O carcinoma mucoepidermoide (CME) é a neoplasia maligna de glândula salivar mais comum, e com maior frequência de metástase linfonodal. Alterações genéticas estão intimamente associadas à carcinogênese e, também, aos processos de metástase tumoral. Para o CME o tratamento de escolha mais aplicado hoje é a cirurgia seguida de radioterapia, pois a quimioterapia não tem mostrado muita eficiência para o tratamento destas neoplasias. Entre os quimioterápicos mais prescritos para o tratamento de cânceres encontra-se a cisplatina, à base de platina, que atua no DNA da célula, induzindo a apoptose. Pouco se sabe a respeito de seu mecanismo de ação sobre o CME, inclusive sobre os genes homeobox. Estes genes compreendem uma família grande e essencial de reguladores do desenvolvimento que são vitais para o crescimento e diferenciação celular, e a expressão anômala destes genes têm sido implicados na carcinogênese. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a expressão dos genes homeobox em células derivadas de carcinoma mucoepidermoide tratadas com cisplatina. Os genes avaliados neste trabalho foram: PROX1, MEIS1, HOXB5, HOXB7 e HOXB9 por RT-qPCR. Previamente, as linhagens celulares derivadas de carcinoma mucoepidermoide UM-HMC1 UM-HMC2 e UM-HMC3A foram tratadas com a cisplatina por 24h e posteriormente submetidas aos ensaios de RT-qPCR. Adicionalmente, as amostras tratadas e sem tratamento foram analisadas pelo ensaio de formação de esferas e ensaio de ferida para verificar o efeito da cisplatina sobre propriedades relacionadas às células quimiorresistentes (putativas células tronco tumorais). Como resultados, entre os genes analisados foram expressos PROX1, MEIS1 e HOXB7. A UM-HMC3A apresentou maior expressão destes genes que as demais linhagens. Os genes HOXB5 e HOXB9 não foram expressos nas linhagens analisadas. A cisplatina reduziu a expressão de MEIS1 e aumentou a expressão de HOXB7, em todas as linhagens. O gene PROX1 apresentou expressão variável entre as linhagens, sendo expresso na UM-HMC1 apenas quando são tratadas com cisplatina e reduzido nas UM-HMC2 e UM-HMC3A tratadas. O número de esferas formadas não apresentou diferença significativa para UM-HMC1 e UM-HMC3A, o número de esferas aumentou na linhagem UM-HMC2 tratada com cisplatina. No ensaio de ferida, a cisplatina foi capaz de reduzir a migração celular em todas as linhagens quando comparadas com seus controles. Os resultados sugerem que o PROX1 e HOXB7 podem estar relacionados com carcinomas mucoepidermoides mais invasivos, enquanto que o MEIS1 pode estar relacionado à carcinogênese e autorrenovação tumoral. A cisplatina é capaz de afetar a expressão dos genes homeobox PROX1, MEIS1 e HOXB7, os quais foram encontrados nas linhagens de carcinoma mucoepidermoide analisados. A cisplatina não afeta as células formadoras de esferas, mas reduzir a migração das linhagens de carcinoma mucoepidermoide. / Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the most common malignant neoplasm of salivary gland and presents higher frequency of lymph node metastasis. Genetic alterations are closely associated with carcinogenesis and also with processes of tumor metastasis. For MEC the treatment of choice most applied today is surgery followed by radiotherapy, since chemotherapy has not shown much efficiency for the treatment of these neoplasms. Among the most commonly prescribed chemotherapic drugs for cancer treatment is platinum-based cisplatin, which acts on the cell\'s DNA, inducing apoptosis. There is no information in the literature regarding its action mechanism on MEC including homeobox genes. These genes comprise a large and essential family of developmental regulators that are vital for cell growth and differentiation and the anomalous expression of these genes have been implicated in carcinogenesis. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the expression of the homeobox genes in cells derived from mucoepidermoid carcinoma treated with cisplatin. The genes evaluated in this work were: PROX1, MEIS1, HOXB5, HOXB7 and HOXB9 by RT-qPCR. Previously, cell lines derived from mucoepidermoid carcinoma UM-HMC1 UM-HMC2 and UM-HMC3A were treated with cisplatin for 24h and subsequently subjected to the RT-qPCR assays. In addition, treated and untreated samples were analyzed by the sphere-forming assay and wound assay to verify the effect of cisplatin on chemo resistant cell-related (putative tumor stem cell) properties. As results, PROX1, MEIS1 and HOXB7 were expressed among the analyzed genes. UM-HMC3A showed higher expression of these genes than the other lineages. The HOXB5 and HOXB9 genes were not expressed in the analyzed lineages. Cisplatin reduced MEIS1 expression and increased HOXB7 expression in all lineages. The PROX1 gene showed variable expression between the lineages, being expressed in UM-HMC1 only when treated with cisplatin and reduced in treated UM-HMC2 and UM-HMC3A. The number of spheres formed did not show significant difference for UM-HMC1 and UM-HMC3A, the number of spheres increased in the cisplatin-treated UM-HMC2 lineage. In the wound assay, cisplatin was able to reduce cell migration in all lineages when compared to their controls. The results suggested that PROX1 and HOXB7 may be related to more invasive mucoepidermoid carcinoma, while MEIS1 be related to its carcinogenesis and selfrenew tumoral capacity. Cisplatin is capable to affect the expression of the homeobox genes PROX1, MEIS1 and HOXB7, which were found in the mucoepidermoid carcinoma cell lines analyzed. Cisplatin does not affect sphere formation of cells, but seems to reduce the migration of mucoepidermoid carcinoma lineages.

