I denna uppsats presenteras hur en möjlig queer läsning av Michail Bulgakovs roman Mästaren och Margarita kan se ut. Jag presenterar här en möjlig queer läsning av Jesjua och Pontius Pilatus, samt mästaren och Margaritas förhållanden utifrån en undersökning av två teman som förekommer i boken, samt av bokens narrativ. De två teman som undersöks är förbud, däribland förbjuden kunskap och censur, samt spegling, förekomsten av paralleller mellan karaktärer och bokens två handlingar, och då också hur dessa handlingar samverkar. Detta görs med hjälp av en innehållsanalys i form av en queer, mer specifikt lesbisk läsning. Uppsatsens teoretiska ramverk är hämtat från queerteori kopplad till litteratur, bland annat Sedgwicks Epistemology of the Closet och Kevin Moss undersökning av Sedgwicks teorier i förhållande till sovjetisk litteratur. De frågor som besvaras i denna uppsats är hur Mästaren och Margarita och de två ovan nämnda förhållandena kan läsas som queera, samt huruvida bokens politiska allegori kan läsas som en allegori över det queera, det vill säga om behandlingen av politisk avvikelse och dissidenter kan liknas vid behandlingen av homosexualitet. Uppsatsen påvisar även hur mästaren och Margaritas förhållande genom en queer läsning kan ses som allegori över ett lesbiskt förhållande. Uppsatsens syfte är att aktualisera Mästaren och Margarita och öppna boken för en ny publik. Detta särskilt genom att aktualisera den politiska allegorin och påvisa bokens homosexuella undertoner.

La presente investigación trata acerca del estudio y análisis de una experiencia de trabajo práctico que consistió en la realización de un taller de teatro y la creación de dos obras teatrales con las adolescentes del Centro Juvenil “Santa Margarita” durante los meses de agosto del 2003 y julio del 2004. El objeto de estudio se centrará en dicha experiencia teniendo como eje de investigación los procesos vividos por los actores, es decir, las adolescentes del Centro Juvenil “Santa Margarita”, de tal manera que logremos descubrir de qué manera el teatro contribuye en el proceso socio-educativo de las adolescentes durante su medida socio-educativa privativa de libertad.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Many studies have shown that inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improved plant growth under salt stress. Considering that the salinity is a serious problem that directly affects the productivity of plants, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of inoculation of AMF in maize plants under salt stress in the presence or absence of phosphorus. The experiment was run in a greenhouse of the Department of Biochemist and Molecular Biology of the Federal University of the Cearà (Campus of the Pici, Fortaleza - CearÃ), with four replicates per treatment. The experimental design was completely randomized in factorial arrangement 2 (inoculated and not inoculated plants) x 3 (levels of salinity 0.5, 4.0 and 8.0 dS m-1) x 2 (presence or absence of phosphorus), total of 48 experimental units. During the experiment measurements were made of net photosynthesis, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and SPAD index. At 40 days after sowing the plants, they were collected, and determined leaf area, shoot dry matter (after drying the material under glass), the relative water content, the osmotic potential, microbiological variables (dependency and mycorrhizal colonization), mineral levels (N, P, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and Cl-) and organic solutes (soluble carbohydrates, N-aminosolubles, proline and soluble protein). The mycorrhizal fungi did not provide an increase in the growth of corn plants, but elevated levels of salinity reduced leaf area and shoot dry matter of plants. Generally, the salinity reduced the photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration in all treatments. The relative water content was not influenced by any of the factors studied. The SPAD index and relative water content were not influenced by any of the factors studied. The osmotic potential was significantly reduced in treatments