly higher in the CAF3 group when compared to the other two groups, which did not differ between them. In the open field, the ethanol exposure caused a dose-dependent increase in the locomotor activity. The locomotor activity of the group ETOH0 was lower than that presented by the ETOH25 and the ETOH50 groups. The caffeine exposure was not capable of affecting the locomotor activity. In the group CAF3, the locomotor activity was not affected by the ethanol exposure. Our data corroborate previous studies in that it shows that precocious ethanol exposure results in locomotor hyperactivity. Furthermore, it is possible that caffeine exposure during development have a protective effect on deleterious effects of ethanol.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:37:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ManaraBBCD_DISSERT.pdf: 1554643 bytes, checksum: e4b820c02db19b42acca3889a1b08851 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-25 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Neuropeptide S (NPS) is an endogenous 20-aminoacid peptide which binds a G protein-coupled receptor named NPSR. This peptidergic system is involved in the modulation of several biological functions, such as locomotion, anxiety, nociception, food intake and motivational behaviors. Studies have shown the participation of NPSR receptors in mediating the hyperlocomotor effects of NPS. A growing body of evidence suggests the participation of adenosinergic, dopaminergic and CRF systems on the hyperlocomotor effects of NPS. Considering that little is known about the role of dopaminergic system in mediating NPS-induced hyperlocomotion, the present study aims to investigate the locomotor actions of intracerebroventricular (icv) NPS in mice pretreated with α-metil-p-tirosine (AMPT, inhibitor of dopamine synthesis), reserpine (inhibitor of dopamine vesicle storage) or sulpiride (D2 receptor antagonist) in the open field test. A distinct group of animals received the same pretreatments described above (AMPT, reserpine or sulpiride) and the hyperlocomotor effects of methylphenidate (dopamine reuptake inhibitor) were investigated in the open field. NPS and methylphenidate increased the mouse locomotor activity. AMPT per se did not change the locomotion of the animals, but it partially reduced the hyperlocomotion of methylphenidate. The pretreatment with AMPT did not affect the psychostimulant effects of NPS. Both reserpine and sulpiride inhibited the stimulatory actions of NPS and methylphenidate. These findings show that the hyperlocomotor effects of methylphenidate, but not NPS, were affected by the pretreatment with AMPT. Furthermore, methylphenidate- and NPS-induced hyperlocomotion was impaired by reserpine and sulpiride pretreatments. Together, data suggests that NPS can increase locomotion even when the synthesis of catecholamines was impaired. Additionally, the hyperlocomotor effects of NPS and methylphenidate depend on monoamines vesicular storaged, mainly dopamine, and on the activation of D2 receptors. The psychostimulant effects of NPS via activation of dopaminergic system display clinical significance on the treatment of diseases which involves dopaminergic pathways, such as Parkinson s disease and drug addiction / Neuropept?deo S (NPS) ? um pept?deo end?geno formado por 20 amino?cidos e ? o ligante de um receptor acoplado ? prote?na G chamado NPSR, o qual est? envolvido na modula??o de v?rias fun??es biol?gicas centrais como locomo??o, ansiedade, nocicep??o, ingest?o de alimento e comportamentos motivacionais. J? ? conhecido que o efeito hiperlocomotor do NPS ? mediado pelos receptores NPSR e parece depender da ativa??o do sistema adenosin?rgico, dopamin?rgico e do sistema peptid?rgico do CRF. Considerando o pouco conhecimento acerca do envolvimento do sistema dopamin?rgico na media??o do aumento da atividade locomotora induzido pelo NPS, o presente estudo objetiva investigar as a??es motoras da administra??o intracerebroventricular (icv) de NPS em camundongos pr?