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Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) affects more than 200 million people worldwide. PAD refers to illness due to a reduction or complete occlusion of blood flow in the artery, especially to the extremities in disease conditions, such as atherosclerosis or diabetes. Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a severe form of PAD associated with high morbidity and mortality. Currently, no effective and permanent treatments are available for this disease. The current endovascular medications (e.g., angioplasty or stents) only relieve the clinical symptoms while the surgical therapies (e.g., bypass or endarterectomy) require grafting vessels from a healthy organ to the diseased limb of the patient. However, even with these therapeutic techniques, 30% of patients still undergo limb amputation within a year. Thus, understanding of disease mechanism and development of new therapeutic approaches are in urgent needs. Meis1 (myeloid ecotropic viral integration site 1) gene belongs to the three-amino-acid loop extension subclass of homeobox gene families, and it is a highly conserved transcription factor in all eukaryotes. Up to date, little is known about the role of Meis1 in regulating vascular remodeling under ischemic condition. In this study, we aim to investigate the role and underlying mechanism of Meis1 in the regulation of arteriogenesis and angiogenesis using hindlimb ischemia model of transgenic neonatal mice. The long-term goal is to develop a new treatment for patients with PAD. Three separate but related studies were planned to complete the proposed research aims. To better understand the role of Meis1, we reviewed, in the first chapter, all literature relevant to the recent advances of the Meis1 in normal hematopoiesis, vasculogenesis, and heart developments, which were mostly studied in zebrafish and mouse. Briefly, Meis1 is found to be highly expressed in the brain and retina in zebrafish and additional in the heart, nose, and limb in mouse during the very early developmental stage, and remains at a low level quickly after birth. Meis1 is necessary for both primitive and definitive hematopoiesis and required for posterior erythroid differentiation. The absence of Meis1 results in a severe reduction of the number of mature erythrocytes and weakens the heart beats in zebrafish. Meis1 deficiency mouse is dead as early as E11.5 due to the severe internal hemorrhage. In addition, Meis1 is essential in heart development. Knock-down of Meis1 can promote angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocytes (CMs) hypertrophy or CMs proliferation, which can be repressed by a transcription factor Tbx20. Meis1 appears to play a complicated role in the blood vessels. Although the major blood vessels are still normal when global deletion of Meis1, the intersegmental vessel cannot be formed in Meis1 morphants in the zebrafish, and the small vessels are either too narrow or form larger sinuses in Meis1 deficient mouse. The effects of Meis1 on the vascular network under normal and disease (ischemia) condition remain largely unknown, and the existing data in this field is limited. In the second chapter, we developed a method protocol to identify mice of all ages, especially neonates that we faced methodological difficulties to easily and permanently label prior to our major experiments. In this study, single- or 2-color tattooing (ear, tail, or toe or combinations) was performed to identify a defined or unlimited number of mice, respectively. Tail tattooing using both green and red pastes was suitable for identifying white-haired neonatal mice as early as postnatal day (PND) 1, whereas toe tattooing with green paste was an effective alternative approach for labeling black-haired mouse pups. In comparison, single-color (green) or 2-color (green and red) ear tattooing identified both white and black adult mice older than three weeks. Ear tattooing can be adapted to labeling an unlimited number of adult mice by adding the cage number. Thus, tattooing various combinations of the ears, tail, and toes provides an easy and permanent approach for identifying mice of all ages with minimal disturbance to the animals, which shows a new approach than any existing method to identify mouse at all ages, especially the neonatal pups used in the present study (Chapter 4). Various formation of hindlimb ischemia with ligations of femoral artery or vein or both have been reported in the literature. The ischemic severity varies dependent on mouse strains and ligation methods. Due to the tiny body