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Fonction différentielle des protéines du groupe Polycomb durant le développement de la drosophile / Differential Function of PRC1 and PRC2 proteins during Drosophila eye developmentSakr, Samy 24 October 2011 (has links)
Les complexes du groupe Polycomb (PcG) sont des répresseurs transcriptionnels capables de maintenir un état inactivé de la chromatine au niveau de leurs gènes cibles via des modifications post-traductionnelles des histones. Historiquement définis comme des répresseurs des gènes homéotiques, les protéines du PcG sont maintenant reconnues comme des répresseurs de gènes contrôlant le cycle cellulaire. Dans cette étude nous avons appréhendé l'implication des gènes du PcG E(z), Su(z)12, Pc, ph, Sce, Scm et Psc-Su(z)2 dans le contrôle de l'état prolifératif des cellules épithéliales des disques imaginaux in vivo. En utilisant des mutations nulles de ces gènes, nous avons étudié l'implication de ces protéines dans des processus biologiques tels que la prolifération, la croissance cellulaire, la différentiation et l'apoptose dont la dérégulation est associée à la tumorigénèse. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons constaté que les complexes du PcG ne se comportent absolument pas comme attendu : non seulement les différentes protéines composants le complexe PRC1 n'assument pas les mêmes fonctions, mais, par ailleurs, les complexes PRC1 et PRC2 ne collaborent pas et présentent même des effets antagonistes. Ainsi, nous avons répartit ces protéines dans deux sous-groupes : Le premier contient PH et Psc-Su(z)2 et agit comme suppresseur de tumeurs. Le deuxième groupe contient E(z), Su(z)12 et PC, des protéines qui favorisent la prolifération cellulaire plutôt que de l'inhiber. Enfin, nous avons recherché les cibles dont la dérégulation pourrait corréler avec les phénotypes associés à ces mutants. Nous avons identifié que certaines voies de signalisations impliquées dans le développement de l'œil de la Drosophile sont régulées de façon opposés par les protéines de ces deux sous-groupes. / Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are transcriptional repressors that were historically identified as regulators of homeotic genes. However, PcG proteins are now recognized as repressors of genes controlling the cell cycle. In this study we analyzed the role of the PcG genes E(z), Su(z)12, Pc, ph, Sce, Scm, and Psc-Su(z)2 in control of proliferation of epithelial cells in imaginal discs in vivo. Using null mutations of these genes, we investigated the involvement of these proteins in growth, differentiation and cell polarity. Surprisingly, we found that mutation of specific PcG proteins induce differential effects on the overall growth of the eye-antennal imaginal disc. In particular, we investigated the involvement of these proteins in biological processes such as proliferation, cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis, whose deregulation is associated with tumorigenesis. In this work, we found that PcG complexes do not behave as expected: different PRC1 proteins components do not assume the same functions, and PRC1 and PRC2 complexes may actually induce antagonistic effects. Thus, we have divided these proteins into two subgroups: The first contains PH and Psc-Su(z)2 and acts as tumor suppressors. The second group contains E(z), Su(z)12 and PC, and these proteins appear to favor cell proliferation. Finally, we looked for targets whose deregulation may correlate with the mutant phenotypes. We have identified several signaling pathways involved in Drosophila eye development that are regulated in an opposing manner in mutants of these two subgroups.
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Endocytic trafficking is required for neuron cell death through regulating TGF-beta signaling in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>Wang, Zixing 01 August 2011 (has links)
Programmed cell death (PCD) is an essential feature during the development of the central nervous system in Drosophila as well as in mammals. During metamorphosis, a group of peptidergic neurons (vCrz) are eliminated from the larval central nervous system (CNS) via PCD within 6-7 h after puparium formation. To better understand this process, we first characterized the development of the vCrz neurons including their lineages and birth windows using the MARCM (Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker) assay. Further genetic and MARCM analyses showed that not only Myoglianin (Myo) and its type I receptor Baboon is required for neuron cell death, but also this death signal is extensively regulated by endocytic trafficking in Drosophila melanogaster. We found that clathrin-mediated membrane receptor internalization and subsequent endocytic events involved in Rab5-dependent early endosome and Rab11-dependent recycling endosome differentially participate in TGF-β [beta] signaling. Two early endosome-enriched proteins, SARA and Hrs, are found to act as a cytosolic retention factor of Smad2, indicating that endocytosis mediates TGF-β [beta] signaling through regulating the dissociation of Smad2 and its cytosolic retention factor.
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