Submitted by Caroline Falcao (caroline.rfalcao@ufpe.br) on 2017-06-08T17:38:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) 2012-dissertacao-PetriusBelo.pdf.pdf: 20883190 bytes, checksum: 0734db46fd439e33d9a5bb0a64199f0a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-08T17:38:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) 2012-dissertacao-PetriusBelo.pdf.pdf: 20883190 bytes, checksum: 0734db46fd439e33d9a5bb0a64199f0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-31 / Sítios com interação homem-megafauna no Brasil são raros, bem como no restante da América do Sul. Muitos estudos publicados até hoje têm focalizado e discutido evidências de sítios do extremo sul do continente como, Monte Verde, no Chile e Los Toldos, na Argentina ou do extremo norte, no caso do sítio Taima-Taima, na Venezuela. Um dos mais importantes sítios escavados no Brasil está situado na Área arqueológica do Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara-PI, a “Toca da Janela da Barra do Antonião” –um abrigo sob-rocha com significativo registro da megafauna em associação estratigráfica com artefatos líticos. Vale ressaltar que nele foram encontrados fósseis com determinados padrões de fraturas e marcasde corte. Embora tenha sido escavado entre as décadas de 1980 e 1990 do século passado, alguns de seus resultados ainda são inéditos. Este trabalho objetiva estudar as marcas em ossos da megafauna em uma perspectiva de corroborar ou falsear a interferência humana na história tafonômica desses espécimes. Os fósseis com marcas de corte foram coletados em associação espacial com artefatos líticos, em um depósito cárstico utilizado como abrigo.Os táxons aqui estudados incluem: Eremotheriun, Catonyx, Notiomastodon, Hippidion, c.f Macrauchenia, Paleolama eToxodon–alguns destes apresentam marcas do tipo sulcos com secções em “V” com microestrias internas, localizadas próximas às zonas de articulações; além disso, são registrados padrões de fraturas do tipo espiral e irregular. A metodologia do trabalho consistiu em análise tafonômica em escala microscópica por meio de lupa binocular, microscópio eletrônico de varredura, fotografia digital e software específico, com o intuito de encontrar assinaturas tafonômicasque possam indicar que as marcas encontradas são de natureza antrópica, resultante da atividade de abate destes animais. Em análise preliminar foram identificadas marcas de corte paralelas encontradas em um úmero do gênero Hippidion, escavado no setor A, Nível IV. Estas marcas apresentam coloração e morfologia que indicam uma origem anterior ao processo de fossilização. Este espécime apresenta um padrão de fratura que sugere que ele foi fraturado antes dos processos diagenéticos, enquanto o osso ainda preservava sua elasticidade. A discussão sobre este tipo de vestígio está relacionada à validade das associações estratigráficas entre artefatos e fósseis, ao agente causador das marcas e se, de fato, ocorreu interferência antrópica na formação da assembleia. Sendo assim, com base no estudo tafonômico microscópico dos vestígios encontrados, pode-se afirmar que as alterações nos ossos foram elaboradas por populações pré-históricas que ocuparam este abrigo durante o final do Pleistoceno e início do Holoceno. / Sites with human-megafauna interaction are rare in Brazil and in the rest of South America. Many studies have been published which are focused on sites and discussed evidences of the extreme south of the continent as Monte Verde in Chile and Los Toldos, Argentina or the far north, where Taima-Taima site in Venezuela. One of the most important sites excavated in Brazil is located in the archaeological area of the National Park of Sierra Capybara-IP, "Toca da Janela da Barra do Antonião." –a shelter-in rock with significant record of megafauna in stratigraphic association with lithic artefacts. Besides, there were found fossils with certain patterns of fractures andcut marks. Although it was excavated between the 1980s and 1990s of the last century, some of their results are still unpublished. This paper aims to study the marks on bones of megafauna in order to corroborate or misrepresent human interference in the taphonomic history of these specimens. Fossils with cut marks were collected in spatial association with lithic artifacts in a warehouse karst used as shelter. The taxa studied here include: Eremotheriun, Catonyx, Notiomastodon, Hippidion, cf Macrauchenia, and Palaeolama Toxodon –some of these brands have the type grooves with sections on "V" with microestrias internal, situated near the joint areas; in addition, are recorded patterns of fractures type spiral and irregular. The methodology of the study consisted on taphonomic analysis on a microscopic scale through binocular microscope, scanning electron microscope, digital photography and specific software, in order to find taphonomic signatures which may indicate that the markings are anthropogenic in nature, resulting from the slaughter activity of such animals. In preliminary analysis were identified parallel cut marks found in the genre Hippidion a humerus, dug in sector A, Level IV. These brands have staining and morphology that indicate a prior origin to fossilization process. This specimen exhibits a pattern of fracture which suggests that it was fractured before the diagenetic processes, while the bone still preserved its elasticity. The discussion about this type of trace is related to the validity of stratigraphic associations between artifacts and fossils, the causative agent of brands and if, indeed, have occurred anthropogenic interference in the formation of the assembly. Therefore, based on the study of microscopic taphonomic traces found, it can be stated that the changes in the bones were prepared by prehistoric populations that occupied this shelter during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene.

