Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) are a serious problem in vegetable production and can cause severe damage to several crops. In rural, low-input farming nematode damage is much higher and yields can be completely destroyed. Some Commercial nematicides have been withdrawn from the market due to health and environment concerns. These need to be replaced by alternative nematode control strategies of which soil amendments is one alternative. Nine non-crop plant species used in various forms in traditional healing, viz. Cassia abbreviata, Cissus cactiformis, Euphorbia ingens, Ipomoea kituiensis, Maerua angolensis, Senna petersiana, Synadenium cupulare, Tabernaemontana elegans and Urginea sanguinea were screened under glasshouse conditions for their effect on the plant-parasitic nematode (PPN) (Meloidogyne incognita) on tomato. Subsequent assessments in microplots and in the field supported the glasshouse results in terms of suppression of root-knot nematode numbers with crudely milled soil amendments of C. cactiformis, M. angolensis and T. elegans. Tomato growth responses in these trials showed a tendency of phytotoxic effects after treatment of soil with crude leaf meal of E. ingens and S. cupulare. In the microplot study, the overall soil-amendment treatment effect was greater than that of three soil types on the performance of the tomato, although soil type might have had an effect on nematode suppression. Due to lack of correspondence between tomato leaf nutrient contents and the nutrient contents of the soil amendments it is suggested that these noncrop materials had negligible soil fertilization effects. In vitro bioassay studies confirmed that extracts of varying polarity of both plant products M. angolensis and T. elegans might be toxic to J2 stages of the root-knot nematode M. incognita. All extracts tested of M. angolensis caused immobility of J2, whereas only three extracts of T. elegans affected mobility of J2 adversely. Duration to 50 % effect, as well as extract concentration to cause immobility of the J2 varied but where movement ceased the J2 did not recover for up to 98 hours. This study has demonstrated the potential of locally available botanical materials for use as amendments in plant-parasitic nematode management and tomato growth and productivity improvement. This would particularly be true for small-scale application in subsistence agriculture. It is believed that these amendments could be used as control measures in integrated nematode control strategies. Their potential use could be adopted by small-scale farming communities, domestic gardeners and commercial farmers in the Mpumalanga, Limpopo and Kwazulu/Natal Provinces of South Africa where the relevant materials are available in useful quantities. Over-exploitation of natural resources should be avoided at all cost, however. / Thesis (PhD (Environmental Sciences))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) are a serious problem in vegetable production and can cause severe damage to several crops. In rural, low-input farming nematode damage is much higher and yields can be completely destroyed. Some Commercial nematicides have been withdrawn from the market due to health and environment concerns. These need to be replaced by alternative nematode control strategies of which soil amendments is one alternative. Nine non-crop plant species used in various forms in traditional healing, viz. Cassia abbreviata, Cissus cactiformis, Euphorbia ingens, Ipomoea kituiensis, Maerua angolensis, Senna petersiana, Synadenium cupulare, Tabernaemontana elegans and Urginea sanguinea were screened under glasshouse conditions for their effect on the plant-parasitic nematode (PPN) (Meloidogyne incognita) on tomato. Subsequent assessments in microplots and in the field supported the glasshouse results in terms of suppression of root-knot nematode numbers with crudely milled soil amendments of C. cactiformis, M. angolensis and T. elegans. Tomato growth responses in these trials showed a tendency of phytotoxic effects after treatment of soil with crude leaf meal of E. ingens and S. cupulare. In the microplot study, the overall soil-amendment treatment effect was greater than that of three soil types on the performance of the tomato, although soil type might have had an effect on nematode suppression. Due to lack of correspondence between tomato leaf nutrient contents and the nutrient contents of the soil amendments it is suggested that these