Este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um mini-motor síncrono trifásico, sem escovas e com ímãs permanentes no rotor, utilizado em aeromodelos. O núcleo do estator, usualmente construído com chapas laminadas, foi obtido a partir do processo de Metalurgia do Pó (M/P). Confeccionaram-se corpos de prova de ferro puro, Fe1%P, Fe2%P, Fe3%P, Fe1%Si, Fe3%Si e Fe50%Ni. Foram analisadas as características físicas dos materiais sinterizados que compreendem as grandezas magnéticas: curvas de histerese, resistividade elétrica. Analisaram-se as grandezas mecânicas: dureza e tensão de escoamento. Com os dados magnéticos obtidos, realizaram-se simulações computacionais de funcionamento, onde se observou o fluxo de entreferro e torque. Efetuaram-se ensaios em núcleos de transformadores para analisar as perdas por correntes parasitas. Os resultados foram comparados também com os do estator de chapas. Foi realizada a construção do núcleo do estator a partir de Fe1%P. O estator do mini-motor foi bobinado e instalado em uma carcaça de um mini-motor existente no comércio, para efetuar testes em bancada de acionamento em correntes variadas, onde pôde ser analisada sua eficiência em comparação com o mini-motor com núcleo do estator de chapas. Foi mostrado que é possível a construção de um motor elétrico com núcleo do estator em bloco único de Fe1%P por processo de Metalurgia do Pó, atingindo 74% da eficiência em relação ao mini-motor com núcleo do estator de chapas. / This study aimed to develop three-phase synchronous motor small, brushless and permanent magnets in the rotor, used in model airplanes. The stator core usually constructed of rolled sheets, was obtained from the powder metallurgy process (M / P). Crafted to pure iron specimens, Fe1% P, Fe 2% P, Fe3% P, Fe1% Si, Fe3% Si and Fe50% Ni. They analyzed the physical characteristics of the sintered materials which comprise the magnetic quantities: hysteresis curves, electrical resistivity. Hardness and yield stress: mechanical magnitudes were analyzed. With the magnetic data, computer simulations were carried out of operation where the flux of airgap observed and torque. Tests were affected in cores of transformers for analyzing eddy current losses. The results were also compared with those of the stator plates. Construction of the stator core from Fe1% P was performed. The mini-motor stator was wound and installed in an enclosure of an existing mini-motor trade, for testing in drive bench in varying currents, which could be analyzed efficiency compared to the mini-motor with stator core plates. It has been shown that the construction of an electric motor with the stator core in a single block P Fe1% by Powder Metallurgy process is possible, reaching 74% efficiency relative to the mini-core motor with stator plates.

A unique approach for lightweight multifunctional composites was developed using Fe3O4 nanoparticles and polypyrrole-coated Fe3O4 particles as fillers. Fe3O4 particles are a good candidate for filler in a multifunctional composite system because they can reinforce mechanical properties of a polymer matrix and impart magnetic properties into a composite. Polypyrrole coating on Fe3O4 particles was utilized to incorporate electrical conductivity to the properties of composites. The effects of filler size and filler content were studied on both the mechanical and electromagnetic properties. Fe3O4 nanoparticles improved fracture toughness, but they compromised strength and modulus. Polypyrrole-coated Fe3O4 has potential for multifunctional material applications because the coating allows for concurrent increase in magnetic permeability and electrical conductivity in a composite. The polypyrrole coating also improved the strength of the composite. Fe3O4 nanoparticles were a major part of this work from their synthesis to their application in composites. The surface effect on magnetic properties was analyzed for Fe3O4 nanoparticles, resulting in a more accurate calculation of the magnetically dead layer thickness than previously reported. The results from this work contributed to further understanding of synthesis and characterization of magnetic nanoparticles, fabrication and characterization of nanocomposites, and design and development of lightweight multifunctional materials. Although the properties of the fabricated composites require further improvement, the methodology and approach provide a basis for future work in development of lightweight multifunctional composites.