Change from a regulated to deregulated structure means that, the centralized maintenance system is not valid any more. In the surveyed published literature, there is not a single model which incorporates all maintenance cost components to analyze the effect of different maintenance strategies for generator companies (GENCOs). The work enclosed in this thesis demonstrates that there is a considerable requirement for accurately modelling cost components of the maintenance model, to be used in maintenance scheduling for deregulated power system, in order to attain a superior schedule with major financial and operational impact. This research investigates and models most cost factors that affect the maintenance activities of the deregulated GENCOs, and demonstrates the utilization of the developed cost models in maintenance scheduling. It also presents the data gathering process for the developed maintenance cost model. A generator maintenance scheduling model that considers direct and indirect maintenance costs, opportunity costs (i.e. loss of customer goodwill), effective maintenance strategies, failures, and interruptions is developed. A Genetic Algorithm (GA) based approach is employed to achieve maintenance schedules to various generators maintenance scenarios. An Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach is proposed for modelling customer goodwill. The maintenance model was redeveloped under the Reliability Centred Maintenance (RCM) strategy to analyze the effect of a maintenance strategy on maintenance costs. Case studies are presented to demonstrate the utilisation of the developed models.The investigation shows that the market prices, opportunity costs and maintenance strategy have an effect on the final maintenance schedule. The research demonstrates that the cost components are critical factors to achieve an effective maintenance schedule, and they must be considered and carefully modelled in order to reflect more realistic situation for maintenance scheduling of generator units in deregulation environment.

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2017-07-20T13:50:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3151113 bytes, checksum: 11e87c35ec2899531a26a1da6a8d7bd0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-20T13:50:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3151113 bytes, checksum: 11e87c35ec2899531a26a1da6a8d7bd0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-31 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos - Finep / The buildings are degraded over time, requiring therefore performing maintenance services. These services generate costs, which are the maintenance costs. And when you speak of the study of maintenance costs in Social Housing, this is a little explored subject, and when it comes to the ones which were built with some innovative/ unconventional building system even more. From the knowledge of this gap in terms of maintenance costs on Social Housing and starting from this scenario this dissertation addresses the issue of maintenance costs in Social Housing that used the innovative building system of "sealing walls in molded concrete slabs on site" from the district Mariz I, located in João Pessoa-PB. For the elaboration of the aforementioned dissertation the approach method was deductive, we used the techniques of direct and indirect documentation (extensive) and was adopted probabilistic sampling process. The research that was carried out and has as product this dissertation is classified as to nature, in quantitative, as the purpose in applied, as the type, descriptive and on the design, in survey research. This work proposes to detail all the items that have undergone maintenance over the years studied in the Social Housing addressed, as well as costs arising from this activity, called actual costs; seeking in prior, with the known values of maintenance expenditures, to project itself in terms of future costs for a given period in each case, from the development of a measurement tool for the maintenance costs that uses the principle of cost-significant item (CSI) and aided by statistical mechanisms. However, as the work progressed other relevant factors were becoming notorious, such as the influence of socioeconomic status of the buildings residents with maintenance costs; the calculation of the cost items that were not done maintenance work, but it was found the need to be made, those called potential costs; the perception of the buildings conservation status in the optics of quality of maintenance practice, among others. In general it was found that the maintenance of the activity was carried out