noncrop materials had negligible soil fertilization effects. In vitro bioassay studies confirmed that extracts of varying polarity of both plant products M. angolensis and T. elegans might be toxic to J2 stages of the root-knot nematode M. incognita. All extracts tested of M. angolensis caused immobility of J2, whereas only three extracts of T. elegans affected mobility of J2 adversely. Duration to 50 % effect, as well as extract concentration to cause immobility of the J2 varied but where movement ceased the J2 did not recover for up to 98 hours. This study has demonstrated the potential of locally available botanical materials for use as amendments in plant-parasitic nematode management and tomato growth and productivity improvement. This would particularly be true for small-scale application in subsistence agriculture. It is believed that these amendments could be used as control measures in integrated nematode control strategies. Their potential use could be adopted by small-scale farming communities, domestic gardeners and commercial farmers in the Mpumalanga, Limpopo and Kwazulu/Natal Provinces of South Africa where the relevant materials are available in useful quantities. Over-exploitation of natural resources should be avoided at all cost, however. / Thesis (PhD (Environmental Sciences))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Gossypium hirsutum, upland cotton, is one of the major crops grown in the United States and the world. Upland cotton is cultivated in areas that are ideal breeding grounds for the difficult to manage, southern root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne incognita. Host plant resistance is the most effective way to control RKN populations. However, resistance used in most breeding programs stems from a few related sources. Novel sources of resistance have been identified but have yet to be introduced into elite breeding lines or genetically studied. The objectives of this study are two-fold. The first is to develop elite germplasm by introgressing RKN resistance from primitive accessions into modern cotton genotypes via backcrossing. The second is to use simple sequence repeats (SSRs) to identify loci associated with RKN resistance in the primitive accessions. The genotypes used will be: 1) inoculated with M. incognita, 2) phenotypically analyzed by measuring the nematode reproduction as eggs per gram of fresh root and host response using a root gall index, 3) genetically evaluated by using SSR markers to detect polymorphisms between the RKN resistant TX accessions and DP90 (susceptible genotype), and 4) analyzed using linkage and mapping software. Elite germplasm that contains: 1) high yield potential and a high level of RKN- resistance or 2) high fiber quality and RKN-resistance was developed by performing two backcrosses based on phenotypic analyses. A third screen is currently underway to ensure the introgression of the RKN resistance genes. Agronomic tests will need to be done before the germplasm is released. Genetic analyses using SSR-based primer sets of the TX accessions did not yield expected results. Of the 508 primers sets tested, only 31 were polymorphic between the TX accessions and DP90. A bulked segregant analysis approach was used to test the 31 primer sets on the resistant and susceptible bulks of the F2 population but no polymorphisms were seen. However, analyses found that the TX accessions were more genetically similar to Mexico Wild Jack Jones than to Clevewilt 6-3-5. More work needs to be done to understand the mechanism of RKN resistance in the TX accessions.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-09-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:58:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 correia_ecss_me_botfca.pdf: 353166 bytes, checksum: fd4ea5d6d7bb94dfbc97127bd11b0b27 (MD5) / presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a reação de vinte e duas cultivares de alface do grupo americano quanto à resistência a Meloidogyne incognita raças 1 e 2, M. javanica e M. enterolobii. Os experimentos foram realizados em condições de casa de vegetação com cinco repetições, sendo cada parcela constituída de uma planta por vaso contendo substrato autoclavado na proporção de 1:2:1 (terra: areia: matéria orgânica). A infestação do substrato foi realizada com 5.000 ovos e eventuais juvenis de segundo estágio para cada espécie de nematoide em teste por vaso. O tomateiro „Rutgers‟ foi utilizado como padrão