Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A investigaÃÃo que se segue objetiva analisar as marcas determinantes no processo de formaÃÃo e desenvolvimento da identidade docente, marcas essas que constituem os elementos do fogo cruzado inviabilizador da aÃÃo docente emancipatÃria. As metÃforas utilizadas - fogo cruzado e marcas â referem-se aos efeitos, aprendizagens, sinais e impressÃes sentidas pelo docente no percurso de sua vida pessoal e profissional que acabam por impedir a formaÃÃo da identidade docente emancipatÃria. Utilizou-se a metodologia do estudo de caso do tipo etnogrÃfico tendo os Estudos Culturais como lente para enxergar a identidade-na-cultura. AlÃm das entrevistas abertas e semi-estruturadas, fragmentos de histÃrias de vida e diÃlogos informais, foi realizada a observaÃÃo participante para compreender as motivaÃÃes, conflitos, perspectivas, aceitaÃÃes e sentidos dos docentes acerca dos seus processos de construÃÃo identitÃria. O olhar teÃrico sobre a identidade humana baseou-se fundamentalmente nos trabalhos de Bauman (1998, 2005, 2007), Woodward (2008), Hall (2006) e Ciampa (2008). Na elucidaÃÃo do contexto cultural, foram utilizados os teÃricos Gentili (2008), Torres (2008), SuÃrez (2008) e Bauman. A Escola Estadual de Ensino Profissionalizante Dom Walfrido Teixeira Vieira foi o campo de pesquisa escolhido por ser a primeira escola profissionalizante na cidade de Sobral e por deter, frente à comunidade sobralense, uma excelente imagem no tocante à efetivaÃÃo do processo ensino-aprendizagem de qualidade. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram dezesseis professores dos quais seis participaram das entrevistas. Os locais de observaÃÃo foram os planejamentos mensais, intervalos para o lanche, encontros de Ãrea e de formaÃÃo continuada na 6 CREDE (Coordenadoria Regional de Desenvolvimento da EducaÃÃo). Concluiu-se que a identidade docente dos professores estudados permanece em crise e uma saÃda ou atitude que se nos apresenta à a identidadedemito â reposiÃÃo da identidade da mesmice ou a identidade de palimpsesto - predisposta a ser reescrita ou readaptada ao calor das exigÃncias do meio cultural, numa reaÃÃo à impossibilidade de concretizaÃÃo das identidades de preferÃncia. / The research aims to analyze the marks that determine the formation and development of teacher identity. These marks constitute the elements of the crossfire which blocks an emancipatory teaching action. The metaphors used - crossfire and marks - refer to effects, learning, signs and impressions experienced by teachers in the course of their personal and professional life that eventually prevent the formation of an emancipatory identity. We used the methodology of ethnographic case study and the Cultural Studies were taken as a lens to see the identity-in-culture. Besides the open and semi-structured interviews, fragments of life stories and informal conversations, a participant observation was conducted to understand the motivations, conflicts, perspectives, acceptances and directions of teachers about their identity construction processes. The look on human identity theory was based primarily on the works of Bauman (1998, 2005, 2007), Woodward (2008), Hall (2006) and Ciampa (2008). To explain the cultural context of human identification, we used Gentili (2008), Torres (2008), Suarez (2008) and Bauman. The State School of Vocational Education Dom Walfrido Teixeira Vieira was chosen as the research field because it is the first professional school in the city of Sobral and because it has an excellent image in the eyes of the sobralense for its teaching-learning effectiveness. The research subjects were sixteen teachers of whom six participated in the interviews. The loci of observation were the monthly planning sessions, lunch intervals, area and continuing education meetings in the 6th CREDE (Regional Centre for Educational Development). It was concluded that the identity of the teachers who participated in the study remains in crisis and the way out or attitude that is left for teachers is the myth-identity or the identity of palimpsest, a reaction to the impossibility of achieving the identities of their preference.