informally and in corrective manner. It has been seen that 22% of maintenance items contributed to 95% of the actual costs of the analyzed buildings. The paint item was the most representative, in terms of effective maintenance costs. About the potential costs, in the most of dwellings, there was a tendency of proportional reversal of the amount thereof compared to actual costs. The values of the maintenance costs were directly proportional to the purchasing power of residents, income limitations of these influenced the absence / postponement of the building’s maintenance, and also in the final result of their execution. / As edificações sofrem degradação com o tempo, necessitando, portanto, da realização de serviços de manutenção. Esses serviços geram despesas, que são os custos de manutenção. E quando se fale do estudo dos custos de manutenção em HIS, este é um assunto pouco explorado, e se tratando das que foram construídas com algum sistema construtivo inovador/não convencional ainda mais. A partir do conhecimento desta lacuna em termos de custos de manutenção em HIS e partindo desse panorama a presente dissertação aborda a questão dos custos de manutenção em HIS que utilizaram o sistema construtivo inovador de “paredes de vedação em placas de concreto moldadas in loco” do conjunto Mariz I, localizado na cidade de João Pessoa- PB. Para a construção da supracitada dissertação o método de abordagem utilizado foi o dedutivo, foram utilizadas as técnicas de documentação indireta e direta (extensiva) e foi adotado o processo de amostragem probabilista. A pesquisa que foi realizada e tem como produto esta dissertação, classifica-se quanto à natureza, em quantitativa, quanto à finalidade em aplicada, quanto ao tipo em descritiva e quanto ao delineamento, em pesquisa de levantamento. Este trabalho se propôs a detalhar todos os itens que sofreram manutenção ao longo dos anos estudados nas HIS abordadas, bem como os custos oriundos desta atividade, denominados de custos efetivos; buscando a priori com os valores conhecidos dos gastos com manutenção se projetar apenas em termos de custos futuros para um dado período em cada caso específico, a partir do desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta de mensuração de custo de manutenção que utiliza-se do princípio de itens custos significativos (CSI) e auxiliada por mecanismos estatísticos. No entanto, à medida que se deu o andamento do trabalho outros fatores relevantes foram se tornando notórios, tais como: a influência da situação socioeconômica dos moradores das edificações com os custos de manutenção; o cálculo dos custos de itens em que não foram feitas intervenções de manutenção, mas que se constatou a necessidade de serem feitas, estes denominados de custos potenciais; a percepção do estado de conservação das edificações na ótica da qualidade da prática da manutenção, entre outros aspectos. Em linhas gerais constatou-se que a atividade de manutenção, foi realizada informalmente e de maneira corretiva. Foi visto que 22% dos itens de manutenção contribuíram com 95% dos custos efetivos das edificações analisadas. O item pintura foi o mais representativo, em termos de custos efetivos de manutenção. Sobre os custos potenciais, na maioria das moradias, há uma tendência de inversão proporcional do montante destes, em relação aos custos efetivos. Os valores dos custos de manutenção foram diretamente proporcionais ao poder aquisitivo dos moradores, as limitações de renda destes influenciaram na ausência/protelação da manutenção das edificações, mas também no resultado final da sua execução.

Windows has been always considered as heat sinks and they can account more than 25% of a building envelope. For this reason, its design and performance in dwellings play a major role in regulating the indoor environment. The construction sector has been investing in better insulation envelope systems for the last decades to reduce the heat transmissions losses and energy consumption in households. LOWTE is a Swedish firm specialized in low energy building components and due to all these facts, it has recently developed a double slot energy active envelope window (EAW) for improving energy-saving in buildings. EAW is a window prototype that integrates low-temperature heating and energy active systems, and it is planned to be installed at Testbed KTH in Stockholm (Sweden). Waste heat from the current heating systems will be used during its whole operation. Then, a life cycle assessment (LCA) will be accomplished for evaluating EAW feasibility and costeffectiveness before its implementation. Furthermore, an LCA comparison with other two passive window systems