Doctor Legum - LLD / The need to harmonise laws in Africa has grown in importance in view of the envisaged African common market. Economic integration cannot flourish without an effective regional legal framework. There is fragmentation in trade mark protection in Africa as evidenced by the existing two sub-regional organisations namely, the African Regional Intellectual Property Organisation (ARIPO) and the Organisation Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle (OAPI). The absence of a single regional legal framework has resulted in African countries not having a coherent strategy for advancing their common interests in regional and multilateral negotiations. African countries have acceded to agreements which do not reflect their interests such as Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS). African countries have also been signing Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) which contain higher intellectual property protection standards than the minimum standards prescribed by TRIPS. The purpose of this study is to formulate a proposal for the integration of trade mark laws in Africa, with a view to strengthening the regional legal framework. A consolidated regional position, based on an integrated legal framework, will strengthen Africa’s participation in negotiations. This will in turn ensure greater regard for, and better protection of, Africa’s interests and concerns. Trade mark laws are important as they can hinder or promote trade. Harmonised trade mark laws will create legal and commercial certainty as well as predictability, which is crucial for the promotion of trade and foreign direct investment. The central argument advanced is that the areas of convergence in the laws under study and in the way the laws are interpreted can form the basis for the harmonisation of Africa’s trade mark laws.

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las marcas blancas y los diferentes factores que esta involucra tanto en los puntos de venta como también en los consumidores de las mismas. La investigación se realizó en los diferentes supermercados de la ciudad de Lima, en donde se analizaron las variables más significativas como precio, promoción, packaging, ubicación en el estante y su comparación con las marcas fabricantes. Asimismo, la problemática en investigación es la competencia entre las marcas blancas y marcas fabricantes en el mercado, ya que éstas son las dueñas del espacio y tienen el control sobre las marcas de supermercado. / The objective of this study is to analyze white labels and the different factors that it involves both at the points of sale and also at the consumers of the same. The research was carried out in the different supermarkets in the city of Lima, where the most significant variables such as price, promotion, packaging, location on the shelf and their comparison with manufacturer brands were analyzed. Likewise, the research problem is competition between private labels and manufacturer brands in the market, since they are the owners of the space and have control over the supermarket brands. / Trabajo de investigación

This thesis is designed to establish bench marks which will facilitate the measurement of impacts of new crop and livestock extension practices on the rate of community development of the village of Achica Bajo, Bolivia. Successful agricultural extension and community development programs require adequate data at the farm and community level. In the absence of a real appreciation for the levels of income and financial needs of the campesinos, it is difficult to institute farm policies such as land tax measures which will have the desired impacts and consequences as well as peasant acceptance. The study examines human and agricultural resources available to the community. Then utilization of these resources as measured by consumption, production and resulting income levels are measured. All of the demographic cultural and resource data were developed through first-hand field surveys. The natural rate of population increase was calculated at nearly seven percent, all of which must absorbed by the present four hectares average sized farm unit available to the 129 cultivators of the village. Aggregate village income of about $36,00, during the bench mark year of 1967, was divided among these same producing units. Crop yields were found to be much below their potentials given proper irrigation and land cultivation practices. Part of the reasons for low agriculture productivity may also be attributed to the scale of individual farm activity for it was discovered that at least 40 percent of aggregate community income was derived from off-farm activities during 1967. Over 55 percent of the total value of private assets are accounted for by livestock holdings, but income from this sector accounted for only 29 percent of the aggregate. Again natural factors such as poor breeds, low nutritional content of natural pastures and inadequate management practices are the important contributors to low productivity. The rate of investment in the community is insignificant. Present income levels do not generate internal investment capacity. most transactions take place outside of the community, since commerce accounts fro only about 13 percent of aggregate community income. Thus, most of the value added in agriculture through community activities is captured by persons or groups outside the community. Per capita earnings in the community are less than one half the national average but are probably representative of the rural sector of Bolivia in general. Some 62 percent of the population, seven years of age or over, had received at least on year of schooling and about 58 percent of the population over age seven were classed as literate. Nevertheless, 47 percent of the children of school age years were not attending school. Greater outside employment or improvements in agriculture productivity levels must be achieved in order to maintain or improve income levels in the community. A listing of quantitative bench marks covering many aspects of social and economic activity for the community of Achica Bajo are presented at the end of the thesis.