-tratados com α-metil-p-tirosina (AMPT, inibidor da enzima de s?ntese de dopamina), reserpina (inibidor do armazenamento da dopamina em ves?culas) ou sulpiride (inibidor de receptores D2 de dopamina), em animais submetidos ao teste de atividade locomotora no campo aberto. Camundongos Swiss machos (30-35 g) foram submetidos ? cirurgia estereot?xica para a implanta??o de uma c?nula-guia no ventr?culo lateral. No 3? dia ap?s a cirurgia, os animais foram pr?-tratados com AMPT (250 mg/kg, ip, 24 h antes do teste), reserpina (2 mg/kg, SC, 24h) ou sulpiride (25 mg/kg, ip, 45 min) e depois foram tratados com NPS (1 nmol, 2 μl; icv, 5 min) e submetidos ao teste do campo aberto. Para fins de compara??o, um grupo distinto de animais recebeu os mesmos pr?-tratamentos acima descritos (AMPT, reserpina ou sulpiride) e o efeito hiperlocomotor do metilfenidato (5 mg/kg, sc, 15 min; inibidor da recapta??o de dopamina) foi investigado no campo aberto. O teste do campo aberto avalia a locomo??o espont?nea dos animais atrav?s da dist?ncia percorrida (m) e do tempo de imobilidade (m) durante 60 min. O NPS aumentou a atividade locomotora dos animais na dose de 1 nmol. O AMPT per se n?o causou altera??o na locomo??o dos animais. Por outro lado, o AMPT reduziu parcialmente o efeito hiperlocomotor do metilfenidato, mas n?o foi capaz de afetar a a??o hiperlocomotora do NPS. Tanto o pr?-tratamento com reserpina como o com sulpiride foram capazes de inibir o efeito estimulat?rio do NPS, assim como o do metilfenidato. Estes achados mostram que o efeito hiperlocomotor do metilfenidato, mas n?o do NPS, foi afetado pela administra??o de AMPT. Al?m disso, tanto o efeito do metilfenidato quanto o do NPS foram prejudicados pelos pr?-tratamentos com reserpina e sulpiride. Em conjunto, sugere-se que o NPS pode promover est?mulo excitat?rio mesmo quando a s?ntese de catecolaminas foi prejudicada. Ainda conclui-se que o efeito hiperlocomotor do NPS e do metilfenidato depende dos estoques vesiculares de monoaminas, em particular dopamina, e da ativa??o do receptor dopamin?rgico D2. O efeito psicoestimulante do NPS por meio da ativa??o do sistema dopamin?rgico pode apresentar import?ncia cl?nica no tratamento de doen?as que envolvem a via dopamin?rgica, como o Mal de Parkinson e a depend?ncia qu?mica

Determina la relación que existe entre la organización espacial y el síndrome benigno de hiperlaxitud articular en los niños de 6 a 12 años de la Institución Educativa “Manuel Polo Jiménez” en el año 2017. Corresponde a un estudio de tipo básico cuantitativo, de nivel descriptivo-correlacional, con diseño no experimental de corte transversal. Realizado en una muestra de 176 escolares del nivel primario de la Institución Educativa “Manuel Polo Jiménez”. Aplica dos fichas de evaluación en base a la batería de Piaget-Head, la organización espacial y, bajo la escala de Beighton se evaluó el síndrome benigno de hiperlaxitud articular. El análisis estadístico mostró que existe una relación significativa entre la organización espacial y el síndrome benigno de hiperlaxitud articular para la población en estudio. Se halló que en los tres grupos de edades 6 a 7 años, 8 a 9 años y de 10 a 12 años, existe una relación significativa entre ambas variables. Se encontró que esta relación significativa entre ambas variables es más fuerte en los niños de 6-7 años y 8-9 años. Finalmente, en los escolares de ambos sexos, se evidenció la existencia de una relación significativa entre ambas variables. Concluye que existe una relación significativa entre la organización espacial y el síndrome benigno de hiperlaxitud articular en los niños de 6-12 años de la Institución Educativa “Manuel Polo Jiménez” en el año 2017. / Tesis