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um mini-motor síncrono trifásico, sem escovas e com ímãs permanentes no rotor, utilizado em aeromodelos. O núcleo do estator, usualmente construído com chapas laminadas, foi obtido a partir do processo de Metalurgia do Pó (M/P). Confeccionaram-se corpos de prova de ferro puro, Fe1%P, Fe2%P, Fe3%P, Fe1%Si, Fe3%Si e Fe50%Ni. Foram analisadas as características físicas dos materiais sinterizados que compreendem as grandezas magnéticas: curvas de histerese, resistividade elétrica. Analisaram-se as grandezas mecânicas: dureza e tensão de escoamento. Com os dados magnéticos obtidos, realizaram-se simulações computacionais de funcionamento, onde se observou o fluxo de entreferro e torque. Efetuaram-se ensaios em núcleos de transformadores para analisar as perdas por correntes parasitas. Os resultados foram comparados também com os do estator de chapas. Foi realizada a construção do núcleo do estator a partir de Fe1%P. O estator do mini-motor foi bobinado e instalado em uma carcaça de um mini-motor existente no comércio, para efetuar testes em bancada de acionamento em correntes variadas, onde pôde ser analisada sua eficiência em comparação com o mini-motor com núcleo do estator de chapas. Foi mostrado que é possível a construção de um motor elétrico com núcleo do estator em bloco único de Fe1%P por processo de Metalurgia do Pó, atingindo 74% da eficiência em relação ao mini-motor com núcleo do estator de chapas. / This study aimed to develop three-phase synchronous motor small, brushless and permanent magnets in the rotor, used in model airplanes. The stator core usually constructed of rolled sheets, was obtained from the powder metallurgy process (M / P). Crafted to pure iron specimens, Fe1% P, Fe 2% P, Fe3% P, Fe1% Si, Fe3% Si and Fe50% Ni. They analyzed the physical characteristics of the sintered materials which comprise the magnetic quantities: hysteresis curves, electrical resistivity. Hardness and yield stress: mechanical magnitudes were analyzed. With the magnetic data, computer simulations were carried out of operation where the flux of airgap observed and torque. Tests were affected in cores of transformers for analyzing eddy current losses. The results were also compared with those of the stator plates. Construction of the stator core from Fe1% P was performed. The mini-motor stator was wound and installed in an enclosure of an existing mini-motor trade, for testing in drive bench in varying currents, which could be analyzed efficiency compared to the mini-motor with stator core plates. It has been shown that the construction of an electric motor with the stator core in a single block P Fe1% by Powder Metallurgy process is possible, reaching 74% efficiency relative to the mini-core motor with stator plates.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um mini-motor síncrono trifásico, sem escovas e com ímãs permanentes no rotor, utilizado em aeromodelos. O núcleo do estator, usualmente construído com chapas laminadas, foi obtido a partir do processo de Metalurgia do Pó (M/P). Confeccionaram-se corpos de prova de ferro puro, Fe1%P, Fe2%P, Fe3%P, Fe1%Si, Fe3%Si e Fe50%Ni. Foram analisadas as características físicas dos materiais sinterizados que compreendem as grandezas magnéticas: curvas de histerese, resistividade elétrica. Analisaram-se as grandezas mecânicas: dureza e tensão de escoamento. Com os dados magnéticos obtidos, realizaram-se simulações computacionais de funcionamento, onde se observou o fluxo de entreferro e torque. Efetuaram-se ensaios em núcleos de transformadores para analisar as perdas por correntes parasitas. Os resultados foram comparados também com os do estator de chapas. Foi realizada a construção do núcleo do estator a partir de Fe1%P. O estator do mini-motor foi bobinado e instalado em uma carcaça de um mini-motor existente no comércio, para efetuar testes em bancada de acionamento em correntes variadas, onde pôde ser analisada sua eficiência em comparação com o mini-motor com núcleo do estator de chapas. Foi mostrado que é possível a construção de um motor elétrico com núcleo do estator em bloco único de Fe1%P por processo de Metalurgia do Pó, atingindo 74% da eficiência em relação ao mini-motor com núcleo do estator de chapas. / This study aimed to develop three-phase synchronous motor small, brushless and permanent magnets in the rotor, used in model airplanes. The stator core usually constructed of rolled sheets, was obtained from the powder metallurgy process (M / P). Crafted to pure iron specimens, Fe1% P, Fe 2% P, Fe3% P, Fe1% Si, Fe3% Si and Fe50% Ni. They analyzed the physical characteristics of the sintered materials which comprise the magnetic quantities: hysteresis curves, electrical resistivity. Hardness and yield stress: mechanical magnitudes were analyzed. With the magnetic data, computer simulations were carried out of operation where the flux of airgap observed and torque. Tests were affected in cores of transformers for analyzing eddy current losses. The results were also compared with those of the stator plates. Construction of the stator core from Fe1% P was performed. The mini-motor stator was wound and installed in an enclosure of an existing mini-motor trade, for testing in drive bench in varying currents, which could be analyzed efficiency compared to the mini-motor with stator core plates. It has been shown that the construction of an electric motor with the stator core in a single block P Fe1% by Powder Metallurgy process is possible, reaching 74% efficiency relative to the mini-core motor with stator plates.