with 4.0 and 8.0 dS m-1 salinity compared with the level of 0.5 dS m-1. Mycorrhizal colonization decreased with increasing levels of saline. The levels of glomalin were not influenced by the presence of P and not by increasing levels of salinity. The mycorrhizal fungi did not cause increases in levels of inorganic solutes. The presence of P promoted maize cultivation in non-inoculated plants, increased levels of phosphorus in the leaves and stems, at all levels of salinity. Increased salinity levels decreased the levels of N and Mg2+, but promoted increased levels of Na+ and Cl- in corn plants. The water-soluble carbohydrate showed no significant differences for any of the factors. In general, the levels of N-aminosolubles and proline increased with increasing salinity. Since the levels of soluble proteins showed different responses according to the factors. These results suggest that the mycorrhizal fungi did not minimize the effects of salinity in maize plants (hybrid AG 1051), at least under the conditions employed here. / Muitos estudos tÃm demonstrado que a inoculaÃÃo de plantas com fungos micorrÃzicos arbusculares (FMA) melhora o crescimento das plantas sob estresse salino. Tendo em vista que a salinidade à um problema sÃrio e que afeta de forma direta a produtividade das plantas, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da inoculaÃÃo dos FMA em plantas de milho sob estresse salino, na presenÃa ou ausÃncia de fÃsforo. O experimento foi conduzido na casa de vegetaÃÃo do Departamento de BioquÃmica e Biologia Molecular da Universidade Federal do Cearà (Campus do Pici, Fortaleza - CearÃ), com quatro repetiÃÃes. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2 (plantas inoculadas e nÃo inoculadas) x 3 (nÃveis de salinidade 0,5; 4,0 e 8,0 dS m-1) x 2 (presenÃa ou ausÃncia de fÃsforo), totalizando 48 unidades experimentais. Durante a conduÃÃo do experimento foram realizadas mediÃÃes da fotossÃntese lÃquida, da taxa de transpiraÃÃo, da condutÃncia estomÃtica e do Ãndice SPAD. Aos 40 dias apÃs a semeadura das plantas, as mesmas foram coletadas, sendo determinados a Ãrea foliar, a matÃria seca da parte aÃrea (apÃs secagem do material em estufa), o teor relativo de Ãgua, o potencial osmÃtico, as variÃveis microbiolÃgicas (dependÃncia e colonizaÃÃo micorrÃzica), os teores de alguns elementos minerais (N, P, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ e Cl-) e solutos orgÃnicos (carboidratos solÃveis, N-aminossolÃveis, proteÃna solÃvel e prolina). A associaÃÃo micorrÃzica nÃo proporcionou incremento no crescimento das plantas de milho, porÃm os aumentos nos nÃveis de salinidade reduziram a Ãrea foliar e a matÃria seca da parte aÃrea das plantas. De maneira geral, a salinidade reduziu a fotossÃntese, a condutÃncia estomÃtica e a transpiraÃÃo em todos os tratamentos. O Ãndice SPAD e o teor relativo de Ãgua nÃo foram influenciados por nenhum dos fatores estudados. O potencial osmÃtico foi significativamente reduzido nos tratamentos com 4,0 e 8,0 dS m-1 de CE em comparaÃÃo com o nÃvel de 0,5 dS m-1. A colonizaÃÃo micorrÃzica decresceu com o incremento dos nÃveis salinos. Os teores de glomalina nÃo foram influenciados pela presenÃa de P e nem pelos nÃveis crescentes de salinidade. A associaÃÃo micorrÃzica nÃo acarretou incrementos nos teores de solutos inorgÃnicos. A presenÃa de P no cultivo do milho promoveu, nas plantas nÃo inoculadas, aumento nos teores de fÃsforo nas folhas e nos colmos, em todos os nÃveis de salinidade. O aumento dos nÃveis de salinidade reduziu os teores de N e Mg2+, porÃm promoveram o aumento nos teores de Na+ e Cl- nas plantas de milho. Os teores de carboidratos solÃveis nÃo apresentaram diferenÃas significativas para nenhum dos fatores analisados. De modo geral, os teores de N-aminossolÃveis e de prolina aumentaram com o incremento da salinidade. Jà os teores de proteÃnas solÃveis apresentaram respostas diferenciadas de acordo com os fatores analisados. Esses resultados sugerem que a associaÃÃo micorrÃzica nÃo minimizou os efeitos da salinidade nas plantas de milho (hÃbrido AG 1051), pelo menos nas condiÃÃes aqui empregadas.

