A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Education in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctors in Education (D.Ed) in the Department of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2015 / The purpose of this study was to introduce the concept of sustainability to medicinal plant sellers by a way of a non-formal environmental education programme. This was done for future generations to enjoy the benefits of medicinal plants whilst enhancing the livelihoods of medicinal plant sellers who depend on harvesting and selling these plants. Having realised that medicinal plant sellers were harvesting in an unsustainable manner, the researcher could not ignore this situation. There was a need to assist medicinal plant sellers to reflect on ways they conducted their businesses. The researcher deemed it necessary to alert the sellers to the necessity of harvesting plants wisely and consider future generations by taking preventive actions before many of the plants become extinct. The design of this study was a mixture of qualitative and quantitative research approaches. On one hand, the quantitative approach involved a survey using a semi-structured questionnaire, which was administered through face-to-face interviews. On the other hand, the qualitative method is by way of a case study in which data were collected through open-ended questions, focus group discussions and a workshop. The questionnaires were semi-structured. The research survey instrument served as the diagnostic tools to identify challenges that confronted the medicinal plant sellers. Information obtained through this instrument was explored in a workshop, which was designed to be an intervention programme. The programme engaged medicinal plant sellers and the researcher in discussions about sustainability of medicinal plants. The assessment of the intervention programme was carried out by means of site visit and open-ended interviews. Data were coded and grouped according to themes. They were interpreted, analysed, presented according to the set perspectives such as tabulation, graphing and direct citations from the respondents. iii The results showed that there were problems in the medicinal plant selling businesses, with regard to storing, marketing and conserving medicinal plants. Storage was problematic in the sense that some plants need to be dried out before being stored. During rainy seasons this was hard to be achieved since the drying out is done outdoors. Marketing was also problematic due to price competition among medicinal plant sellers. There was no uniformity in pricing. Another problem was lack of record keeping. There were no records of revenue and expenditure that would help determine profit margins if any. After exploring these issues in the workshop, the results from the assessment of the intervention programme showed that the medicinal plant sellers had revisited prices for their medicinal plants. Conservation was one of the areas that were explored as ways of sustaining medicinal plants. Among the conservation methods that were discussed in the study, cultivation of the medicinal plants was found to be a major challenge. The study revealed that in spite of the slow growth rates of medicinal plants, non-availability of land and irrigation problems posed as challenge of medicinal plant cultivation. The study intervened by engaging with medicinal plant sellers in discussions to start their own home gardens. The intervention programme had a way to supplying medicinal plant seedlings to the medicinal plant sellers. The sellers were also taught how to cultivate medicinal plants. The assessment of the study intervention also revealed that some of the medicinal plant sellers were not yet accustomed to methods of record keeping. Nevertheless, the intervention programme introduced methods of recording sales such as banking of revenue and keeping deposit slips. When the second phase of assessment programme was conducted, the medicinal plant sellers reported that they had adopted banking of their revenue. Banking could however; banking could not show all records, particularly expenditures. Although medicinal plant sellers were shown how to record expenditures and sales of the medicinal plant material, they had not practiced those recording techniques during the assessment of the workshop. Banking money by the medicinal plant sellers was, however, seen as a step further towards Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) of medicinal plant sellers. iv The study concludes by stating that issues of preservation and storage of medicinal plants by drying out in the sun, their packaging in plastic bags and reluctance to cultivate the plants by medicinal plants should be addressed by medicinal plant sellers. While the South African government is taking action to empower medicinal plant sellers about sustainability issues studies are required to engage communities to reflect and be actively involved in conservation of biodiversity such as medicinal plants through action research as means to sustain livelihoods of communities including medicinal plant sellers. In conclusion, the capacity building programme took place in a short time scale; based on the research findings the study makes recommendations to guide the education and sustainability of medicinal plants.