O câncer de mama representa problema mundial de saúde pública e a causa mais frequente de morte por câncer entre as mulheres. A identificação de agentes moduladores de marcas epigenéticas, tais como metilação global do DNA e modificações pós-tradução em histonas, compreende alternativa promissora para estabelecimento de estratégias de controle da carcinogênese mamária. Dentre os nutrientes, o elemento traço essencial selênio (Se) pode ser destacado como agente dietético com potencial anti-câncer de mama e que poderia atuar modulando processos epigenéticos. Entretanto seus mecanismos de ação são pouco elucidados. Este estudo objetivou, assim, identificar efeitos do tratamento com selênio no crescimento e marcas epigenéticas de células de adenocarcinoma mamário humano MCF-7. Células MCF-7, positivas para o receptor de estrógeno, foram tratadas com ácido metilselenínico (MSA) ou selenito de sódio (ST) por diferentes tempos e em diferentes concentrações. Foram avaliados: padrão de proliferação (ensaio cristal violeta) e viabilidade celular (método de exclusão azul de tripan); integridade de membrana plasmática (citometria de fluxo); níveis de fragmentação do DNA (citometria de fluxo), distribuição das fases do ciclo celular (citometria de fluxo); apoptose (citometria de fluxo/ marcação dupla com Anexina V - Iodeto de propídio); níveis de lisina 9 acetilada (H3K9ac) e trimetilada (H3K9me3) em histona H3; níveis de lisina 16 acetilada (H4K16ac) em histona H4 (Western blot); padrão de metilação global do DNA (HPLC-DAD); expressão de gene supressor de tumor (RASSF1a; qPCR) e padrão de metilação da região promotora (RASSF1a e RAR&#946;; MS-PCR); expressão da enzima DNA metilstransferase 1 (DNMT1) (Western Blotting). Comparado ao grupo controle de células não tratadas (GC), ambos os tratamentos com MSA ou ST inibiram a proliferação e viabilidade de células MCF-7 de forma dose e tempo dependente. Ambas as formas químicas de Se induziram a parada do ciclo celular, aumentando (p< 0,05) a proporção de células na fase G2/M e reduzindo (p< 0,05) a proporção daquelas nas fases G0/G1 e S. Os tratamentos com MSA favoreceram a morte celular por apoptose, que foi associada com nível de fragmentação de DNA aumentado (p< 0,05), e reduzida ruptura da membrana plasmática associada com a exposição aumentada (p< 0,05) de fostadilserina. Por outro lado, o ST aumentou (p< 0,05) a fragmentação do DNA e (p< 0,05) a positividade ao iodeto de propídio associado à indução de necrose (p< 0,05). Dentre os mecanismos epigenéticos investigados, 1,6&#181;M e 2&#181;M reduziram a acetilação de H3K9ac (72h; p< 0,05) e aumentaram a de H4K16ac (96h; p< 0,05). O tratamento por 96h com 2&#181;M de MSA reduziu (p< 0,05) a metilação de H3K9me3. Ambos MSA e ST não alteraram o padrão de metilação global do DNA, mas reduziram a expressão de DNMT1, após 96h com 2&#181;M de MSA (p< 0,001; 88%) e após 120h com 10&#181;M de ST (p< 0,001; 96%). ST, mas não o MSA, aumentou (p< 0,05; 45%) a expressão do gene RASSF1a. Em ambos os grupos tratados com MSA ou ST, bem como no GC, a região promotora dos genes RASSF1a e RAR estavam predominantemente metiladas. Estes resultados fornecem evidências de que as ações anti-câncer de mama de compostos do selênio dependem de sua forma química. Além disso, a modulação de processos epigenéticos parecem ser relevantes para as ações inibitórias do MSA em células de câncer de mama. / Breast cancer is a global public health problem and the most frequent cause of cancer death among women. The identification of agents able to modulate epigenetic marks, such as global DNA methylation and histone post-translational modifications, comprises promising alternative for establishing control strategies on mammary carcinogenesis. Among the nutrients, the essential trace element selenium (Se) can be highlighted as a dietary agent with potential anti-breast cancer and could act by modulating epigenetic processes. However its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. This study aimed, therefore, to identify the effects of selenium treatment on growth and epigenetic marks of MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells. MCF-7 cells, positive for estrogen receptor, were treated with methylseleninic acid (MSA) or sodium selenite (ST) for different times and in different concentrations. Evaluated parameters included: cell proliferation (crystal violet assay) and cell viability (trypan blue exclusion assay); plasma membrane integrity (flow cytometry); levels of DNA fragmentation (flow cytometry), apoptosis (flow cytometry - double labeling with Annexin V - propidium