No description available.

O trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia denominada modelo de núcleo reduzido, aplicada para avaliar o desempenho de máquinas elétricas no que tange a geometria e materiais empregados na fabricação do núcleo completo. Para fins de validação da metodologia utiliza-se um Atuador Planar de Indução Trifásico com dois graus de liberdade, comparando os resultados numéricos e experimentais. Através desta metodologia, pode-se realizar a análise dos fenômenos eletromagnéticos ocorridos no núcleo completo por meio da avaliação de seu modelo reduzido, composto neste caso por 33% do núcleo completo empregado no Atuador Planar de Indução Trifásico. A comprovação da metodologia do modelo de núcleo reduzido ocorreu através da fabricação de uma bancada de testes, composta por uma célula de carga para realizar aquisição da força de propulsão planar, interface de potência e os núcleos reduzidos com seguintes materiais ferromagnéticos: compósitos SMC 1P Somaloy 500®, Ferro resinado e Aço ABNT 1020. Com auxilio da estrutura de testes, validou-se o modelo numérico dos três núcleos reduzidos quanto a força de propulsão planar. Na análise dos dados experimentais e numéricos, o material Ferro resinado apresentou a diferença 14% referente a força de propulsão planar, sendo a maior diferença entre os materiais estudados. Com a convergência dos resultados experimental e numéricos, realiza-se a comparação numérica entre os núcleos reduzidos e completos utilizando-se os três materiais ferromagnéticos. A análise numérica do núcleo reduzido com o material SMC 1P Somaloy 500® apresentou o fator de relação médio da força de propulsão planar de 2,65 em relação ao núcleo completo. O núcleo completo com Aço ABNT 1020 resultou no consumo médio de 56,7Watts para gerar a força de propulsão planar de 1 Newton. Dessa forma, proporciona-se uma ferramenta de maior rapidez para fabricação e avaliação do desempenho de materiais ferromagnéticos utilizados no núcleo completo da máquina elétrica. / This paper presents the development of a methodology denominated low core model applied to evaluate the performance of electrical machines with respect to geometry and materials used in manufacturing of the complete core. For validation purposes of the methodology is used a Planar Three-phase Induction Actuator with two degrees of freedom, comparing the experimental and numerical results. Through this methodology, it is possible to perform the analysis of electromagnetic phenomena occurring in the complete core based evaluation of the reduced model, made in this case with 33% of the full core employed in the Planar Three-phase Induction Actuator. The verification of the reduced core model methodology occurred through the manufacture of a testing bench, which is composed of a load cell to realize the acquisition of the planar propulsion force, potency interface and reduced cores with the following ferromagnetic materials: SMC 1P Somaloy 500® composites, resinated Iron and Steel ABNT 1020. With the help of the test structure, it was validated the numerical model of the three reduced cores regarding to the planar propulsion force. In the analysis of experimental and numerical data, the resinated Iron material showed a 14% difference concerning the strength of the planar propulsion, which is the biggest difference between the materials studied. With the convergence of the experimental and numerical results, a numerical comparison is performed between the reduced and complete cores using the three ferromagnetic materials. The numerical analysis of the reduced core with the SMC 1P Somaloy 500® material showed the average ratio of the planar factor propulsive force of 2.65 when compared with the complete core. The complete core with ABNT 1020 Steel resulted in an average consumption of 56.7 Watts to generate a planar propulsive force of 1 Newton. Thus, it is provided a faster tool for manufacturing and evaluation of ferromagnetic materials performance used in the complete core of the electric machine.

