Estudos sobre seleção de presas podem apresentar resultados bastante diferentes dependendo do predador analisado. Predadores com diferentes técnicas de caça, como as aves de rapina e os mamíferos carnívoros, podem selecionar diferentes tipos de presas. Estudos sistemáticos sobre esse tema ainda são escassos no Brasil. Por esse motivo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi a análise da seletividade na dieta de três predadores quanto ao consumo de pequenos mamíferos na Estação Ecológica de Itirapina, SP. Para a suindara (Tyto alba), a seletividade de presas foi avaliada nos níveis de: espécie, tamanho, idade e sexo. A coruja-buraqueira (Athene cunicularia) foi estudada quanto ao consumo diferenciado nos níveis de espécie, tamanho e idade das presas. Para o lobo guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus), apenas a seleção de espécies foi possível. Foram utilizados restos de ossos (mandíbulas e cinturas pélvicas) das presas encontradas nas pelotas e fezes desses predadores para identificação da espécie e do sexo dos indivíduos, e para a quantificação do número de indivíduos consumidos. A análise de seleção de espécie foi feita por meio de comparações entre a proporção das mesmas encontradas nas dietas e no ambiente. Para isto, foram utilizados o teste G e o intervalo de confiança de Bonferroni. O consumo preferencial por um determinado sexo foi avaliado pelo teste G ou pelo teste exato de Fisher. O tamanho dos pequenos mamíferos na dieta foi calculado por meio de equações de regressão desenvolvidas para cada espécie dessas presas. O Teste de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para comparações entre o tamanho das presas nas dietas e no ambiente. As idades dos roedores encontrados nas dietas e nos ambientes foram comparadas utilizando-se o teste G. A suindara foi mais seletiva do que a buraqueira no consumo de espécies de pequenos mamíferos, embora ambas incluam as mesmas espécies nas suas dietas. Calomys tener e Oligoryzomys nigripes foram os roedores mais predados pelas corujas. A seleção de indivíduos menores e de juvenis de C. tener pela suindara e de sub-adultos dessa presa pela buraqueira poderia ser entendido pelo modo de forrageamento de cada coruja e características biológicas da presa. Por outro lado, por ser um animal de maior porte, era esperado por parte do lobo-guará o consumo de presas maiores, como Clyomys bishopi. A seleção por indivíduos menores de C. tener pelas duas corujas indica predação de indivíduos mais vulneráveis. Assim a predação diferencial por roedores pequenos pode não ser devido a predação seletiva por parte das corujas, mas sim devido à alta vulnerabilidade dos mesmos, devido a sua inexperiência e por serem errantes. Pode-se perceber por meio deste estudo que, dependendo da localidade e das diferentes composições/abundancia de presas, os predadores parecem adotar diferentes estratégias. Dentro de uma mesma localidade esse recurso é utilizado de forma diferenciada pelos três predadores, pelo menos em termos de proporções, tamanho e idade. Estudos mais amplos e detalhados com utilização de metodologia padronizada, englobando todos os componentes de uma guilda trófica, além de se levar em conta as muitas variáveis ambientais, torne possível entender o papel de cada espécie na comunidade. / Prey selection studies may result in different conclusions depending on the analysed forager. Predators with different foraging modes, such as raptors and carnivorous mammals, may select different prey types. This kind of study is still scarce in Brazil. So, the goal of this research is the analysis of small mammal selection in the diet of three predators at Itirapina Ecological Station, SP. Analysis of prey selection by the Barn Owl (Tyto alba) was conducted in relation to species, size, age and sex. The Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia) was studied in relation to the consumption of small mammal species, size and age. The Maned Wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) was only evaluated concerning prey species selection. Remains of bones (mandibles and pelvic girdles) found in pellets and faeces of predators were utilized to identify prey species, sex and to quantify number of consumed individuals. Analysis of prey species selection was conducted by comparisons between proportion of prey found in the diet and in environment, applying G test and Bonferroni confidence intervals. Differential sex consumption was evaluated by G test and Fisher exact test. Mann-Whitney test was employed to compare prey size in the diet and in the environment. Rodent ages found in pellets/ faeces and in the field were compared by G test. The Barn Owl was more selective than the Burrowing Owl in relation to prey species consumption, though both of them include the same small mammal species in their diets. Calomys tener and Oligoryzomys nigripes were the most preyed on rodents by the two owls. Small-sized and juvenile individuals of C. tener were more consumed by the Barn Owl, whereas sub-adults were more preyed on by the Burrowing Owl. Differences may be due to foraging mode of each owl and biological characteristics of prey. The consumption of larger prey, such as Clyomys bishopi, by the larger predator, the Maned Wolf, was expected. Selection of smaller individuals within species may suggest predation of more vulnerable prey. So small-sized rodent selection may not result from active predation by the owls, but from higher vulnerability of these prey. Based on this study, depending on locality and differences in prey composition/abundance, predators may adopt different strategies. In the same area, resource was utilized in different manner by these predators, at least, in terms of prey proportion in the diet, size and age. Further studies using the same methodology, involving all components of trophic guilds, besides environmental variables, may better illustrate the role of each species in community.