iodide); distribution of cell cycle phases (flow cytometry); acetylated (H3K9ac) and trimethylated (H3K9me3) lysine 9 levels on histone H3; acetylated (H4K16ac) lysine 16 level on histone H4 (Western blot); global DNA methylation (HPLC-DAD); tumor suppressor gene expression (RASSF1a; qPCR) and promoter methylation (RASSF1a, RAR&#946;; MS-PCR); DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) expression (Western blot). Compared to untreated cells (controls), both MSA and ST inhibited (p< 0.05) MCF-7 cell proliferation and viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Treatments with MSA favored cell death by apoptosis, that was associated with increased (p< 0.05) DNA fragmentation level, reduced plasma membrane rupture associated with high (p< 0.05) phosphatidylserine exposure. On the other hand, ST increased (p< 0.05) DNA fragmentation, enhanced (p< 0.05) propidium iodide positivity associated to necrosis induction (p< 0,05). Both chemical forms of Se induced nduced cell cycle arrest, increasing (p< 0.05) the proportion of cells in G2/M phase and reducing (p< 0.05) the proportion of those in G0/G1 and S phases. Among the epigenetic mechanisms investigated, 1.6&#181;M and 2&#181;M of MSA reduced acetylation of H3K9ac (72h, p< 0.05) and increased the H4K16ac (96h, p< 0.05). The treatment for 96h with 2&#181;M of MSA reduced (p< 0.05) the H3K9me3 methylation. Neither MSA nor ST altered (p> 0.05) global DNA methylation, while both compounds reduced (p< 0.05) DNMT1 protein expression, after 96h with 2&#181;M of MSA (p< 0.001; 88%) and after 120h with 10&#181;m of ST (p< 0.001; 94%). ST, but not MSA, increased (p< 0.05; 45%) RASSF1a gene expression. In control and Se-treated cells promoter regions of RASSF1a and RAR&#946; were predominantly methylated. These results provide evidence that the anti-breast cancer actions of selenium compounds depend on its chemical form. Additionally, modulation of epigenetic processes seems to represent a relevant feature of MSA inhibitory effects in breast cancer cells.

Esta tese é sobre políticas e poéticas do travestimento e, especialmente, sobre os regimes de produção de imagens-corpo agenciados a partir de algumas práticas de pessoas que se vestem com roupas do gênero associado ao sexo oposto. Inicialmente delimitada pelo trabalho de campo que realizei com pessoas que se autointitulam crossdressers, a pesquisa acabou se ampliando para abarcar sujeitos que se pensam a partir de outros territórios existenciais. Essa ampliação foi guiada pela própria dinâmica do campo, já que algumas pessoas com as quais fiz pesquisa passaram a entender suas experiências de maneira diversa daquela sugerida pela palavra crossdressing, propiciando uma compreensão desta prática ora como instanciação de um processo mais amplo de transformação ora como identidade reivindicada. Trata-se de refletir sobre os diferentes regimes de funcionamento do crossdressing e as travessias entre formas de vida distintas. Busco também pensar como alguns artistas se valeram do travestimento em seus agenciamentos artísticos na tentativa de acessar outras referências a partir das quais estas vivências pudessem ser compreendidas, além ou aquém de normatizações médico-legais tão presentes nos estudos sobre pessoas que se travestem. Desejo igualmente fomentar um campo de reflexão antropológica bastante escasso, a saber, aquele cuja consideração envolve tanto a arte contemporânea quanto seu cruzamento com discussões relativas ao gênero e à sexualidade. / This thesis is about politics and poetics of cross-dressing, and especially about regimes of production of the images-body assembled through some practices undertaken by people who dress themselves with clothes associated with the opposite sex. Initially bounded by the fieldwork I conducted with people who call themselves cross-dressers, the research was eventually expanded to encompass subjects who think of themselves out of others existential territories. This expansion was driven by the dynamics of the fieldwork, since some people with whom I did the research came to understand their experiences in a way different than the one suggested by the word cross-dressing, comprehending this practice as either an instantiation of a broader process of transformation or an identity. I aim to think distinct operating regimes of crossdressing and the crossings between different forms of life. I also consider the way some artists took advantage of the cross-dressing in their artistic assemblages in an attempt to access other references out of which these experiences could be understood, beyond or below the medical-legal norms usually taken into account in the studies of people who cross-dress. I also wish to foster an anthropological field quite scarce, namely, the one that gives consideration both contemporary art practices and its intersection with discussions related to gender and sexuality.