A regular vehicle of today is equipped with an internal combustion engine that runs on either gasoline or diesel, which are fossil fuels from oil reserves that are millions of years old. In all types of combustion processes carbon dioxide and several other emissions are produced. There are none known technologies of today that can reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide from combustion, but the amount that is produced is mainly dependent on the fuel that is used. Combustion of fossil fuels increases the contamination of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and diminishes the oil resources. The results are global warming and empty oil reserves within a few decades with the current production tempo, in addition to many other pollution effects that are harmful to the environment. A transition towards a society based on sustainable transportation is therefore urgent. The hydrogen fuel cell powered car with an electric propulsion system has the potential to be the car of the future that possesses the required characteristics of no harmful tailpipe emissions. There are some obstacles in the way for an early commercialisation, including the expensive catalysts used today and the lack of an infrastructure based on hydrogen, though. The hybrid electric vehicle, with both a conventional as well as an electric drivetrain, is a natural candidate for making the transition from the conventional car towards the car of the future. This thesis is focused on the design and analysis of permanent magnet machines for a novel hybrid electric vehicle drive system called the Four Quadrant Transducer. A number of electrical machine aspects are identified, including cores of soft magnetic composites, fractional pitch concentrated windings, core segmentation, novel machine topologies and cost effective production methods. The main objective is to analyse and judge the many unconventional machine aspects of which some may have the potential to improve the performance and reduce the cost of permanent magnet machines. Another objective is to study the effects of the use of fossil fuels and describe them with a new perspective and thereby make one small contribution to the debate about energy issues. Much focus has been spent on the theory of concentrated windings for permanent magnet machines. The potential parasitic effects and methods to improve the torque performance have been described. Other topics that have been given a high priority are material and power loss studies. An important contribution to the understanding of iron losses during field-weakening operation has been presented. A comprehensive use of finite element modeling has been done in the analysis combined with measurements on several laboratory prototypes. The Four Quadrant Transducer drivetrain and its two electrical machines intended for a midsized passenger car has been studied. The gearbox can be of a simple single stage type, which reduces the mechanical complexity and makes the traction performance of the vehicle smooth, without gear changes and drops in power. Simulations on a complete hybrid system show that fuel savings of more than 40% compared to a conventional vehicle can be achieved at citytraffic driving. The savings are modest at highway driving, since the engine is required to operate at high power during such conditions, and the support from the electrical system is negligible. The laboratory prototypes have shown that it is possible to manufacture high performance electrical machines with high material utilization and potential for automated production. The described concepts offer cost effective solutions for future drive systems in automotive and industrial applications. A number of weaknesses with the presented constructions have also been characterized, which should serve as guidelines for creating more optimized machines.

<p>A regular vehicle of today is equipped with an internal combustion engine that runs on either gasoline or diesel, which are fossil fuels from oil reserves that are millions of years old. In all types of combustion processes carbon dioxide and several other emissions are produced. There are none known technologies of today that can reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide from combustion, but the amount that is produced is mainly dependent on the fuel that is used. Combustion of fossil fuels increases the contamination of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and diminishes the oil resources. The results are global warming and empty oil reserves within a few decades with the current production tempo, in addition to many other pollution effects that are harmful to the environment. A transition towards a society based on sustainable transportation is therefore urgent. The hydrogen fuel cell powered car with an electric propulsion system has the potential to be the car of the future that possesses the required characteristics of no harmful tailpipe emissions. There are some obstacles in the way for an early commercialisation, including the expensive catalysts used today and the lack of an infrastructure based on hydrogen, though. The hybrid electric vehicle, with both a conventional as well as an electric drivetrain, is a natural candidate for making the transition from the conventional car towards the car of the future. </p><p>This thesis is focused on the design and analysis of permanent magnet machines for a novel hybrid electric vehicle drive system called the Four Quadrant Transducer. A number of electrical machine aspects are identified, including cores of soft magnetic composites, fractional pitch concentrated windings, core segmentation, novel machine topologies and cost effective production methods. The main objective is to analyse and judge the many unconventional machine aspects of which some may have the potential to improve the performance and reduce