size of our experimental neonatal mice (PND2), it is technically challenging to separate the femoral artery from femoral vein without potential bleeding. In the third chapter, we aimed to explore a suitable surgical approach that can apply to neonatal mice. To this end, we compared the effects of femoral artery/vein (FAV) excision vs. femoral artery (FA) excision on hindlimb model using adult CD-1 mice. We showed during the 4-week period of blood reperfusion, no statistically significant differences were found between FAV and FA excision-induced ischemia regarding the reduction of limb blood flow, paw size, number of necrotic toes, or skeletal muscle cell size. We conclude that FAV and FA excision in CD-1 mice generate a comparable severity of hindlimb ischemia. In other words, FAV ligation is no more severe than FA ligation. These findings provide valuable information for researchers when selecting ligation methods for their neonate hindlimb models. Based on these findings, we selected FAV ligation of hindlimb ischemia approach to study the function of Meis1 in vascular remodeling of neonatal mice. In the fourth chapter (the main part of my dissertation), we investigated the roles of Meis1 in regulating arteriogenesis and angiogenesis of neonatal mouse under the ischemic condition. To this end, endothelial cell-specific deletion of Meis1 was generated by cross-breeding Meis1flox/flox mice with Tie2-Cre mice. Wild-type (WT, Meis1f/f) and endothelial cell-specific knock-out (KO, Meis1ec-/-Tie2-Cre+) C57BL/6 mice at the age of PND2 were used. Under the anesthesia, the pups were subject to hindlimb ischemia by excising FAV. Laser Doppler Imager was used to measure the blood flow pre- and post-surgery up to 28 days. Toe necrosis, skeletal regeneration, and vascular distributions were examined at the end of experiments (PND28 post-ischemia). Surprisingly, during 4-week periods after ischemia, the blood flow ratios (ischemic vs. control limb) in KO mice significantly increased compared to WT on PND14 and PND28, suggesting the inhibitory effects of Meis1 on blood flow recovery under ischemic condition. Meanwhile, WT mice showed more severe necrotic limb (lower ratio of limb length and area, and higher necrotic scores at PND7) than those in the KO mice. Furthermore, significant increases in diameters of Dil-stained arterioles of the skin vessel and the vessels on the ligation site were observed in KO mice, indicating the enhanced arteriogenesis in KO mice. To investigate the underlying mechanism, RNA from the ischemia and control limb was extracted and q-PCR was used to study the potential genes involved in the mechanism. Casp3 and Casp8 were found downregulated showing less apoptosis in the KO mice. On the other hand, endothelial cells (ECs) were isolated from the lungs of 3-5 WT and KO neonates using CD31 Microbeads. CD31+ cells were plated and treated with 0, 0.5, and 1μM doxorubicin for 24 hours and analyzed with various assays. Meis1-KO ECs demonstrated higher cell viability and formed a higher number of vascular tubes than those in WT ECs following 0.5μM Dox treatment, presenting the potential ability of angiogenesis in KO-ECs. Furthermore, the increased viability in KO ECs may be due to the decreased expression or activities of Casp8 and Casp3. In conclusion, my present studies have developed a new methodology to easily and permanently identify all mice at any ages. The insignificant differences between FAV and FA ligations suggest that a relative-easy surgical approach could be used to generate hindlimb ischemic model, which potentially reduces the cost, decreases the surgical time and prevents damage of femoral nerve from surgical tools. More importantly, by using transgenic mice, we found that Meis1-KO dramatically increased blood flow and protected the ischemic hindlimb through vascular remodeling. Obviously, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the above beneficial effects appear complicated and likely to involve multiple cellular remodeling processes and molecular signaling pathways to enhance arteriogenesis and angiogenesis and/or reduce cellular apoptosis through Meis1-mediated pathways. Our study demonstrated that under ischemic condition, knockout of Meis1 increases expression of Hif1a, which then activates Agt or VEGF, thus enhances arteriogenesis or angiogenesis; In addition, knockout of Meis1 activates Ccnd1, which subsequently promotes regeneration of skeletal muscle, and reduces expression of Casp8 and Casp3, thus preventing limb tissue from ischemia-induced apoptosis. Our innovative findings offer great potential to ultimately