will be made. A double-glazed and a triple-glazed window will represent the reference system and a competent alternative solution, respectively. A sensitivity analysis for each model will be developed in order to consider multiples scenarios and obtain which variables affect the most EAW profitability. Thus, the feasibility of the EAW would be studied from an economic and environmental perspective. The simulations of both models show the potential that EAW can represent for the current heating system in KTH Live-In-Lab apartments. Since EAW is quite subjected to the thermal conditions of the room, the ambience, and the internal flowing air; costs savings and avoided environmental impacts will depend mainly on the thermal performance of the whole system. / Fönster har alltid betraktats som kylflänsar och de kan stå för mer än 25% av byggnadens kuvert. Av denna anledning spelar deras design och prestanda i bostäder en viktig roll för att reglera inomhusmiljön. Byggsektorn har investerat i bättre isoleringshölje system under de senaste decennierna för att minska värmeöverförings förlusterna och energiförbrukningen i hushållen. LOWTE är ett svenskt företag som är specialiserat på byggnadskomponenter med låg energi och på grund av alla dessa fakta har det nyligen utvecklat ett fönster med dubbelspalt och energi aktivt kuvert (EAW) för att förbättra energibesparing i byggnader. EAW är en fönster prototyp som integrerar låg temperatur värme och energi aktiva system som kommer att installeras på Testbed KTH i Stockholm (Sverige). Avfallsvärme från de nuvarande värmesystemen kommer att användas under hela driften. Sedan kommer en livscykelanalys (LCA) att genomföras för att utvärdera EAW med avseende pågenomförbarhet och kostnadseffektivitet innan denna implementering. Dessutom kommer en LCAjämförelse med andra två passiva fönstersystem att göras. Ett dubbelglasat och ett tredubbelt fönster representerar referenssystemet respektive en kompetent alternativ lösning. En känslighetsanalys för varje modell kommer att utvecklas för att ta hänsyn till flera scenarier och utvärdera vilka variabler som mest påverkar EAW-lönsamhet. Således skulle genomförbarheten för EAW studeras ur ett ekonomiskt och miljömässigt perspektiv. Simuleringarna av båda modellerna visar potentialen som EAW kan representera för det nuvarande värmesystemet i KTHs Live-In-Lab-lägenheter. Eftersom EAW är helt utsatt för de termiska förhållandena i rummet, atmosfären och den inre flödande luften; beror kostnadsbesparingar och minskad miljöpåverkan främst på värmeprestandan för hela systemet.

Change from a regulated to deregulated structure means that, the centralized maintenance system is not valid any more. In the surveyed published literature, there is not a single model which incorporates all maintenance cost components to analyze the effect of different maintenance strategies for generator companies (GENCOs). The work enclosed in this thesis demonstrates that there is a considerable requirement for accurately modelling cost components of the maintenance model, to be used in maintenance scheduling for deregulated power system, in order to attain a superior schedule with major financial and operational impact. This research investigates and models most cost factors that affect the maintenance activities of the deregulated GENCOs, and demonstrates the utilization of the developed cost models in maintenance scheduling. It also presents the data gathering process for the developed maintenance cost model. A generator maintenance scheduling model that considers direct and indirect maintenance costs, opportunity costs (i.e. loss of customer goodwill), effective maintenance strategies, failures, and interruptions is developed. A Genetic Algorithm (GA) based approach is employed to achieve maintenance schedules to various generators maintenance scenarios. An Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach is proposed for modelling customer goodwill. The maintenance model was redeveloped under the Reliability Centred Maintenance (RCM) strategy to analyze the effect of a maintenance strategy on maintenance costs. Case studies are presented to demonstrate the utilisation of the developed models.The investigation shows that the market prices, opportunity costs and maintenance strategy have an effect on the final maintenance schedule. The research demonstrates that the cost components are critical factors to achieve an effective maintenance schedule, and they must be considered and carefully modelled in order to reflect more realistic situation for maintenance scheduling of generator units in deregulation environment.