de viabilidade do inóculo. As variáveis índice de galhas e índice de massa de ovos e o fator de reprodução foram determinadas aos 60 dias após a infestação. Os resultados obtidos mostraram a resistência das cultivares Ithaca, RS-1397, Raider Plus, Challenge, L-104, IP-11, Salinas 88, Calona, Desert Queen, Classic e Vanguard 75 a M. incognita raça 1, com FR variando de 0,19 a 0,88; e das cultivares Desert Queen, L-104, Salinas 88, Vanguard 75, Robinson, RS-1397, Challenge, Raider Plus, Classic, Calona, Ithaca, Lady, IP-11 e Winterset, a M. incognita raça 2, com FR variando de 0,23 a 0,93. Todas as alfaces avaliadas foram resistentes a... / This work aimed evaluate the reaction of twenty-two lettuce cultivars for resistance to M. incognita races 1 and 2, M. javanica and M. enterolobii. The experiments were carried under greenhouse conditions with five replicates. Each plot constituted of one plant per pot containing substrate autoclaved in the proportion of 1:2:1 (soil: silt: manure). The soil infestation was made with 5,000 eggs and possible second stage juvenile of each species of nematode in test per pot. „Rutgers‟ tomato was used as standard for inoculum viability. The variables gall index, egg mass index and reproduction factor were determined 60 days after infestation. The „Ithaca‟, „RS-1397‟, „Raider Plus‟, „Challenge‟, „L-104‟, „IP-11‟, „Salinas 88‟, „Calona‟, „Desert Queen‟, „Classic‟ and „Vanguard 75‟ were resistant to M. incognita race 1, with RF varying from 0.19 to 0.88, and the „Desert Queen‟, „L-104‟, „Salinas 88‟, „Vanguard 75‟, „Robinson‟, „RS-1397‟, „Challenge‟, „Raider Plus‟, „Classic‟, „Calona‟, „Ithaca‟, „Lady‟, „IP-11‟ e „Winterset‟ were resistant to M. incognita race 2, with RF varying from 0.23 to 0.93. All lettuces were resistant to M. javanica, with FR less than 1.0. The cultivars Ithaca, Raider Plus, RS-1397, L-104, Challenge, IP-11, Classic, Salinas 88, Vanguard... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Leila Trevisan Braz / Coorientador: Francisco José Becker Reifschneider / Coorientador: Pedro Luiz Martins Soares / Banca: Vanessa dos Santos Paes-Takahashi / Banca: Walter Maldonado Júnior / Resumo: O pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.) apresenta grande importância socioeconômica, estando entre as dez hortaliças mais consumidas no Brasil. O cultivo dessa olerácea em ambiente protegido tem aumentado de forma significativa no decorrer dos anos. Entretanto, o cultivo intensivo nesse sistema tem causado aumento da incidência de nematoides de galha (Meloidogyne spp.). Uma forma de manejar esses fitoparasitas na cultura é o uso de cultivares ou porta-enxertos com resistência às principais espécies. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a reação de genótipos de C. annuum quanto à resistência múltipla à Meloidogyne incognita raça 3, Meloidogyne javanica e Meloidogyne enterolobii. Por motivo de logística, o trabalho foi realizado em três experimentos, utilizando o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo o primeiro em esquema fatorial 31 x 3 (27 genótipos de C. annuum, as cultivares de pimenta BRS Moema e BRS Mari, uma linhagem de C. frutescens e o tomateiro 'Santa Cruz Kada') e três espécies de nematoides (M. incognita raça 3, M. javanica e M. enterolobii), o segundo em esquema fatorial 39 x 3 (36 acessos de C. annuum, duas cultivares de pimenta utilizadas no primeiro experimento e o tomateiro 'Santa Cruz Kada') e as três espécies de nematoides mencionadas anteriormente, e o terceiro experimento em fatorial 27 x 3, sendo 24 genótipos de C. annuum, as cultivares de pimenta BRS Moema e de pimentão Ikeda, o tomateiro 'Santa Cruz Kada' e as três espécies de nematoides de galha... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) presents great socioeconomic importance, being among the ten vegetables most consumed in Brazil. The cultivation of this crop in protected environment has increased significantly over the years. However, the intensive cultivation in this system has caused an increase in the incidence of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). One way to manage these phytoparasites in the crop is the use of cultivars or rootstocks with resistance to the main species. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the reaction of Capsicum annuum genotypes for multiple resistance to Meloidogyne incognita race 3, Meloidogyne javanica and Meloidogyne enterolobii. For reasons of logistics, the work was carried out in three experiments using a completely randomized design; the first one in a factorial scheme 31 x 3 (27 genotypes of C. annuum, the cultivars of pepper BRS Moema and BRS Mari, a line of C. frutescens and the tomato 'Santa Cruz Kada') and three nematode species (M. incognita race 3, M. javanica and M. enterolobii); the second in a 39 x 3 factorial scheme (36 accessions of C. annuum, the two pepper cultivars used in the first experiment and the tomato 'Santa Cruz Kada') and the three nematode species mentioned above; and the third experiment in factorial 27 x 3, being 24 genotypes of C. annuum, the cultivars of pepper BRS Moema and of sweet pepper Ikeda, the tomato 'Santa Cruz Kada' and the three species of nematodes used in experiments 1 and 2. After the transplanting, the seedlings were inoculated with 5000 eggs and second-stage juveniles of each nematode species separately. One plant per pot was considered as a repetition. The evaluation of genotypes in both experiments occurred at 90 days after inoculation. The total number of eggs and second-stage juveniles (NTOJ), number of eggs... (Complete abstract click electronic access below). / Mestre

Submitted by Carlos Cesar De Oliveira Guarnieri (carloscesarguarnieri@gmail.com) on 2018-08-02T18:26:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EFICÁCIA DE TIODICARBE, CADUSAFÓS E CONDICIONADOR DE SOLO VIA TRATAMENTO DE SEMENTES E OU SULCO DE PLANTIO NO CONTROLE DE NEMATOIDES NA CULTURA DE SOJA.pdf: 756636 bytes, checksum: 89d88ef49a1b212168332c38507a27e0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Neli Silvia Pereira null (nelisps@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-08-03T17:20:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 guarnieri_cco_me_jabo.pdf: 756636 bytes, checksum: 89d88ef49a1b212168332c38507a27e0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T17:20:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 guarnieri_cco_me_jabo.pdf: 756636 bytes, checksum: 89d88ef49a1b212168332c38507a27e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-14 / Os principais métodos de controle de nematoides na cultura de soja atualmente utilizados são a resistência ou tolerância genética da planta, a rotação/sucessão de culturas resistentes/não hospedeiras e poucos são os estudos com o uso de produtos químicos/biológico e condicionadores de solo. Um dos métodos adotados para a aplicação de nematicida químico nas lavouras de soja é a aplicação via tratamento de sementes, porém os estudos de controle com este método, na grande maioria dos casos, apontam período de proteção de até 30 dias após a emergência das plantas, e na maioria das vezes tem trazido resultados insatisfatórios. A aplicação de nematicida químico, no sulco de plantio, ou associação do tratamento de sementes com a aplicação no sulco de plantio, pode melhorar os resultados de eficácia e eficiência, todavia esta técnica é pouco estudada no Brasil para a cultura de soja, consequentemente são poucos trabalhos que comprovem essas características nos produtos disponíveis atualmente. Também, o uso de um condicionador de solo poderá contribuir com um melhor desenvolvimento radicular, da planta e na eficácia e eficiência do produto nematicida químico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia e eficiência do nematicidas químicos tiodicarbe, cadusafós e do condicionador de solo Maskio, usados em tratamento de sementes e/ou aplicados no de sulco de plantio, no controle dos nematoides de galha (Meloidogyne incognita), de cisto da soja (Heterodera glycines) e das lesões radiculares (Pratylenchus brachyurus) na cultura de soja. Foram instalados ensaios a campo em áreas naturalmente infestadas pelos nematoides, e em vasos onde foram avaliados o desenvolvimento e produtividade da cultura e a redução na população de nematoides. Nenhum dos tratamentos testados causou sintomas visuais de intoxicação na cultura. Isoladamente, o tratamento de sementes com tiodicarbe (600 mL 100 kg sementes-1) é tão eficaz na redução da população total de P. brachyurus nas raízes da soja, quanto o tratamento de sulco com cadusafós (4,0 L ha-1) ou cadusafós + Maskio (4,0 L ha-1 + 2,0 L ha-1). Porém nenhum tratamento aumentou significativamente a produtividade da cultura. Para que haja incremento significativo em produtividade foi necessário associar a aplicação de tiodicarbe na semente e no sulco de plantio para áreas infestadas por P. brachyurus. Para áreas com M. incognita os tratamentos, de semente ou de