the cost of permanent magnet machines. Another objective is to study the effects of the use of fossil fuels and describe them with a new perspective and thereby make one small contribution to the debate about energy issues. Much focus has been spent on the theory of concentrated windings for permanent magnet machines. The potential parasitic effects and methods to improve the torque performance have been described. Other topics that have been given a high priority are material and power loss studies. An important contribution to the understanding of iron losses during field-weakening operation has been presented. A comprehensive use of finite element modeling has been done in the analysis combined with measurements on several laboratory prototypes. </p><p>The Four Quadrant Transducer drivetrain and its two electrical machines intended for a midsized passenger car has been studied. The gearbox can be of a simple single stage type, which reduces the mechanical complexity and makes the traction performance of the vehicle smooth, without gear changes and drops in power. Simulations on a complete hybrid system show that fuel savings of more than 40% compared to a conventional vehicle can be achieved at citytraffic driving. The savings are modest at highway driving, since the engine is required to operate at high power during such conditions, and the support from the electrical system is negligible. The laboratory prototypes have shown that it is possible to manufacture high performance electrical machines with high material utilization and potential for automated production. The described concepts offer cost effective solutions for future drive systems in automotive and industrial applications. A number of weaknesses with the presented constructions have also been characterized, which should serve as guidelines for creating more optimized machines. </p>

O trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia denominada modelo de núcleo reduzido, aplicada para avaliar o desempenho de máquinas elétricas no que tange a geometria e materiais empregados na fabricação do núcleo completo. Para fins de validação da metodologia utiliza-se um Atuador Planar de Indução Trifásico com dois graus de liberdade, comparando os resultados numéricos e experimentais. Através desta metodologia, pode-se realizar a análise dos fenômenos eletromagnéticos ocorridos no núcleo completo por meio da avaliação de seu modelo reduzido, composto neste caso por 33% do núcleo completo empregado no Atuador Planar de Indução Trifásico. A comprovação da metodologia do modelo de núcleo reduzido ocorreu através da fabricação de uma bancada de testes, composta por uma célula de carga para realizar aquisição da força de propulsão planar, interface de potência e os núcleos reduzidos com seguintes materiais ferromagnéticos: compósitos SMC 1P Somaloy 500®, Ferro resinado e Aço ABNT 1020. Com auxilio da estrutura de testes, validou-se o modelo numérico dos três núcleos reduzidos quanto a força de propulsão planar. Na análise dos dados experimentais e numéricos, o material Ferro resinado apresentou a diferença 14% referente a força de propulsão planar, sendo a maior diferença entre os materiais estudados. Com a convergência dos resultados experimental e numéricos, realiza-se a comparação numérica entre os núcleos reduzidos e completos utilizando-se os três materiais ferromagnéticos. A análise numérica do núcleo reduzido com o material SMC 1P Somaloy 500® apresentou o fator de relação médio da força de propulsão planar de 2,65 em relação ao núcleo completo. O núcleo completo com Aço ABNT 1020 resultou no consumo médio de 56,7Watts para gerar a força de propulsão planar de 1 Newton. Dessa forma, proporciona-se uma ferramenta de maior rapidez para fabricação e avaliação do desempenho de materiais ferromagnéticos utilizados no núcleo completo da máquina elétrica. / This paper presents the development of a methodology denominated low core model applied to evaluate the performance of electrical machines with respect to geometry and materials used in manufacturing of the complete core. For validation purposes of the methodology is used a Planar Three-phase Induction Actuator with two degrees of freedom, comparing the experimental and numerical results. Through this methodology, it is possible to perform the analysis of electromagnetic phenomena occurring in the complete core based evaluation of the reduced model, made in this case with 33% of the full core employed in the Planar Three-phase Induction Actuator. The verification of the reduced core model methodology occurred through the manufacture of a testing bench, which is composed of a load cell to realize the acquisition of the planar propulsion force, potency interface and reduced cores with the following ferromagnetic materials: SMC 1P Somaloy 500® composites, resinated Iron and Steel ABNT 1020. With the help of the test structure, it was validated the numerical model of the three reduced cores regarding to the planar propulsion force. In the analysis of experimental and numerical data, the resinated Iron material showed a 14% difference concerning the strength of the planar propulsion, which is the biggest difference between the materials studied. With the convergence of the experimental and numerical results, a numerical comparison is performed between the reduced and complete cores using the three ferromagnetic materials. The numerical analysis of the reduced core with the SMC 1P Somaloy 500® material showed the average ratio of the planar factor propulsive force of 2.65 when compared with the complete core. The complete core with ABNT 1020 Steel resulted in an average consumption of 56.7 Watts to generate a planar propulsive force of 1 Newton. Thus, it is provided a faster tool for manufacturing and evaluation of ferromagnetic materials performance used in the complete core of the electric machine.

O trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia denominada modelo de núcleo reduzido, aplicada para avaliar o desempenho de máquinas elétricas no que tange a geometria e materiais empregados na fabricação do núcleo completo. Para fins de validação da metodologia utiliza-se um Atuador Planar de Indução Trifásico com dois graus de liberdade, comparando os resultados numéricos e experimentais. Através desta metodologia, pode-se realizar a análise dos fenômenos eletromagnéticos ocorridos no núcleo completo por meio da avaliação de seu modelo reduzido, composto neste caso por 33% do núcleo completo empregado no Atuador Planar de Indução Trifásico. A comprovação da metodologia do modelo de núcleo reduzido ocorreu através da fabricação de uma bancada de testes, composta por uma célula de carga para realizar aquisição da força de propulsão planar, interface de potência e os núcleos reduzidos com seguintes materiais ferromagnéticos: compósitos SMC 1P Somaloy 500®, Ferro resinado e Aço ABNT 1020. Com auxilio da estrutura de testes, validou-se o modelo numérico dos três núcleos reduzidos quanto a força de propulsão planar. Na análise dos dados experimentais e numéricos, o material Ferro resinado apresentou a diferença 14% referente a força de propulsão planar, sendo a maior diferença entre os materiais estudados. Com a convergência dos resultados experimental e numéricos, realiza-se a comparação numérica entre os núcleos reduzidos e completos utilizando-se os três materiais ferromagnéticos. A análise numérica do núcleo reduzido com o material SMC 1P Somaloy 500® apresentou o fator de relação médio da força de propulsão planar de 2,65 em relação ao núcleo completo. O núcleo completo com Aço ABNT 1020 resultou no consumo médio de 56,7Watts para gerar a força de propulsão planar de 1 Newton. Dessa forma, proporciona-se uma ferramenta de maior rapidez para fabricação e avaliação do desempenho de materiais ferromagnéticos utilizados no núcleo completo da máquina elétrica. / This paper presents the development of a methodology denominated low core model applied to evaluate the performance of electrical machines with respect to geometry and materials used in manufacturing of the complete core. For validation purposes of the methodology is used a Planar Three-phase Induction Actuator with two degrees of freedom, comparing the experimental and numerical results. Through this methodology, it is possible to perform the analysis of electromagnetic phenomena occurring in the complete core based evaluation of the reduced model, made in this case with 33% of the full core employed in the Planar Three-phase Induction Actuator. The verification of the reduced core model methodology occurred through the manufacture of a testing bench, which is composed of a load cell to realize the acquisition of the planar propulsion force, potency interface and reduced cores with the following ferromagnetic materials: SMC 1P Somaloy 500® composites, resinated Iron and Steel ABNT 1020. With the help of the test structure, it was validated the numerical model of the three reduced cores regarding to the planar propulsion force. In the analysis of experimental and numerical data, the resinated Iron material showed a 14% difference concerning the strength of the planar propulsion, which is the biggest difference between the materials studied. With the convergence of the experimental and numerical results, a numerical comparison is performed between the reduced and complete cores using the three ferromagnetic materials. The numerical analysis of the reduced core with the SMC 1P Somaloy 500® material showed the average ratio of the planar factor propulsive force of 2.65 when compared with the complete core. The complete core with ABNT 1020 Steel resulted in an average consumption of 56.7 Watts to generate a planar propulsive force of 1 Newton. Thus, it is provided a faster tool for manufacturing and evaluation of ferromagnetic materials performance used in the complete core of the electric machine.