Both China and Taiwan have experienced impressive economic growth through rapid industrialization that has resulted in a higher standard of living for citizens on the one hand, but has come at the cost of severe environmental degradation on the other. One of the byproducts of this economic growth and accompanying environmental stress has been an increased awareness among citizens of their living environment. And this newfound environmental consciousness can be manifested through various forms of protest when concerned citizens feel that their rights have been infringed upon by either the government or an offending industry. This thesis is concerned chiefly with the evolution of environmental protests in China and Taiwan, and explores two specific cases that are examples of a classic NIMBY-style (not-in-my-back-yard) protest: the anti-DuPont movement in Lukang, Taiwan from 1986-87 and the anti-PX movement in Xiamen, China from 2006-07. Both events have been hailed as watersheds in their respective polities’ environmental movements because they represent improved public participation in environmental protection activities. Whereas reactive protests had been the norm before, the events in Lukang and Xiamen showed that preventive measures, taken before citizens’ environmental rights can be potentially violated, was and still is possible. What make these NIMBY protests all the more fascinating and worthy of further exploration are the respective political backdrops during which they occurred—in Taiwan before the lifting of martial law, and in China when mass demonstrations are seldom allowed to proceed. This thesis will explore the main components of the Lukang and Xiamen protests and conduct a comparative analysis of their organizations, the events that transpired, as well as the official responses with which they were met. It is hoped that this thesis shows how the events in Xiamen echo those from Lukang some twenty years before, and that it provides some insight into the expanding role of citizens in environmental protection activities in both China and Taiwan.

[EN] ABSTRACT The traditional Taiwan polychrome include a wide range of materials, with very different behaviors showing problems of different nature that sometimes requires the application of appropriate adherence and/or consolidation treatment. From this, a study has been conducted aimed to identify these materials and their behaviors as well as, the proposal of a proper adhesive/consolidant with physico-chemical stability and low toxicity. The identification of the materials confirms the use of porcine blood as binder in the preparation layer and tung oil as the binder in the paint layer. Besides, the multi-technical approach by using FTIR, GC-MS and VMP allow the dating of the polychrome under study. The application of a proper treatment on paintings will depends on the adherent/consolidant properties that could appear during and/or post the treatment as: i) mechanical properties (strength, flexibility); ii) hydric (permeability to water vapor and other gases); iii) the physico-chemical stability one the adhesive/consolidant has been apply. Here we propose, the use of an andhesive/consolidant based on technical gelatin, in combination with the correct concentration of additives: glycerol as plasticizer and citronella as natural fungicide, for the conservation and restoration of the polychrome decoration present on different places in the architectural complex of the Longshan Temple in Lukang, Taiwan belonging to the XVIII century. In a second step the study of the chemical and morphological changes demonstrate that the use of glicerol and citronella as additives improves the physic-mechanical properties and slows the ageing process of the adhesive/consolidant. Moreover, the citronella oil inhibits proliferation of fungi Aspergillus niger (CECT-2088), Chaetomium globosum (CECT-2701), Fusarium oxysporum (CECT-2154), Mucor rouxii (CECT-2655), Penicillium chrysogenum (CECT-2655) y Trichoderma pseudokoningii. (CECT-2937). / [ES] RESUMEN Los materiales que componen la policromía tradicional en Taiwán, son muy diversos y además presentan problemas de diferente naturaleza que requieren la aplicación de tratamientos de adhesión y consolidación adecuados para cada caso. El estudio llevado a cabo incluye la identificación de sangre porcina como el aglutinante en la capa de preparación y el aceite de tung como el aglutinante en la capa pictórica. Además, combinando las técnicas analíticas (FTIR, GC-MS y VMP) se ha logrado la datación de las policromías analizadas. Los tratamientos de intervención de obra pictórica dependen de múltiples factores, tales como las propiedades adherentes/consolidantes que se ponen de manifiesto durante el tratamiento y seguidamente, las propiedades mecánicas (resistencia mecánica, flexibilidad), hídricas (permeabilidad al vapor de agua y otros gases) y la estabilidad físico-química una vez el adhesivo/consolidante ha sido aplicado. A ellas hay que sumar otros aspectos tales como toxicidad, impacto medioambiental, coste económico y disponibilidad. El presente estudio, propone un adhesivo/consolidante obtenido de la gelatina técnica, y se adiciona unos aditivos, el glicerol (plastificante) y la citronela (fungicida natural), para la conservación y restauración de la decoración polícroma aplicada en diferentes partes del complejo arquitectónico del Templo Longshan en Lukang (siglo XVIII, Taiwán). Finalmente, se ha demostrado que la adicción de glicerol y aceite de citronela mejora las propiedades físico-mecánicas y ralentizan el proceso de envejecimiento del adhesivo/consolidante. Además, el aceite de citronela inhibe la proliferación de los hongos Aspergillus niger (CECT-2088), Chaetomium globosum (CECT-2701), Fusarium oxysporum (CECT-2154), Mucor rouxii (CECT-2655), Penicillium chrysogenum (CECT-2655) y Trichoderma pseudokoningii. (CECT-2937). / [CA] RESUM Els materials que componen la policromía tradicional a Taiwan, són molt diversos i a més presenten problemes de diferent naturalesa que requereixen l'aplicació de tractaments d'adhesió i consolidació adequats per a cada cas. L'estudi dut a terme inclou la identificació de sang porcina com l'aglutinant a la capa de preparació i l'oli de tung com l'aglutinant a la capa pictòrica. A més, combinant les tècniques analítiques (FTIR, GC-MS i VMP) s'ha aconseguit la datació de les policromies analitzades. Els tractaments d'intervenció d'obra pictòrica depenen de múltiples factors, tals com les propietats adherents / consolidants que es posen de manifest durant el tractament i seguidament, les propietats mecàniques (resistència mecànica, flexibilitat), hídriques (permeabilitat al vapor d'aigua i altres gasos ) i l'estabilitat fisicoquímica un cop l'adhesiu / consolidant ha estat aplicat. A tot aixo, cal sumar altres aspectes com ara toxicitat, impacte mediambiental, cost econòmic i disponibilitat. El present estudi, proposa un adhesiu / consolidant obtingut de la gelatina tècnica, i s'addiciona uns additius, el glicerol (plastificant) i la citronela (fungicida natural), per a la conservació i restauració de la decoració polícroma aplicada en diferents parts del complex arquitectònic del Temple Longshan a Lukang (segle XVIII, Taiwan). Finalment, s'ha demostrat que l'addicció de glicerol i oli de citronella millora les propietats físico-mecàniques i ralenteixen el procés d'envelliment de l'adhesiu / consolidant. A més, l'oli de citronella inhibeix la proliferació dels fongs Aspergillus niger (CECT-2088), Chaetomium globosum (CECT-2701), Fusarium oxysporum (CECT-2154), Mucor rouxii (CECT-2655), Penicillium chrysogenum (CECT-2655) i Trichoderma pseudokoningii. (CECT-2937). / Lee, Y. (2015). La técnica de la policromía en los artesonados de templos budistas en Taiwán: caracterización científica y estudio de la aplicabilidad de consolidantes biocompatibles para su conservación [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59465