sulco, podem ser eficazes no controle e incrementar em produtividade a cultura da soja se utilizados em área com alta infestação de nematoides de galha. A aplicação de tiodicarbe nas sementes foi tão eficaz na redução de cistos de Heterodera glycines quanto a aplicação no sulco de plantio de tiodicarbe, cadusafós, Maskio e suas associações. A associação de tiodicarbe nas sementes e uma aplicação no sulco melhorou a eficácia de controle de cistos de H. glycines, saindo de 27% de eficácia para tratamento de sementes isolado, para 75% de eficácia para o tratamento com tiodicarbe nas sementes associado ao uso da mesma molécula no sulco de plantio. / The main methods of nematode control in soybean crop currently used are resistance or genetic tolerance, rotation / succession of resistant / non - host crops, and few studies with the use of chemical / biological and soil conditioners. One of the methods adopted for the application of chemical nematicide in soybean crops is the application through seed treatment, but the studies in the control of this method, in the great majority of cases, indicate protection period up to 30 days after the emergence of the plants, in the most of the time it has brought unsatisfactory results. The application of chemical nematicide, in the planting groove, or association of the treatment of seeds with the application in the planting groove, can improve the results of efficacy and efficiency, however this technique is little studied in Brazil for the soybean crop, consequently are few works that prove the effectiveness and efficiency of the currently available products. Also, the use of a soil conditioner may contribute to a better root development of the plant and to the effectiveness and efficiency of the chemical nematicide product. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and efficiency of the chemical nematicides thiodicarb, cadusafos and the Maskio soil conditioner, used in seed treatment and / or applied to the planting groove, in the control of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita), soybean cist nematode (Heterodera glycines) and root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus brachyurus) on soybean crop. Field trials were carried out in areas naturally infested by nematodes, and in pots where the development and productivity of the crop and the reduction in the nematode population were evaluated. None of the treatments tested causes visual symptoms of intoxication in the culture. Seed treatment with thiodicarb (600 mL 100 kg seed-1) is as effective in reducing the total population of P. brachyurus in soybean roots as in grouper treatment with cadusafos (4.0 L ha-1) or cadusafos + Maskio (4.0 L ha-1 + 2.0 L ha-1). However, no treatment significantly increases the productivity of the crop. In order to have a significant increase in productivity it is necessary to associate the application of thiodicarb in the seed and in the planting groove to areas infested by P. brachyurus. For areas with M. incognita, seed or planting groove treatments may be effective in controlling and increasing soybean productivity if used in an area with high root-knot nematode infestation. The application of thiodicarb in the seeds is as effective in the reduction of Heterodera glycines cysts as the application in the planting groove of thiodicarb, cadusafos, Maskio and their associations. The association of thiodicarb in seeds and a planting groove treatment improves the control efficacy of H. glycines. Leaving 27% efficacy for isolated seed treatment, to 75% efficacy for treatment with thiodicarb in seeds associated with the use of the same molecule in the planting groove.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular, 2008. / Submitted by wesley oliveira leite (leite.wesley@yahoo.com.br) on 2009-09-11T14:41:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_IsabelaTristanLourenco.pdf: 848788 bytes, checksum: 214c95dbc0900473fba14a30a8fbb720 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gomes Neide(nagomes2005@gmail.com) on 2010-07-27T16:43:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_IsabelaTristanLourenco.pdf: 848788 bytes, checksum: 214c95dbc0900473fba14a30a8fbb720 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-07-27T16:43:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_IsabelaTristanLourenco.pdf: 848788 bytes, checksum: 214c95dbc0900473fba14a30a8fbb720 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10 / Fitonematóides