A aplicação do ultra-som terapêutico é contra-indicada nas adjacências da cartilagem de crescimento pelo temor de que possa provocar algum efeito lesivo. Entretanto, não há confirmação experimental ou clínica de que este efeito possa ocorrer. Foi objetivo deste trabalho investigar uma possível ação do ultra-som terapêutico aplicado na região da cartilagem de crescimento. Foram usados coelhos albinos da raça Nova Zelândia de 1 kg de peso, fêmeas, que foram distribuídas em 2 grupos, sendo que em ambos foi aplicado ultra-som na cartilagem de crescimento proximal da tíbia direita e a tíbia esquerda mantida como controle. No grupo 1 (20 coelhas), os animais foram sacrificados 3 dias após o término da aplicação do ultra-som e a cartilagem de crescimento foi avaliada morfometricamente do ponto de vista histológico e com microscopia de luz ultra-violeta para o estudo da neoformação óssea marcada com tetraciclina. No grupo 2 (10 coelhas) os animais foram mantidos vivos até o final do crescimento e realizada a morfometria macroscópica pelo alinhamento frontal dos joelhos e região proximal da tíbia pelo uso de radiografias e medidas diretas nas peças. A forma de ultra-som utilizada foi a pulsada, frequência de 1 MHz, pulso de 2:8, e intensidade 20% do valor nominal apresentada no potenciômetro do aparelho. A morfometria, tanto da espessura global da cartilagem, como por camadas e pela contagem de células não mostrou diferença entre os lados. A avaliação do crescimento ósseo também não mostrou diferenças. Da mesma forma, a morfometria macroscópica foi igual entre os lados. Como resultado final, não foram observadas diferenças entre o lado tratado e lado controle. / The therapeutic ultrasound is not applied to areas that one close to the growth plate to avoid some injury to that structure. Nevertheless, there is neither experimental nor clinical evidence that supports such fear. Based on this premise this investigation was designed to study some possible action of the application of therapeutic ultrasound on the growth plate, using morphometric analysis. White New Zealand female rabbits, weighning 1 kg were used and divided into two groups according to the follow up period. In the first group (20 rabbits) the animals were killed 3 days after the completing of ultrasound application and the growth plate was evaluated with histological morphometric methods and with tetracycline bone labeling. In the second group (10 rabbits) the animals were killed after the completing skeletal maturit and the analysis was made with X-Ray (knee frontal angle) and diret measurements of the proximal tibia in the specimens. Pulsed ultrasound with frequency of 1 MHz, 2:8 of pulse was applied on the proximal part of the right tibia for all the animals. The left side was kept as a control. The morphometric analysis of the thickness of the growth cartilage as a whole and for its different layers and the cell counting did not show any difference between the sides. The bone growth was the same on both tibias and the macroscopic morphometry did not show any difference between the sides as well. It was concluded that no differences was observed between the treated and the control side.

This dissertation 1) described prevalence and correlates of poly-tobacco use among US youth and young adults; 2) addressed positive and negative transitions of e-cigarettes among US youth and adults and 3) examined the 2-year transition of dual e-cigarette/cigarette use among US adults in relation to nicotine dependence (ND) symptoms, interest in quitting, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) factors. Data from 2013-2016 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study were used. In the first study, 3.6% of youth (12-17years) and 18.3% of young adults (18-34years) were current poly-tobacco users between 2013-2014. Common poly-tobacco products combination was cigarettes and e-cigarettes for youth and young adults. Among youth, heavy drinking was associated with higher odds of poly-tobacco use. Factors associated with higher odds of poly-tobacco use among young adults included males, younger adults (18-24years), those with lower levels of educational attainment, residing in the South, heavy drinking, and marijuana use. In the second study, between 2013-2016, e-cigarette use increased only in youth. Young e-cigarette users were more likely to be never cigarette smokers compared to older users. Among youth e-cigarette users at each wave, the proportion of never cigarette smokers rose from 24.1% in Wave 1 to 42.6% in Wave 3 (p=0.0001 for trends). Among adult e-cigarette dual users in Wave 1, 8.8% transitioned to no tobacco use at Wave 3, 6.2% to mono e-cigarette use, while 85% either relapsed to cigarettes (53.5%) or continued dual use (31.5%). In the final study, among 1,870 adult dual tobacco users from Wave 1, 25·8% (95% CI 23·5-28·3) remained dual users 2 years later, 11·9% (95% CI 10·5-13·5) reported no tobacco use (cessation transition), 7·0% (95% CI 5·5-8·7) reported e-cigarette mono use (harm reduction transition), and 55·3% (95% CI 52·6-58·0) reported cigarette mono use (relapse transition). In the adjusted regression analysis, ND severity was associated with lower odds of cessation (OR 0·36; 95% CI 0·15-0·88) and harm reduction (OR 0·18; 95% CI 0·04-0·82) transitions. Interest in quitting and CVD factors were not associated with cessation or harm reduction. Collectively, our study findings emphasize the need for stricter tobacco regulatory policies to prevent another tobacco epidemic.