The purpose of investigation was to examine whether Satan´s democracy was an adaptation of The Master and Margarita. As a theoretical frame was used adaptation theory by Laera, Hutcheon and Babbage, Loman´s model for theatre performance analysis and the praxis of immersive theatre by Punchdrunk. The investigation was conducted as a comparative analysis of written and videotaped documentation and interviews of stage managers and actors. The results show that Satan´s democracy can be regarded as an intermedial transformation by temporal adaptation of The Master and Margarita to contemporary Swedish environment. A creative reinterpretation of the message about the individual´s impotence while facing superior political power is observed in Satan´s democracy. The geography and environment were reinterpreted by reshaping of space in a huge building that served entirely as stage and by use of art and music. Some characters were kept, some were recreated, some were created without distinct model in The Master and Margarita. Satan´s democracy was conducted as a collective theatre and art process of creation in distinct steps by almost 600 people during 2015- spring 2016. The production team applied and creatively developed immersive theatre form.

The present study is an investigation of acoustic correlates corresponding to the category [voice] in two dialects of Venezuelan Spanish. The Andean mountain dialect Mérida (MER) and Caribbean coastal dialect Margarita (MAR) are thought to differ systematically in the phonetic implementation of the Spanish phonological stop series along the lines of lowland and highland divides commonly reported for Latin American Spanish. Specifically, MER has been characterized by a greater percentage of occlusive pronunciations, MAR by more fricative and/or approximant realizations of phonological stops. To test what repercussions these differences in consonant articulation have on the acoustic correlates that encode [voice], a production experiment was run. Informants were 25 adult monolingual speakers of Venezuelan Spanish from the areas of El Tirano (Margarita Island) and San Rafael de Mucuchíes (Mérida state). The materials were 44 CV syllable prompts. Target syllables were analyzed with respect to the following: consonant closure duration, VOT, %VF, RMS, preceding vowel duration, CV ratio, F1 onset frequency, F0 contour, and burst. Statistical analysis using a linear mixed model ANOVA tested for fixed effects of voicing category, dialect and condition (speeded/unspeeded) and interactions of voicing category * dialect and dialect * condition. Results showed that the dialects MER and MAR vary significantly in RMS. In addition, the following correlates were significant for the interaction of voicing category * dialect: consonant duration, VOT, %VF, RMS, CV ratio and burst. Generally, the nature of the differences indicates a greater separation between [± voice] values in MER than in MAR (notably divergent are VOT and RMS). These results imply that while the same acoustic correlates of [voice] are operative in both fortis and lenis dialects of Spanish, [± voice] categories relate differently. Furthermore, with regard to prosody and rate of speech, most significant differences in condition occurred in initial position while most significant differences in the interaction of voicing category * dialect were linked to medial position. The results of this study are relevant to current research on the specifics of dialectal variation in consonant systems. They also have wider implications for the general mapping of phonetics to phonology in speech. / text

Nesta dissertação me proponho a analisar o romance O Mestre e Margarida (1940) de M. Bulgákov a partir das noções de humano, fantasia e realidade. Para isso, inicio por uma análise do primeiro capítulo do romance de Bulgákov em aproximação com o romance realista socialista, buscando elementos com que Bulgákov se contrapõe ao realismo socialista. Sugiro, aqui, que esses elementos teriam ligação com questões éticas e de modos de representação do real, de tal modo que essas questões residem no cerne temático e formal do romance. Em seguida, me proponho a analisar o entremeio entre o primeiro capítulo de O Mestre e Margarida, que se passa em Moscou, e o segundo capítulo, o romance dentro do romance, a história de Pôncios Pilatos e Jeshua escrita pelo personagem Mestre. Nesse momento, estou preocupado em discutir três temas principais: a. a função do fáustico no romance, bem como outras questões a ele associadas, como o problema do valor em Goethe, Binswanger, Nietzsche e Heidegger leitor de Nietzsche; b. o modo como um romance está dentro do outro, uma vez que, entre