Επιδίωξη της εργασίας είναι να ανακαλύψουμε κατά πόσο τα αναδυόμενα δίκτυα FWA τεχνολογίας που βασίζονται σε πρότυπα (standards-based) αυξάνουν τις ευκαιρίες ή αντίθετα τις απειλές στην ευρυζωνική επιχειρηματικότητα των παρόχων. Στην εργασία, τίθενται υπό σύγκριση οι δομές κόστους (cost structures) των δικτύων τεχνολογίας FWA και των δικτύων DSL τεχνολογίας. Επίσης, αναγνωρίζονται οι συνθήκες της αγοράς (market conditions) υπό τις οποίες η τεχνολογία FWA θα μπορούσε να γίνει μια πιο οικονομική και οικονομικά αποδοτική (cost-effective) επιλογή. Στο Κεφάλαιο 2 γίνεται μία γενική επισκόπηση των ευρυζωνικών δικτύων και υπηρεσιών, τίθενται υπό συζήτηση τα δίκτυα πρόσβασης και τονίζεται ο ρόλος του ρυθμιστή (regulator) και ο διαχωρισμός ανάμεσα στις επιχειρήσεις εκμετάλλευσης δικτύου και σε αυτές της εκμετάλλευσης της υπηρεσίας. Στο Κεφάλαιο 3, διατυπώνονται οι αρχιτεκτονικές των δικτύων της FWA τεχνολογίας, καθώς επίσης θέματα σχετικά με την τεχνολογία ραδιοεπικοινωνιών. Στο Κεφάλαιο 4, γίνεται εισαγωγή στις γενικές αρχές και μεθόδους για τη διαστασιοποίηση και το σχεδιασμό του δικτύου τεχνολογίας FWA. Επιπλέον, γίνεται εισαγωγή σε κατάλληλα μοντέλα που είναι απαραίττητα προκειμένου να προβλέψουμε με αξιοπιστία τον απαιτούμενο αριθμό των μερών εξοπλισμού δικτύωσης της FWA τεχνολογίας για συγκεκριμένες περιοχές εξυπηρέτησης. Στο Κεφάλαιο 5, γίνεται εισαγωγή σε μεθόδους και μοντέλα για οικονομικές αναλύσεις των ευρυζωνικών δικτύων πρόσβασης. Τελικά, στο Κεφάλαιο 6, γίνεται εφαρμογή των πληροφοριών και των μεθόδων των προηγούμενων κεφαλαίων για να ανακαλύψουμε την οικονομική δυνατότητα επίτευξης (economic feasibility) της ανάπτυξης του δικτύου FWA τεχνολογίας σε διαφορετικά είδη περιβαλλόντων. Οι αναλύσεις εκτελούνται για τρία διαφορετικά περιβαλλοντικά σενάρια, τόσο για την FWA τεχνολογία όσο και για τα ADSL δίκτυα. Στο Κεφάλαιο 7, δίνονται τα συμπεράσματα, οι συστάσεις, και οι εισηγήσεις για περαιτέρω μελέτη. / -

This thesis deals with the public financing of the road transport issue, particularly in the Czech Republic. The quantitative analysis of the revenues from the road transport and capital and maintenance costs on road transport in the Czech Republic in 2001 - 2007 is the fundamental part of this thesis. The vehicle excise tax, fuel tax, road tolls, parking policy revenues and other specific charges belong to the public revenues from the road transport. The output of the thesis is the assessment whether the public revenues from the road transport at least cover the capital and maintenance costs on the road infrastructure and the road transport is therefore a source of the revenues to public sources, or whether, on the contrary, the road transport represents the drain for the public sources and thus also for the tax payers. The evaluation of this situation while including the externalities of road transport is also part of this thesis.

Diese Projektarbeit versucht zu erklären, warum Flugzeuge mit drei oder vier Triebwerken kaum noch verkauft werden. Dabei wird insbesondere der Vermutung nachgegangen, dass Flugzeuge mit einer größeren Anzahl an Triebwerken höhere Wartungskosten haben könnten. Zur Beantwortung der Frage werden sechs verschiedene Methoden zur Berechnung von Betriebskosten (Direct Operating Costs, DOC) von Passagierflugzeugen herangezogen, die u.a. auch die Kosten der Triebwerkswartung abschätzen. Vier dieser DOC-Methoden sind von Organisationen: Air Transport Association of America (ATA 1967), Deutsche Lufthansa (DLH 1982), Association of European Airlines (AEA 1989), Airbus Industrie (AI 1989). Zwei DOC-Methoden wurden an Universitäten entwickelt und sind von Jenkinson bzw. von Thorbeck (TU Berlin, TUB). Weiterhin werden grundsätzliche flugmechanische Überlegungen angestellt und die Literatur durchgesehen, die aber nur wenige Hinweise zur Beantwortung der Fragestellung enthält. Die Gleichungen zur Berechnung der Triebwerkswartungskosten aller sechs Methoden werden dargelegt und erklärt. Die Methoden unterscheiden sich stark in ihrer Komplexität. Da die Methoden sich auf unterschiedliche Jahre beziehen werden die Kosten mit einem Inflationsfaktor auf das Jahr 2017 umgerechnet und somit vergleichbar gemacht. Zum Vergleich werden weiterhin die Gleichungen zur Berechnung der Wartungskosten der Flugzeugzelle angegeben. Zur Berechnung der Triebwerkswartungskosten wurden vier in der Größe vergleichbare Mittelstreckenflugzeuge ausgewählt: B737-800, A318 (zwei Triebwerke), Jak-42 (drei Triebwerke), BAE 146-300 (vier Triebwerke). Weiterhin wurden vier in der Größe vergleichbare Langstreckenflugzeug ausgewählt: A330-300 (zwei Triebwerke), MD11-ER, TriStar (drei Triebwerke), A340-300 (vier Triebwerke). Zum