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京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第22781号 / 農博第2424号 / 新制||農||1081(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R2||N5301(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 近藤 直, 准教授 小川 雄一, 教授 飯田 訓久 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

In longitudinal cohort studies, potential risk factors are measured at baseline, subjects are followed over time, and disease endpoints are ascertained via extensive surveillance. Individual follow-up time is from baseline to the event, if one is observed during the study period. Follow-up time is censored for subjects who are not observed to have the event during the study period, at the end of the study period for subjects who remain event-free, but during the study period for subjects who leave the study early by choice or by mortality, or whose last evaluation was before the end of the study. Survival analytic techniques are unique in that the unit of analysis is not the individual but the person-time contributed by the individual. Surveillance in longitudinal studies is generally quite rigorous. Subjects are examined in waves and their event status is ascertained. Surveillance continues between waves, and events come to the attention of the investigator. If there is a long time between waves, analyses can be conducted on all available data, with non-events censored early at the last examination and events followed beyond the general examination to the incident event. Motivated by analyses using the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) with cardiovascular endpoints, we consider four censoring methods for non-events and evaluate their impact on estimates of incidence, and on tests of association between risk factors and incidence. We further investigate the impact of early censoring of non-events (as compared to events) under various scenarios with respect to incidence estimation, robustness, and power using a simulation study of Weibull survival models over a range of sample sizes and distribution parameters. Our FHS and simulation investigations show early censoring of non-events causes over estimation of incidence, particularly when the baseline incidence is low. Early censoring of non-events did not affect the robustness of the Wald test [Ho: Hazard Ratio (HR) =1]. However, in both the FHS and over the range of simulation scenarios, under early censoring of non-events, estimates of HR were closer to the null (1.0), and the power to detect associations with risk factors was markedly reduced.

Cities and countries increasingly seek mega-events to boost tourism, update local infrastructure, and improve the international standing of the host community. Benefits are actively promoted by the organizing committees, but these large-scale events also create significant economic, environmental and social costs for the host community. Measuring resident support is necessary because their support is required to secure the rights to the event, and to provide the necessary economic and human resources needed for hosting the event. This study utilized existing data on the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games to investigate the impact of a mega-event on the host community, and to measure resident support for the event. Social exchange theory provided the theoretical background for this dissertation. The theory states that the costs and benefits of an exchange are continually re-evaluated by the actors in the exchange relationship. The primary contribution of this study is support for the notion that social exchanges are temporal in nature; residents continually monitored the positive and negative impacts of the event on themselves and on their community. To reach this conclusion, this study utilized four data points in the year leading up to the Olympics to assess the changes in residents’ perceptions of the impacts of the event over time. These changes were evaluated in light of residents’ support for the event. A factor analysis reduced the fifteen impact statements into three factors: Benefits, Local Problems, and External Problems. Residents were segmented according to their assessment of the event impacts, resulting in three clusters: Supporters, Cynics, and Realists. Proximity to the main event location also was evaluated since this variable has had mixed results in previous resident studies. Results showed that resident perceptions varied over time, thus providing support for monitoring residents over multiple time periods. In addition, residents’ support and residents’ plans to attend the event were contributing factors in the assessment of the Benefits and Local Problems. Supporters, Cynics, and Realists demonstrated significant differences over time in their assessment of External Problems, and proximity to the event was found to be a significant factor in residents’ assessment of Local Problems. / Ph. D.