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-09-05T18:28:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 camilajosefinadasilva.pdf: 2676705 bytes, checksum: 256e928b0a0f8adaf5049f5581af5903 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-09-06T14:29:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 camilajosefinadasilva.pdf: 2676705 bytes, checksum: 256e928b0a0f8adaf5049f5581af5903 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-09-06T14:31:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 camilajosefinadasilva.pdf: 2676705 bytes, checksum: 256e928b0a0f8adaf5049f5581af5903 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-06T14:31:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 camilajosefinadasilva.pdf: 2676705 bytes, checksum: 256e928b0a0f8adaf5049f5581af5903 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-01 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação aborda a temática do Fracasso Escolar, enquanto marca-experiências-travessia produzidas numa escola pública da rede municipal de Juiz de Fora. A pesquisa foi realizada no Ensino Fundamental I (1º ao 5º ano) no segundo semestre do ano de 2011. Esta se configura numa problematização em torno do fracasso escolar, das marcas da experiência que constituem esse lugar e também dos acontecimentos do campo investigativo. Além de problematizar a temática em torno do fracasso escolar a proposta deste projeto é provocar outros modos de dizer aquilo que estamos habituados a ver no campo da pesquisa. Esta pesquisa objetiva-se em fazer borbulhar e intensificar as forças que constituem o dito “fracasso escolar”. Um texto conversando e conversante nos provoca a pensar nas bordas, ou nas laterais que levam ao entre das veredas do fracasso escolar. Fomos estimuladas pelas marcas da produção de uma série de documentos elaborados pela escola, o que nos possibilitou pensar o fracasso escolar por outras vias, escapando das dimensões políticas, pedagógicas e socioeconômicas, sem o intuito de negar essas dimensões, mas a pesquisa transita entre elas. A investigação passa por entre as marcas que nos afetam e nos constitui um corpo, um corpo em movimento, na e com a Pedagogia, no e com o fracasso escolar, na e com a escola. Para esta pesquisa utilizamos o método da cartografia para dar voz ao plano de campo. A pesquisa cartográfica não se estende somente aos processos descritivos ou na classificação dos objetos. A cartografia se preocupa em traçar o processo constante de produção. Este método nos possibilitou compor outra entrada no campo investigativo, fugindo de um campo traçado, com fronteiras preestabelecidas. / This essay deals with the topic of School Failure, as marks-crossing and experiments produced in a public school in Juiz de Fora city. The survey was conducted in elementary school (1st. through 5th. grade) during the second semester of 2011. This sets up as an analysis concerning school failure, about the marks that make up the experience in this place and also the events in the investigative field. Besides problematize the issue about the school failure, the purpose of this project is to provoke other ways to say what we are used to seeing in the research field. This research aims at making bubbling up and intensify the forces/reasons that constitute the so-called "school failure". A chatting and conversing text provokes us to think about the edges or sides that lead to the paths between school failure. We were encouraged by the clues produced in a series of documents prepared by the school, which enabled us to think about the school failure in other ways, escaping from the political, educational and socioeconomic dimensions without the intention of denying these dimensions, but this research uses transitions between them. The research is among the marks that affect us and makes us one body, a moving body with and inside the Pedagogy, and with and in the failure in school, and in and with the school. For this research we used the method of mapping to give voice to the field plan. The cartographic research extends not only to the descriptive processes or in the classification of objects. The cartography is concerned to trace the constant process of production. This method allowed us to write another entry in the investigative field, escaping from a planned field, with pre-established borders.