Vergleich eignen sich besonders der A330 und der A340 da die Technik, das Alter und die Abmaße sehr eng bei einander liegen. Im Ergebnis wurde festgestellt, dass sich die Aufteilung der Wartungskosten zwischen Zelle und Triebwerken uneinheitlich zeigt. Die AI-Methode ergibt im Vergleich viel zu hohe Triebwerkskosten. Der Grund dafür ist die direkte Multiplikation von Schub mit den Lohnkosten. Die AI-Methode muss daher bei der Endanalyse unberücksichtigt bleiben. Bei den Mittelstreckenflugzeugen lieferten die Methoden nach AEA, DLH und TUB ähnliche Ergebnisse. Bei den Langstreckenflugzeugen lieferten die AEA-Methode, DLH-Methode und die Methode nach Jenkison ähnliche Ergebnisse. Empfohlen werden kann damit eine Berechnung mit der AEA-Methode, die auch öffentlich ist. Für einen Endvergleich wurden für die Mittel- bzw. Langstrecke zu jeder Triebwerksanzahl nur jeweils ein Flugzeug einbezogen. Mit dieser bereinigten Auswahl bei Flugzeugen und Methoden ergab sich für die Mittelstrecke eine leichte Abnahme der Triebwerkswartungskosten mit der Triebwerksanzahl von nur 6,1 US$ pro Flugstunde pro Triebwerk (Zunahme von -6,1 US$/FH/Triebwerk). Für die Langstrecke ergab sich eine leichte Zunahme der Triebwerkswartungskosten mit der Triebwerksanzahl von nur 32,5 US$ pro Flugstunde pro Triebwerk. Damit konnte die eingangs genannte Vermutung über eine Zunahme der Triebwerkswartungskosten mit der Anzahl der Triebwerke nur zum Teil bestätigt werden. Die Analyse zeigte, dass die Triebwerkswartungskosten von vielen Parametern abhängen, die Triebwerksanzahl ist nur ein Parameter von vielen. Selbst ähnliche Flugzeuge liefern bei gleicher Triebwerkszahl daher Triebwerkswartungskosten, die sich stark unterscheiden und die Abhängigkeit von der Triebwerkszahl wenig sichtbar werden lassen. Es werden Vorschläge gemacht, welche anderen methodischen Ansätze hier Abhilfe schaffen könnten.

This thesis describes the role of cost effective maintenance in achieving competitive advantages. It explores by means of a survey which maintenance practices are used, and how maintenance policies are selected in Swedish industries. Also, it suggests a model for selecting the most cost effective maintenance policy, and how to improve the effectiveness of condition based maintenance decision-making. Finally it discusses how to assess the impact of maintenance practices on business strategic objectives. The main results achieved in the thesis are 1) A better understanding of maintenance organisation, management, systems and maintenance status in Swedish industry. For example, it was found that about 70% of Swedish companies still consider maintenance as a cost centre. Preventive and predictive maintenance approaches are also emphasised. 2) Most Swedish firms, i.e. about 81%, use the accumulated knowledge and experience within the company as a method for maintenance selection. Besides, about 31% use a method based on modelling the time to failure and optimisation. About 10% use failure mode effect and criticality analysis (FMECA) and decision trees and only 2% use multiple criterion decision-making (MCDM). However, the most used maintenance selection method is not the one most satisfactory to its users. Furthermore, about 30% use a combination of at least two methods. 3) A practical model for selecting and improving the most cost effective maintenance policy was developed. It is characterised by incorporating all the strengths of the four methods used in industry. 4) A mechanistic model for predicting the value of vibration level was verified both at the lab and in a case study. 5) A model for identifying, assessing, monitoring and improving the economic impact of maintenance was developed and tested in a case study. Thus it was proved that maintenance is no longer a cost centre, but could be a profit-generating function. To achieve competitive advantages, companies should do the right thing, e.g. use the most cost effective maintenance policy, and they should do it right, e.g. ensure that they have the right competence. Furthermore, they should apply the never-ending improvement cycle, i.e. Plan-Do-Check-Act, which requires identifying problem areas by assessing the savings and profits generated by maintenance and monitoring the economic impact of the applied maintenance policy. Thus, they would know where investments should be allocated to eliminate the basic reasons for losses and increase savings. The major conclusion is that proper maintenance would improve the quality, efficiency and effectiveness of production systems, and hence enhances company competitiveness, i.e. productivity and value advantages, and long-term profitability.