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From an evolutionary perspective, “dark” personality traits are argued to comprise a coordinated system of co-adapted traits that facilitate exploitive, manipulative, and aggressive strategies to vie for valued social and reproductive resources. Three quantitative studies were conducted to examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between dark personality characteristics with bullying (Study 1), delinquency and dating (Study 2), and status-striving (Study 3) in adolescents aged 15–18 (Studies 1–2) and adults aged 18–61 (Study 3). In Study 1, using random-intercept cross-lagged panel modeling in a sample of N = 514 adolescents from ages 15–18 (Grades 10–12), Machiavellianism and psychopathy (but not narcissism) shared significant between-person associations with bullying. Within-person cross-lagged relations supported both disposition- (e.g., Machiavellianism at Grade 10  bullying at Grade 11) and perpetration-driven pathways (e.g., bullying at Grade 11  narcissism at Grade 12). In Study 2, cross-lagged panel modeling with the same sample as Study 1 revealed that secondary (i.e., impulsivity), but not primary (i.e., callous-unemotionality), psychopathy as well as delinquency were positively correlated with being in a current dating relationship at Grade 10. An indirect effect was found, whereby secondary psychopathy at Grade 10 positively predicted delinquency at Grade 11, which then predicted being a dating relationship one year later. In Study 3, path analysis with a sample of N = 516 adults aged 18–61 demonstrated that narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy positively predicted dominance status-striving, whereas only narcissism positively predicted prestige. Indirect aggression mediated the positive associations between psychopathy and sadism with dominance status-striving. Findings from the current dissertation indicate that dark personality traits are dynamically related to bullying and delinquency in youth, as well as aggression in adults, which is of relevance to educators, clinicians, and researchers looking to curb problematic behaviour that can carry significant personal and interpersonal harm.

This research was supported by an award from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01-HD- 059835). The NIH had no further role in study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication. The authors wish to thank the dedicated staff members of Asociacion Civil Proyectos en Salud (PROESA), Peru and Instituto Materno Perinatal, Peru for their expert technical assistance with this research. / Objective We examined associations of childhood physical and sexual abuse with risk of intimate partner violence (IPV). We also evaluated the extent to which childhood abuse was associated with self-reported general health status and symptoms of antepartum depression in a cohort of pregnant Peruvian women. Methods In-person interviews were conducted to collect information regarding history of childhood abuse and IPV from 1,521 women during early pregnancy. Antepartum depressive symptomatology was evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Multivariable logistic regression procedures were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results Any childhood abuse was associated with 2.2-fold increased odds of lifetime IPV (95%CI: 1.72–2.83). Compared with women who reported no childhood abuse, those who reported both, childhood physical and sexual abuse had a 7.14-fold lifetime risk of physical and sexual IPV (95%CI: 4.15–12.26). The odds of experiencing physical and sexual abuse by an intimate partner in the past year was 3.33-fold higher among women with a history of childhood physical and sexual abuse as compared to women who were not abused as children (95%CI 1.60–6.89). Childhood abuse was associated with higher odds of self-reported poor health status during early pregnancy (aOR = 1.32, 95%CI: 1.04–1.68) and with symptoms of antepartum depression (aOR = 2.07, 95%CI: 1.58–2.71). Conclusion These data indicate that childhood sexual and physical abuse is associated with IPV, poor general health and depressive symptoms in early pregnancy. The high prevalence of childhood trauma and its enduring effects of on women’s health warrant concerted global health efforts in preventing violence. / : This research was supported by an award from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01-HD-059835). The NIH had no further role in study design; in the collection, / Revisión por pares