No description available.

Estudos sobre seleção de presas podem apresentar resultados bastante diferentes dependendo do predador analisado. Predadores com diferentes técnicas de caça, como as aves de rapina e os mamíferos carnívoros, podem selecionar diferentes tipos de presas. Estudos sistemáticos sobre esse tema ainda são escassos no Brasil. Por esse motivo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi a análise da seletividade na dieta de três predadores quanto ao consumo de pequenos mamíferos na Estação Ecológica de Itirapina, SP. Para a suindara (Tyto alba), a seletividade de presas foi avaliada nos níveis de: espécie, tamanho, idade e sexo. A coruja-buraqueira (Athene cunicularia) foi estudada quanto ao consumo diferenciado nos níveis de espécie, tamanho e idade das presas. Para o lobo guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus), apenas a seleção de espécies foi possível. Foram utilizados restos de ossos (mandíbulas e cinturas pélvicas) das presas encontradas nas pelotas e fezes desses predadores para identificação da espécie e do sexo dos indivíduos, e para a quantificação do número de indivíduos consumidos. A análise de seleção de espécie foi feita por meio de comparações entre a proporção das mesmas encontradas nas dietas e no ambiente. Para isto, foram utilizados o teste G e o intervalo de confiança de Bonferroni. O consumo preferencial por um determinado sexo foi avaliado pelo teste G ou pelo teste exato de Fisher. O tamanho dos pequenos mamíferos na dieta foi calculado por meio de equações de regressão desenvolvidas para cada espécie dessas presas. O Teste de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para comparações entre o tamanho das presas nas dietas e no ambiente. As idades dos roedores encontrados nas dietas e nos ambientes foram comparadas utilizando-se o teste G. A suindara foi mais seletiva do que a buraqueira no consumo de espécies de pequenos mamíferos, embora ambas incluam as mesmas espécies nas suas dietas. Calomys tener e Oligoryzomys nigripes foram os roedores mais predados pelas corujas. A seleção de indivíduos menores e de juvenis de C. tener pela suindara e de sub-adultos dessa presa pela buraqueira poderia ser entendido pelo modo de forrageamento de cada coruja e características biológicas da presa. Por outro lado, por ser um animal de maior porte, era esperado por parte do lobo-guará o consumo de presas maiores, como Clyomys bishopi. A seleção por indivíduos menores de C. tener pelas duas corujas indica predação de indivíduos mais vulneráveis. Assim a predação diferencial por roedores pequenos pode não ser devido a predação seletiva por parte das corujas, mas sim devido à alta vulnerabilidade dos mesmos, devido a sua inexperiência e por serem errantes. Pode-se perceber por meio deste estudo que, dependendo da localidade e das diferentes composições/abundancia de presas, os predadores parecem adotar diferentes estratégias. Dentro de uma mesma localidade esse recurso é utilizado de forma diferenciada pelos três predadores, pelo menos em termos de proporções, tamanho e idade. Estudos mais amplos e detalhados com utilização de metodologia padronizada, englobando todos os componentes de uma guilda trófica, além de se levar em conta as muitas variáveis ambientais, torne possível entender o papel de cada espécie na comunidade. / Prey selection studies may result in different conclusions depending on the analysed forager. Predators with different foraging modes, such as raptors and carnivorous mammals, may select different prey types. This kind of study is still scarce in Brazil. So, the goal of this research is the analysis of small mammal selection in the diet of three predators at Itirapina Ecological Station, SP. Analysis of prey selection by the Barn Owl (Tyto alba) was conducted in relation to species, size, age and sex. The Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia) was studied in relation to the consumption of small mammal species, size and age. The Maned Wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) was only evaluated concerning prey species selection. Remains of bones (mandibles and pelvic girdles) found in pellets and faeces of predators were utilized to identify prey species, sex and to quantify number of consumed individuals. Analysis of prey species selection was conducted by comparisons between proportion of prey found in the diet and in environment, applying G test and Bonferroni confidence intervals. Differential sex consumption was evaluated by G test and Fisher exact test. Mann-Whitney test was employed to compare prey size in the diet and in the environment. Rodent ages found in pellets/ faeces and in the field were compared by G test. The Barn Owl was more selective than the Burrowing Owl in relation to prey species consumption, though both of them include the same small mammal species in their diets. Calomys tener and Oligoryzomys nigripes were the most preyed on rodents by the two owls. Small-sized and juvenile individuals of C. tener were more consumed by the Barn Owl, whereas sub-adults were more preyed on by the Burrowing Owl. Differences may be due to foraging mode of each owl and biological characteristics of prey. The consumption of larger prey, such as Clyomys bishopi, by the larger predator, the Maned Wolf, was expected. Selection of smaller individuals within species may suggest predation of more vulnerable prey. So small-sized rodent selection may not result from active predation by the owls, but from higher vulnerability of these prey. Based on this study, depending on locality and differences in prey composition/abundance, predators may adopt different strategies. In the same area, resource was utilized in different manner by these predators, at least, in terms of prey proportion in the diet, size and age. Further studies using the same methodology, involving all components of trophic guilds, besides environmental variables, may better illustrate the role of each species in community.