outras coisas, o modo como se dá a passagem entre um e outro é variado e instaura uma questão sobre a qual não poucos críticos se debruçaram; e c. a singularidade do procedimento paródico presente no romance, a qual me leva a enveredar por um estudo da sátira menipeia de Bakhtin, em consonância com alguns pontos de seus textos iniciais, preocupados, por exemplo, com o problema da responsabilidade. Por fim, passo a uma análise do segundo capítulo de O Mestre e Margarida, o assim chamado romance dentro do romance, que narra à sua maneira a interação entre Jeshua e Pôncios Pilatos. Aqui, aproximo dessa narrativa algumas questões relacionadas ao nietzschianismo russo e a Nietzsche, tendo em vista hipóteses trabalhadas nos momentos anteriores deste estudo. Nesse percurso, as desenvolvo e aprofundo, principalmente a respeito de assuntos como a recepção de aspectos da filosofia alemã no contexto russo-soviético e o lugar complexo de O Mestre e Margarida no modernismo. / In this dissertation I propose an analysis of M. Bulgakovs novel The Master and Margarita (1940), considering the notions of human, fantasy and reality. For this purpose, I begin by an analysis of the first chapter of Bulgakovs novel, approaching it to socialist realist novel, aiming to find elements in which Bulgakov counteracts socialist realism. I suggest these elements have to do with ethical matters and with issues about how to represent the real, in a way that these matters and issues rest on the novels thematic and formal heart. Afterwards, I propose to analyse the intermedium (entremeio) between The Master and Margaritas first chapter, which takes place in Moscow, and the second chapter, which is the novel inside the novel, the story of Pontius Pilate and Yeshua written by the Master, the character. At this point, I am concerned with three main themes: a. the function of the faustic in the novel and related matters, like the value issue in Goethe, Binswanger, Nietzsche and Heidegger as Nietzsches reader; b. the way in which a novel is inside the other, since the link between one and another varies, posing an issue handled by several critics; and c. the singularity of the parodic procedure found in the novel, which leads me to embark on a study of Bakhtins menippean satire in consonance with some points of his first texts that are concerned, for example, with the issue of the answerability. Finally, I analyse the The Master and Margaritas second chapter, the so called novel inside the novel, which tells in its own ways the interaction between Yeshua and Pilate. I articulate it here with some issues connected with the Russian Nietzscheanism and with Nietzsche himself considering assumptions that Ive worked previously. In this route, I advance assumptions about issues like the reception of aspects of German philosophy in Russian-soviet background and The Master and Margaritas intricate place inside modernism.

Nesta dissertação me proponho a analisar o romance O Mestre e Margarida (1940) de M. Bulgákov a partir das noções de humano, fantasia e realidade. Para isso, inicio por uma análise do primeiro capítulo do romance de Bulgákov em aproximação com o romance realista socialista, buscando elementos com que Bulgákov se contrapõe ao realismo socialista. Sugiro, aqui, que esses elementos teriam ligação com questões éticas e de modos de representação do real, de tal modo que essas questões residem no cerne temático e formal do romance. Em seguida, me proponho a analisar o entremeio entre o primeiro capítulo de O Mestre e Margarida, que se passa em Moscou, e o segundo capítulo, o romance dentro do romance, a história de Pôncios Pilatos e Jeshua escrita pelo personagem Mestre. Nesse momento, estou preocupado em discutir três temas principais: a. a função do fáustico no romance, bem como outras questões a ele associadas, como o problema do valor em Goethe, Binswanger, Nietzsche e Heidegger leitor de Nietzsche; b. o modo como um romance está dentro do outro, uma vez que, entre outras coisas, o modo como se dá a passagem entre um e outro é variado e instaura uma questão sobre a qual não poucos críticos se debruçaram; e c. a singularidade do procedimento paródico presente no romance, a qual me leva a enveredar por um estudo da sátira menipeia de Bakhtin, em consonância com alguns pontos de seus textos iniciais, preocupados, por exemplo, com o problema da responsabilidade. Por fim, passo a uma análise do segundo capítulo de O Mestre e Margarida, o assim chamado romance dentro do romance, que narra à sua maneira a interação entre Jeshua e Pôncios Pilatos. Aqui, aproximo dessa narrativa algumas questões relacionadas ao nietzschianismo russo e a Nietzsche, tendo em vista hipóteses