Etude comparative de l’organisation des traités de grammaire arabe médiévaux, cette thèse met en relief les enjeux théoriques, polémiques et pédagogiques de la taxinomie. Les incertitudes quant à la constitution historique de la tradition grammaticale arabe ayant conduit les chercheurs à se focaliser sur la période fondatrice, notamment sur le Kitāb de Sībawayhi, nous avons voulu apprécier à sa juste valeur cet autre aspect moins étudié quoique capital dans le processus de disciplinarisation de la grammaire arabe : le rôle de la taxinomie. En effet, alors que les premiers traités de grammaire n’adoptent pas de plan fondé sur une logique grammaticale claire, se met en place à partir du IV ͤ/X ͤ siècle, sous l’influence méthodologique des logiciens, une classification de la matière linguistique en vue de représenter l’articulation conceptuelle de la théorie. Ce courant taxinomique, dominant entre les IV ͤ/X ͤ-VI ͤ/XII ͤ siècles, témoigne d’une perception plus synthétique de la théorie grammaticale, autant qu’il contribue à en établir la cohérence. Notre point de départ est le Uṣūl d’Ibn al-Sarrāğ (m.315/928), instituteur d’une présentation organisée des données visant à refléter la théorie, notamment les modélisations du marquage casuel, question centrale en grammaire arabe. Ses divisions de la syntaxe par catégories de mots, puis du chapitre du nom par cas et de celui du verbe par modes représentent le modèle formel de la rection, et la hiérarchie des fonctions au sein des rubriques casuelles tend à manifester une modélisation sémantique de chaque cas autour d’une valeur fondamentale. Les successeurs d’Ibn al-Sarrāğ, tel Abū ʿAlī l-Fārisī (m.376/987), améliorent cette organisation dans le sens d’une plus grande univocité de la modélisation sémantique, fondée sur le rôle prédicatif ou non prédicatif des éléments marqués par les cas, ou encore sur leur fonction au sein de la phrase verbale, et dans le sens d’une meilleure cohérence de cette modélisation avec le modèle rectionnel, où le verbe est régissant de base. Le Mufaṣṣal de Zamaḫšarī (m.538/1144) constitue l’apogée de la coïncidence entre organisation des rubriques et articulation conceptuelle de la théorie, et au sein de celle-ci, entre modèles formel et sémantique du marquage casuel. A partir du VII ͤ/XIIIe siècle se développent de brefs opuscules grammaticaux, telles la Alfiyya d’Ibn Mālik (m.610/1274) ou la Ağurrūmiyya d’Ibn Ağurrūm (m.722/1323), dont les présentations s’inspirent de classifications antérieures divergeant du courant alors dominant : succession pratique visant à faciliter l’apprentissage grammatical, comme dans le Ğumal de Zağğāğī (m.347/959), ou représentation plus axée sur le modèle formel de la rection, comme dans la Muqaddima d’Ibn Bābšāḏ (m.469/1077). Ce courant taxinomique nouvellement dominant favorise une transmission pédagogiquement efficace du savoir grammatical. / This thesis about the organization of medieval Arabic grammatical treatises highlights the theoretical, polemical and pedagogical issues of the taxonomy. The uncertainties about the historical constitution of the Arabic grammatical tradition led researchers to focus on the founding period, especially on the Kitāb of Sībawayhi. We wanted to highlight this other, less studied, but capital aspect in the process of disciplinarisation of Arabic grammar: the role of taxonomy. Indeed, while the first grammatical treatises do not adopt a clear plan based on grammatical logic, a classification of linguistic data which represents the conceptual articulation of the theory is developed from the IV ͤ/X ͤ century, under the logicians’ methodological influence. This taxonomic current, which is dominant between the IV ͤ/X ͤ-VI ͤ/XII ͤ centuries, reflects a more synthetic perception of grammatical theory, as it helps to establish its consistency. Our starting point is the Uṣūl of Ibn al-Sarrāğ (m.315/928), the first grammarian who set an organized presentation of data to reflect the theory, especially the modeling of case marking, a central question in Arabic grammar. Dividing the syntax by parts of speech, then the chapter of the noun by case marks and the chapter of the verb by modal marks he represents the formal model of “government”, according to which case marks and modal marks result from the action of some elements in the statement on others, and the hierarchy of functions within the cases’ chapters tends to show a semantic modeling of each case from a basic signification. The successors of Ibn al-Sarrag, among them Abū ʿAlī l-Fārisī (m.376/987), improve this organization in the direction of greater uniqueness of semantic modeling, founded on the predicative or non predicative role of the case marked elements, or on their function within the verbal sentence, and in the direction of better consistency of this modeling with government’s model, where the verb is the basic operator. The Mufaṣṣal of Zamaḫšarī (m.538/1144) presents a maximal coincidence between organization of data and conceptual articulation of the theory, and within the latter, between the formal and semantic models of case marking. From the VII ͤ/XIII ͤ century short grammatical treatises are developed, such as the Alfiyya of Ibn Mālik (m.610/1274) or the Ağurrūmiyya of Ibn Ağurrūm (m.722/1323), whose presentations are based on previous classifications diverging from the first dominant current : practical succession to facilitate grammatical learning, as in the Ğumal of Zağğāğī (m.347/959), or classification more focused on the formal model of government, as in the Muqaddima of Ibn Bābšāḏ (m.469/1077). This taxinomic current lastly dominant promotes a pedagogically effective transmission of grammatical knowledge.