lead to new drug discovery or therapeutic approaches for prevention or treatment of PAD. / PHD / Peripheral artery disease (PAD), which affects more than 200 million people worldwide, commonly refers to the vascular diseases of legs or feet due to a reduction or even complete occlusion of blood flow to these areas. PAD is usually caused by blockage of main vessels in limbs under certain diseases, such as atherosclerosis. Unfortunately, no effective and permanent treatments are available for this disease. The current medications only relieve the clinical symptoms while the surgical therapy requires grafting vessels from a healthy organ to the diseased limb of the patient. In the present study, we aim to explore a new approach to facilitate the vessel formation in ischemic limb using Meis 1 transgenic mice. Meis 1 (myeloid ecotropic viral integration site 1) gene belongs to homeobox gene families, and it is a highly conserved transcription factor in all eukaryotes. My dissertation aims to understand how Meis 1 affects vascular remodeling in the mouse following induced hindlimb ischemia (to mimic PAD). To better understand the role of Meis 1, we first reviewed the literature studying the Meis 1 function on normal hematopoiesis, vasculogenesis, and heart development in zebrafish and mouse. The studies show that Meis 1 plays a complicated role in the blood vessels. When entirely deleting Meis 1 in the zebrafish, the intersegmental vessels cannot be formed. While in a mammal study, it is found that the major blood vessels are normal while the small vessels are either too narrow or form larger sinuses in Meis 1 deficient mouse. Thus, Mesi1 appears to play an important role in regulating vascular network, but the available information in this field is insufficient. The present projects aimed to study the roles of Meis 1 in regulating vascular remodeling following the hindlimb ischemia induced by ligation of main limb vessels (to mimic PAD). The transgenic mice with the deletion of Meis 1 (called knockout or KO mice) were generated by a Cre-loxP system (a gene manipulation method) to remove Meis 1 only in endothelial cells. The resulting KO mice were subject to the hindlimb ischemia and compared to those mice with the intact Meis 1 (called wild-type, or WT). To this end, the entire experiments contain three separate studies. In the first studies (Chapter 2), we developed an easy, but a permanent method to identify the mice at all age, especially the neonatal mice we used in the projects. Briefly, we used single- or 2-color tattooing to identify a defined or unlimited number of mice, respectively. We labeled our adult mice with ear tattooing combined with cage number and neonatal mice with toe tattooing if necessary to identify the individual animals. Next (Chapter 3), we determined the effects of femoral artery/vein (FAV) ligation vs. femoral artery (FA) ligation alone on hindlimb severities. The purpose of this study was to generate a suitable ligation model for the neonatal mice. Interestingly, no statistically significant differences were found between FAV and FA excision-induced ischemia, suggesting that FAV ligation could be applied to the neonatal hindlimb ischemia model in the rest of study. Upon the establishment of identification and ligation approaches for neonatal mice, we conducted systemic studies at both in vitro and in vivo settings to investigate the biological function of Meis 1 under ischemic condition. Briefly, two groups of Meis 1 mice at ages of postnatal day 2 were used in the study: WT (the normal mice), and endothelial specific knock-out (KO, Meis 1 gene was entirely deleted in endothelial cells). Under anesthesia, the postnatal day 2 pups were induced hindlimb ischemia, and blood flow was measured pre- and post-ischemia up to 4 weeks. Our data demonstrated that the blood flow was significantly higher in KO mice than WT mice, suggesting deletion of Meis 1 in endothelial cells can increase blood perfusion following ischemic injury. Moreover, the KO mice showed less toe damage compared with WT, thus showing protective benefit in rescuing the damaged limb. We also found that deletion of Meis 1 in endothelial cells increased cell viability and induced generation of more numbers of vessels under an induced apoptosis condition. These findings suggested that the deletion of Meis 1 in endothelial cells facilitates vessel formation and prevents the injured limbs from loss or undergoing apoptosis/necrosis, which may lead new drug discovery and development of effective therapy for treatments of PAD.

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