Die Arbeit ist ein Beitrag zur betrieblich-ökonomischen Optimierung der Eisenbahninfrastruktur auf der Grundlage ihres Kosten-Nutzen-Verhältnisses. Der wesentliche Inhalt der Arbeit ist die Erarbeitung einer Methodik, mit deren Hilfe die Kosten einer Eisenbahnstrecke je fahrbarer Zugtrasse, basierend auf Streckenstandards, der Deutsche Bahn AG, berechnet werden können.

Gröna byggnader hjälper till att driva den hållbara utvecklingen framåt, vilket behövs inom fastighetsbranschen på grund av dess stora miljöpåverkan. Den fortsatta utvecklingen kännetecknas av problem såsom bristande medvetenhet samt en osäkerhet kring det ekonomiska utfallet. Resultaten som framförs i denna studie bidrar till en ökad förståelse av hur medvetna fastighetsföretag är om gröna bostadsbyggnader samt hur de uppfattar de ekonomiska följderna. Studiens syfte är att belysa hur fastighetsföretag uppfattar de ekonomiskt positiva faktorerna (hyra, vakans, drift- och underhåll, image, inomhusmiljö och risk) som sammankopplas med gröna byggnader. Enbart en del av problemområdet berörs, varvid fokus är på de positiva faktorer som frekvent förekommit i tidigare studier på ämnesområdet. För att besvara syftet har en kvalitativ metod med ett deduktivt ansats valts. Sex fastighetsföretag med varierande miljöengagemang har intervjuats, där samtliga är verksamma i södra Värmland. Intervjufrågorna har baserats på identiskt material för att sedan delvis anpassas efter respektive fastighetsföretag. Resultatet av intervjuerna framkommer i studiens empiriska sammanställning samt analyseras utgående från den teoretiska referensramen. Både likheter och skillnader har observerats. Slutsatsen är att samtliga av de intervjuade fastighetsföretagen värdesätter någon av faktorerna, samt vidrör att ett långsiktigt förhållningssätt är viktigt. Det har framkommit att minskade drifts- och underhållskostnader samt en förbättrad image är de faktorerna som värdesätts högst. Den faktor som företagen anser har minst samband med gröna byggnader är minskad vakans, vilket kan bero på den rådande bostadsbristen. / Green buildings help to drive the sustainable development forward, which is needed in the real estate industry due to its major environmental impact. The continued development is characterized by problems such as a lack of awareness and an uncertainty about the economic outcome. The results presented in this study contributes to an increased understanding of how aware real estate companies are, and how they perceive green residential buildings financial impact. The purpose of this study is to illustrate how real estate companies perceive the economically positive factors (rent, vacancy, operating- and maintenance costs, image, indoor environment and risk) which are linked to green buildings. Only a part of the problem area is examined, whereas focus is going to be on the positive factors which frequently appear in previous studies on the subject area. A qualitative method with an deductive approach has been chosen for this essay in order to answer the purpose of the study. Interviews have been conducted with six real estate companies located in Southern Värmland, whom had varied environmental commitment. The questions that was used have been based on identical material and then been partly adapted after each company. The results from the interviews are stated in the empirical compilation and are being analysed in connection to the theoretical framework. Both similarities and differences have been observed. The concludes are that all of the interviewed real estate companies appreciate some of the factors. All of them mention that a long term approach is of relevance despite their varied startup presumption. It has emerged that the reduced operation- and maintenance cost and an improved image are the most appreciated factors. The factor that the real estate companies consider to have least correlance with green buildings is reduced vacancy, which can be due to the current lack of housing.