Dans le cadre du programme InterCompréhension Européenne (ICE) développé à l'Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, les apprenants intercompreneurs acquièrent des compétences stratégiques transdisciplinaires qui leur permettent d'accéder à la compréhension de textes dans une langue étrangère a priori inconnue. Le déchiffrement de textes communique à l'intercompreneur novice non seulement des compétences lexicales, mais aussi un premier ensemble de compétences grammaticales de base, accumulé en l'absence d'une description de la grammaire fournie par l'enseignant moniteur.Cette recherche pose la question de l'acquisition de la grammaire d'une langue étrangère proche (idéalement apparentée et voisine) par un repérage et une interprétation adéquate des marques morphosyntaxiques, à partir de l'observation d'un corpus de textes authentiques.Notre premier objectif est de démontrer qu'au terme d'un parcours de type ICE suivi avec assiduité, l'intercompreneur novice opère des substitutions semi-automatiques entre, d'une part, les marques grammaticales saillantes du roumain repérées dans les textes grâce aux effets de fréquence et/ou de transparence formelle, et les substituts qu'il estime leur correspondre en français d'autre part. Il capitalise voire acquiert ainsi un savoir grammatical pratique qui devient un facteur d'accélération de la compréhension et de l'apprentissage.Notre second objectif consiste à établir que l'émergence « naturelle » de cette grammaire pratique est tout à fait plausible et qu'elle est vraisemblablement compétitive par rapport à une grammaire proposée dans un contexte d'apprentissage-enseignement classique.Les résultats obtenus, qui sont affectés par la limitation aux phénomènes grammaticaux effectivement observés dans les textes proposés, montrent qu'une grammaire pratique du roumain appréhendé en ICE fournit aux intercompreneurs un savoir qui couvre au moins 50% du savoir conseillé par des objectifs réglementaires conçus pour le roumain comme langue étrangère. / Within the framework of the European InterComprehension program (ICE) developed at the University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, learners intercomprehenders acquire transdisciplinary strategic competences that allow them to get to the comprehension of texts in an a priori unknown foreign language. The deciphering of texts communicates to the novice intercomprehender not only lexical competences but also a first set of basic grammatical competences, accumulated in the absence of a description of the grammar provided by the teacher monitor.This research deals with the question of the acquisition of the grammar of a similar (ideally related or neighbouring) foreign language, by detecting and adequate interpretation of morphosyntactic marks, based on the observation of a corpus of authentic texts.Our first objective is to demonstrate that at the end of a course of the ICE type regularly attended, the novice intercomprehender makes semi-automatic substitutions between, on one hand, the outstanding grammatical marks of Romanian detected in the texts thanks to frequency and/or formal transparency effects and the substitutes that he/she thinks to be their French equivalents on the other hand. Thus he/she capitalizes or even acquires practical knowledge which becomes a factor that accelerates comprehension and learning.Our second objective is to establish that the “natural” emergence of this practical grammar is quite plausible and that it is probably competitive in comparison with a grammar provided in a classical learning-teaching context.The results obtained, which are affected by the limitation to the grammatical phenomena actually observed in the texts suggested, show that a practical grammar of Romanian apprehended in ICE provides the intercomprehender with knowledge that covers at least 50% of the knowledge recommended by the regulation objectives for Romanian as a foreign language.