Incidental catch (bycatch) in fisheries is one of the major threats to marine mammal populations worldwide. The harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena, Linneaus 1758) is one of the most common cetaceans in northern Europe. Previous studies have reported high bycatch numbers of harbour porpoises in gillnet fishing operations in the North Sea and Skagerrak Sea. With the aim of disentangling the driving factors behind bycatch of harbour porpoises, I looked at the relationship between occurrence of harbour porpoise bycatch and properties of fishery and porpoise density. Parameters of fishing effort, gear characteristics and operations of 951 sets of strings of cod and pollack bottom set gillnets were collected by an on-board observer programme in the Swedish Skagerrak and Kattegat Seas during 1995-1997. Porpoise density data was generated from satellite tracking locations of 116 individuals from 1997 to 2016. Generalised linear models with binomial distribution were applied to identify the relationships between the occurrence of porpoise bycatch and seven explanatory variables extracted as soak time, string length, net height, mesh size, net bagginess, water depth and porpoise density. During the observer programme, a total of 21 porpoises were bycaught during 10,174 km*h of observed fishing effort. The total bycatch was estimated to be 2.6% of the population abundance at that time, i.e. above the maximum sustainable total anthropogenic removal (1.7%). Soak time, string length and water depth were identified to be positively related to bycatch occurrence. The findings provide guidance for bycatch mitigation measures in terms of adjusting fishing operations, improving gear and establishing separate management units. Modelling can be used to predict possible spatio-temporal high-risk hot spots for harbour porpoise as well as other marine-living species to optimise future monitoring efforts.