trabalhadas nos momentos anteriores deste estudo. Nesse percurso, as desenvolvo e aprofundo, principalmente a respeito de assuntos como a recepção de aspectos da filosofia alemã no contexto russo-soviético e o lugar complexo de O Mestre e Margarida no modernismo. / In this dissertation I propose an analysis of M. Bulgakovs novel The Master and Margarita (1940), considering the notions of human, fantasy and reality. For this purpose, I begin by an analysis of the first chapter of Bulgakovs novel, approaching it to socialist realist novel, aiming to find elements in which Bulgakov counteracts socialist realism. I suggest these elements have to do with ethical matters and with issues about how to represent the real, in a way that these matters and issues rest on the novels thematic and formal heart. Afterwards, I propose to analyse the intermedium (entremeio) between The Master and Margaritas first chapter, which takes place in Moscow, and the second chapter, which is the novel inside the novel, the story of Pontius Pilate and Yeshua written by the Master, the character. At this point, I am concerned with three main themes: a. the function of the faustic in the novel and related matters, like the value issue in Goethe, Binswanger, Nietzsche and Heidegger as Nietzsches reader; b. the way in which a novel is inside the other, since the link between one and another varies, posing an issue handled by several critics; and c. the singularity of the parodic procedure found in the novel, which leads me to embark on a study of Bakhtins menippean satire in consonance with some points of his first texts that are concerned, for example, with the issue of the answerability. Finally, I analyse the The Master and Margaritas second chapter, the so called novel inside the novel, which tells in its own ways the interaction between Yeshua and Pilate. I articulate it here with some issues connected with the Russian Nietzscheanism and with Nietzsche himself considering assumptions that Ive worked previously. In this route, I advance assumptions about issues like the reception of aspects of German philosophy in Russian-soviet background and The Master and Margaritas intricate place inside modernism.

Mikhail Afanasievich Bulgakov was a Russian novelist and playwright active in the first half of the twentieth century. The work of this author is unforgettable for the modern Russian literary art of the fist half of the twentieth century. Known by writings with very strong plots and engaging storyline, he did not fear confrontation or conflicts within individual works. His dialogs are masterfully constructed and his feel for humorous vision of life and description of the world is regarded as unreachable. A fascinating and almost unbelievably inspiring Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita has become the model for this diploma thesis. Due to its multi-layering, broad topical range, two intersecting storylines and the content, the thesis has been named The Novel "Universe". It contains everything that makes life life: love, death, betrayal, courage and cowardice, generosity and envy… Bulgakov's success received thanks to this work is rooted in the masterful connection of the two parallel stories (ongoing in Moscow in 1930 and in Jerusalem at the beginning of our era), in fantasticality and in the view of the contemporary social situation, which are depicted in the novel, and lastly in the description of the human characters constancy. Due to these arguments, the thesis focuses on the following...

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À travers le long parcours qu'implique la production d'une animation en stop-motion, l'objet animé subit une longue chaîne d'interprétations qui transformeront son identité. L'objet concret, bien que matériellement absent de l'oeuvre animée, aura la capacité de nous référer à sa réalité, même à partir d'un contexte fictif. J'analyse quatre éléments propres à l'animation image par image : objet, image, séquence et animation, depuis le point de vue de chaque participant de la triade spectateur/oeuvre/artiste. À partir des points de rencontre de tous ces éléments, je fais un survol du processus de création d'une oeuvre animée. En traitant différents sujets, j'essaie de comprendre l'évolution d'un objet à partir de sa réalité, suivant par la transformation de son image jusqu'à son assimilation dans une oeuvre d'art. Ce travail de recherche accompagne une production artistique basée dans le concept d'animation. Les idées présentées naissent de mes expérimentations dans le domaine du stop-motion pendant ma maîtrise en arts visuels. Ces oeuvres sont les composantes d'une exposition nommée No Budget Animation.