Conditions for trade marks registration History of trade marks Restrictions for trade marks registration

M.Tech. / Striae are linear scars in the dermis which arise from rapid stretching of the skin over weakened connective tissue (de Angelis & Adatto, 2010). Striae occur when collagen production cannot keep pace with a sudden growth of the underlying tissues. Striae have no medical consequences but are frequently distressing to those afflicted. These disfiguring marks are usually caused by excessive stretching of the skin that may occur with pregnancy, adolescent growth spurts, obesity and weightlifting (Kang & Arbor, 1998). Striae usually appear on the abdomen, thighs, buttocks, breasts and extremities. Patients’ quality of life can be enhanced with the effective management of these unsightly marks. Modalities of treatments that exist for the treatment of striae have been advocated with varying success and side effects (Manuskiatti et al., 2010). The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of the topical application of a homoeopathic preparation Thiosinaminum 1X on the appearance of striae. The research was a double-blind placebo controlled study which took place at the Homoeopathy Health Centre which is located at the University of Johannesburg(Doornfontein campus). Forty female participants aged between eighteen and thirty-five were randomly selected to take place in the study. The study was conducted over a period of twelve weeks. On recruitment, the participants were required to read and sign the information sheet (Appendix A) and consent form (Appendix B) assisted by the researcher. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire (Appendix C) to determine contributing factors e.g. duration of the stretch marks, the cause of the stretch marks and any disease that may contribute to the formation of stretch marks. A pertinent case and vital signs were taken at the initial consultation to eliminate any pathologies. All potential participants were required to present with stretch marks on the thighs or buttocks present for at least 6 months prior to the study. The stretch marks needed to have had a minimum length of 50mm and a maximum length of a 100mm. The researcher was responsible for choosing the designated area that was treated. The most distinct striae were selected by the researcher according to criteria for treatment. The researcher took photographs of the treatment areas at the commencement of the study and this was repeated at the end of the study (Appendix I). The length of the most prominent stretch mark (according to criteria) below was also measured on the commencement of the study. To physically iv measure the most prominent stretch mark a string and a ruler was utilized. The same ruler and ball of string was used each time to ensure validity of the results. A new piece of string was cut and tied in a knot at the tip and placed on the stretch mark itself to mould to its shape and thereafter it was placed on a ruler to determine the measurements in millimeters. To ensure that the same stretch mark was measured every time, the researcher measured out the distance between the stretch mark and a defined anatomical point for all the participants. The stretch mark was traced using plotting paper. The participants were required to apply the cream twice daily for the duration of the study. Participants were able to rate their satisfaction on a monthly basis by completing a questionnaire. The results of the study indicated that there was no improvement in the length of striae however there was more improvement in satisfaction ratings throughout the study from the experimental group.

Les scarifications adolescentes sont devenues un phénomène croissant ces dernières années. Des cas de jeunes qui se coupent sont apparus dans la clinique psychanalytique, dans les médias et sur Internet. L’agir sur le corps devient le dernier recours pour réussir à dire quelque chose sur le malaise du sujet et ce dernier n’est pas sans rapport au malaise de la culture. L’adolescence est un temps logique marqué par plusieurs transformations que le sujet adolescent doit subjectiver. C’est un temps où le détachement du discours parental exige que le sujet trouve dans le social les signifiants qui le représentent. Quand le sujet ne trouve pas, dans le langage, le recours symbolique qui soutient son ex-sistence, il peut trouver dans l’agir un moyen de s’exprimer. L’agir dans les scarifications est donc une façon de dire avec le corps. L’adolescence est aussi un temps de transformation de l’image du corps et l’adolescent doit faire avec cette nouvelle image. Les objets du discours techno-scientifique offrent aux sujets un rapport inédit à l’image de soi. Ainsi, l’image peut être à la fois un objet de jouissance et un moyen de montrer ce qui ne peut pas se dire avec les mots. La conjonction du Discours de la Science et du Discours du Capitaliste tente de produire ce que nous appelons obj’être, un sujet qui est représenté par les objets qu’il consomme. Cela crée un teen way of life qui devient, pour ces discours, un modèle idéal d’adolescence. L’adolescence dévoile également l’impossible du rapport sexuel lors de la rencontre avec l’Autre sexe. Les scarifications adolescentes montrent que le recours au corps est