Since the mid 19th century, the biogeography of island South-East Asia has been the subject of much study. Early researchers explained many of the species distribution patterns by the rise and fall of sea levels and land. This and the work of other researchers culminated in a theory that emphasized the role of Pleistocene sea level low stands in species evolution. With the advent of newly developed molecular techniques, however, it became clear that many species divergence events had taken place before the Pleistocene and a biogeographical theory focusing on Pleistocene sea level changes was inadequate. In this research, I have developed a new biogeographic model that explains present-day distribution patterns and evolutionary relationships between species. I use this new model to explain 10 ‘mammalian riddles’, i.e. evolutionary or distribution patterns in selected mammal species groups that could not be explained with the existing theories. I developed the new model by analyzing the geological literature for this region, and by mapping palaeogeographical and palaeoenvironmental changes for the last 20 million years. In addition I compiled information on the palaeontological record for the region and on divergence times between taxa using a molecular clock assumption. These phylogenetic data were compared with the palaeomaps to assess whether particular divergence events could be correlated with certain palaeogeographical or palaeoenvironmental changes. The combination of these two information sources has resulted in a much-improved understanding of mammalian evolution in island SE Asia. Using this model it is now possible to relate important palaeoenvironmental events, such as the Late Miocene cooling, an Early–Middle Pliocene highstand, or the emergence and submergence of a land bridge between the Malay Peninsula and Java to evolutionary changes in species. I test the accuracy of the new model by analysing the relationships within several mammal groups using craniometric and molecular analysis. The observed relationships and deduced timing of divergence between taxa could in many cases be explained by the model, which indicates that it is relatively accurate. In addition, with the new model I have been able to find solutions to most mammalian riddles, although these results require further testing. Overall, I therefore believe I have made a significant contribution to the biogeographical understanding of island SE Asia.

There is strong evidence that the skeletal muscles of pinnipeds are adapted for an aerobic, lipid-based metabolism under the hypoxic conditions associated with breath-hold diving. However, regional variations in mitochondrial density are unknown, and the few fiber typing studies performed on pinniped skeletal muscles are not consistent with an aerobic physiological profile. Thus, the objectives of this study were to (1) reexamine the fiber type distribution throughout the primary locomotory muscles of the harbor seal, and (2) to better understand the density and distribution of mitochondria in the locomotory muscles. Multiple samples from transverse sections of the epaxial muscles and a single sample of the pectoralis muscle of wild harbor seals were analyzed using immunohistochemical fiber typing and electron microscopy. Fiber typing results indicated that harbor seal epaxial muscles are composed of 47.4% type I (slow twitch, oxidative) fibers and 52.8%, IIa (fast twitch, oxidative) fibers. No fast twitch, glycolytic (type IIb) fibers were detected in the epaxial muscles or the pectoralis muscle. Mean volume density of mitochondria [Vv(mt,f)] was 5.6%, which is elevated over what would be predicted for a terrestrial mammal of similar mass. The elevated Vv(mt,f) had a high proportion of intermyofibrillar mitochondria, a trait not normally found in the muscles of terrestrial mammals with elevated Vv(mt,f). These results provide further evidence that the elevated mitochondrial volume density in pinniped muscle decreases the oxygen diffusion distance between myoglobin and mitochondria to facilitate aerobic respiration in working muscles. In addition, analyses of heterogeneity revealed that the regions of the epaxial muscles that were located deep within the muscle showed a significantly higher Vv(mt,f) relative to those regions that were superficially-located. In contrast, there was no significant heterogeneity of fiber type detected in either plane of the epaxial muscles. Thus, there was a fine-scale pattern of spatial heterogeneity of Vv(mt,f) within the epaxial muscles that does not manifest in fiber type distribution, indicating that the fibers have similar oxidative capacities.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-117).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Carolina Wilmington, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (February 16, 2010) Includes bibliographical references (p. 82-86)

Thesis (M.A. in anthropology)--Washington State University, 2004. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Nov. 6, 2005). Includes bibliographical references (p. 126-140).

Thesis (M.S.) in Wildlife Ecology--University of Maine, 2001. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-82). Also available via Internet.