This research investigated issues related to normalizing punctuation marks from a text retrieval perspective. A punctuated-centric approach was undertaken by exploring changes in meanings, whitespaces, words retrievability, and other issues related to normalizing punctuation marks. To investigate punctuation normalization issues, various frequency counts of punctuation marks and punctuation patterns were conducted using the text drawn from the Gutenberg Project archive and the Usenet Newsgroup archive. A number of useful punctuation mark types that could aid in analyzing punctuation marks were discovered. This study identified two types of punctuation normalization procedures: (1) lexical independent (LI) punctuation normalization and (2) lexical oriented (LO) punctuation normalization. Using these two types of punctuation normalization procedures, this study discovered various effects of punctuation normalization in terms of different search query types. By analyzing the punctuation normalization problem in this manner, a wide range of issues were discovered such as: the need to define different types of searching, to disambiguate the role of punctuation marks, to normalize whitespaces, and indexing of punctuated terms. This study concluded that to achieve the most positive effect in a text retrieval environment, normalizing punctuation marks should be based on an extensive systematic analysis of punctuation marks and punctuation patterns and their related factors. The results of this study indicate that there were many challenges due to complexity of language. Further, this study recommends avoiding a simplistic approach to punctuation normalization.

In this study, the writer has attempted to judge the effects of different types of report cards upon the accuracy of the teachers' grades of South Park Elementary School. The data used in this study, is located in Beaumont, Texas.

Continuation marks are a programming language feature which generalize stack inspection. Despite its usefulness, this feature has not been adopted by languages which rely on stack inspection, e.g., for dynamic security checks. One reason for this neglect may be that continuation marks do not yet enjoy a transformation to the plain λ-calculus which would allow higher-order languages to provide continuation marks at little cost. We present a CPS-like transformation from the call-by-value λ-calculus augmented with continuation marks to the pure call-by-value λ-calculus. We discuss how this transformation simplifies the construction of compilers which treat continuation marks correctly. We document an iterative, feedback-based approach using Redex. We accompany the transformation with a meaning-preservation theorem.

An important issue in the furniture industry is more widespread use of character-marks. The purpose of this research was to gain an in-depth understanding of the critical issues associated with acceptance of character-marked hardwood furniture. This information was beneficial for developing strategies to increase character-mark use by large furniture manufacturers. Although much has been said about the benefits of including more character in hardwood furniture, few large manufacturers have implemented such changes in their products. Personal interviews were conducted with product development personnel to develop case studies for large furniture manufacturers. The case studies centered on the companies' experiences with character-marked furniture. A follow-up mail survey was conducted to validate the case studies. It was found that decisions concerning character-mark use occur throughout the product development process, and involve the design, marketing, and production functions within the company. Companies that were able to fit character-marks within acceptable product concepts, considering such factors as style, finish, and hardware, appeared to have the most success with character-marked furniture in the marketplace. Conjoint analysis was employed to provide quantitative measures of retailers' perceptions of character-marked furniture products. This information was useful for determining the potential for push-type promotion. The dependent measure stimuli were full product profiles (actual wood samples and pictures), presented to respondents during on-site interviews. Retailers preferred furniture with no knots when evaluations were based on buying consideration and relative price. However, there was a linear relationship between preference and knot size, suggesting that opportunities for use of small knots may exist. It was found that character-marks were quite important to the product evaluations, suggesting that character-marks are a salient product feature. In addition to generating preference measures for tangible furniture product attributes, an investigation of the intangible product attributes associated with character-marks was conducted. Rustic, casual, and antique looks were most associated with character-marked furniture. Promotion of character-marked furniture based on environmental and natural material themes did not appear to hold much potential in the minds of manufacturers and retailers. It appears that promotion of character-marked furniture aimed at retailers will have to be based on what character-marks add to the look of wood household furniture. / Ph. D.

No description available.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth and Planetary Science, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND LINDGREN / Bibliography: leaves 130-131. / by Robert Anthony Grazer. / M.S.