une façon, pour certains adolescents, de traiter l’angoisse résultant de ces transformations. La coupure sur le corps devient alors une limite entre le sujet et l’Autre. Si d’un côté cette coupure vient faire limite à la jouissance qui envahit le corps, de l’autre elle devient aussi un mode de jouissance. Les scarifications adolescentes, en tant que séparation de l’Autre, sont pour certains adolescents le dernier recours d’un dire. / Teenager cutting has emerged in recent years as a growing phenomenon. Reports on these young people who cut themselves have appeared in the psychoanalytic clinic, in the media and on the Internet. Acting on the body becomes the last recourse to say something about subject’s discontent which is somehow related to the culture’s discontent. Adolescence is a logical time marked by several transformations that teenagers need to deal with in a subjective manner. It is a time when distancing from parental discourse requires the subject to find in the social discourse the signifiers that can represent him. When the subject does not find in the language the symbolic resources that sustain his ex-sistence, he can appeal to acting as an expression to say something. In this case, the act of cutting the body takes place. Adolescence is also a time of body image transformation and teenagers have to deal with their new image. Objects from technical-scientific discourse offer to subjects an unprecedented way of relating to the image of them. Therefore, images can be both an object of jouissance and a mean of showing what words can’t say. The conjunction of the discourses of science and the capitalist tries to produce what we call obj’être (object being), a subject represented by the objects he consumes. This creates a teen way of life that becomes, for these discourses, an ideal mode of adolescence. Adolescence also reveals to the subject the impossibility of the sexual rapport in the encounter with the Other sex. Teenager cutting shows that the appeal to the body is the way some teenagers find to treat the anguish that results from these transformations. Cutting the body becomes then a limit between the subject and the Other. If on the one hand the cut in teenager cutting becomes a limit to the jouissance that invades the body, on the other hand it becomes also a mode of jouissance. Teenager cutting, as a separation from the Other, is for some teenagers a last recourse of a saying.

Esta tese é sobre políticas e poéticas do travestimento e, especialmente, sobre os regimes de produção de imagens-corpo agenciados a partir de algumas práticas de pessoas que se vestem com roupas do gênero associado ao sexo oposto. Inicialmente delimitada pelo trabalho de campo que realizei com pessoas que se autointitulam crossdressers, a pesquisa acabou se ampliando para abarcar sujeitos que se pensam a partir de outros territórios existenciais. Essa ampliação foi guiada pela própria dinâmica do campo, já que algumas pessoas com as quais fiz pesquisa passaram a entender suas experiências de maneira diversa daquela sugerida pela palavra crossdressing, propiciando uma compreensão desta prática ora como instanciação de um processo mais amplo de transformação ora como identidade reivindicada. Trata-se de refletir sobre os diferentes regimes de funcionamento do crossdressing e as travessias entre formas de vida distintas. Busco também pensar como alguns artistas se valeram do travestimento em seus agenciamentos artísticos na tentativa de acessar outras referências a partir das quais estas vivências pudessem ser compreendidas, além ou aquém de normatizações médico-legais tão presentes nos estudos sobre pessoas que se travestem. Desejo igualmente fomentar um campo de reflexão antropológica bastante escasso, a saber, aquele cuja consideração envolve tanto a arte contemporânea quanto seu cruzamento com discussões relativas ao gênero e à sexualidade. / This thesis is about politics and poetics of cross-dressing, and especially about regimes of production of the images-body assembled through some practices undertaken by people who dress themselves with clothes associated with the opposite sex. Initially bounded by the fieldwork I conducted with people who call themselves cross-dressers, the research was eventually expanded to encompass subjects who think of themselves out of others existential territories. This expansion was driven by the dynamics of the fieldwork, since some people with whom I did the research came to understand their experiences in a way different than the one suggested by the word cross-dressing, comprehending this practice as either an instantiation of a broader process of transformation or an identity. I aim to think distinct operating regimes of crossdressing and the crossings between different forms of life. I also consider the way some artists took advantage of the cross-dressing in their artistic assemblages in an attempt to access other references out of which these experiences could be understood, beyond or below the medical-legal norms usually taken into account in the studies of people who cross-dress. I also wish to foster an anthropological field quite scarce, namely, the one that gives consideration both contemporary art practices and its intersection with discussions related to gender and sexuality.