são responsáveis por grandes perdas econômicas na agricultura mundial estimadas em US$ 125 bilhões anuais. Esses fitopatógenos têm seu ciclo de vida dividido em seis estádios de desenvolvimento (ovo, juvenil 1-4 e adulto), durando em torno de 28 dias. O juvenil 2 penetra na raiz de planta hospedeira por força mecânica e degradação enzimática para estabelecer a interação planta-patógeno e se diferenciar em fêmea adulta apomítica, depositando em torno de 2000 ovos. Práticas agronômicas têm tido geralmente pouco sucesso e alto custo, sendo o cultivo de variedades resistentes, quando existentes, a forma mais eficiente de controle. Uma estratégia alternativa promissora é a transformação genética de plantas para expressão de moléculas que afetem o parasitismo. A metodologia de RNA interferente tem revolucionado a pesquisa experimental e muitas aplicações biotecnológicas estão sendo desenvolvidas. A abordagem planejada é a transformação genética de icotiana tabacum com construções plasmidiais para expressão de RNA dupla fita, tendo como propósito o silenciamento dos genes-alvo Isocitrato Liase, Arginina Quinase, Proteína 14-3-3 e Proteína de choque térmico 90 de Meloidogyne incognita. Desses genes-alvo, quatro fragmentos gênicos foram selecionados, isolados, subclonados em vetor para RNAi e estão em fase de transformação de planta, para futura realização de bioensaios avaliação de resistência a fitonematóides. Adicionalmente, foi realizada uma análise da expressão dos quatro genes-alvo, normalizados com os genes constitutivos de β- actina e 18S rRNA, por PCR quantitativo em tempo real. Observou-se que alguns genes-alvo são diferencialmente expressos quando comparados as fases de ovo, juvenil 2 e fêmea. A maior diferença de expressão foi do gene codificador de Isocitrato Liase, que é 100 vezes mais expresso em ovo e fêmeas, comparado com J2. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / Plant parasitic nematodes are responsible for huge economic losses in world agriculture that reaches US$ 125 billion yearly. The most important of these phytopatogens, Meloidogyne incognita, has six developmental stages during the life cycle (egg, four juveniles and female). The juvenile 2 enters the host root via mechanical force and enzymatic degradation to establish the host-pathogen interaction and differentiate in apomitic adult female, which deposits 2000 eggs. Current agronomic practices have usually been unsuccessful and expensive, so the cultivation of resistant varieties is actually the most efficient way to control nematodes. In this work, it was chosen to transform icotiana tabacum using plasmidial constructions for double strand RNA expression, aiming silencing target genes Isocitrate Lyase, Arginine Kinase, 14-3-3 Protein and Heat Shock Protein 90 of Meloidogyne incognita. Four regions of target genes were selected, isolated, subcloned in RNAi vector and are being used for plant transformation. In addition, it was done an expression analysis of the four target genes, normalized with housekeeping genes β- actin e 18S rRNA, using quantitative real time PCR. This experiment showed that these genes are differentially expressed when compared during egg, J2 and female phases. The major expression difference observed was the Isocitrate Lyase gene, which is a hundred times more expressed in egg or female when compared with J2.

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2016-09-21T11:29:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 414321 bytes, checksum: 1217b68cf39d80cb3ce2b85b1eae2eea (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-21T11:29:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 414321 bytes, checksum: 1217b68cf39d80cb3ce2b85b1eae2eea (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999-07-14 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Neste trabalho foram sintetizados a timoquinona [15] e os éteres derivados do timol, 2-benziloxi-1-isopropil-4-metilbenzeno [8; 35,8%], 2-etoxi- 1-isopropil-4-metilbenzeno [9; 18,8%], 1-isopropil-4-metil-2-octiloxibenzeno [10; 23,6%], 1-isopropil-4-metil-2-octadeciloxibenzeno [11; 33,0%], 2- (2’,3’,4’,5’,6’-pentafluorobenziloxi)-1-isopropil-4-metilbenzeno [12; 32,0%] e 1- isopropil-4-metil-2-metoxibenzeno [13; 75,8%]. Foram também sintetizados os sais derivados de piperazina: cloreto de piperazina [17], citrato de piperazina [18], fosfato de piperazina [19], oxalato de piperazina [20] e sulfato de piperazina [21]. Os éteres derivados do timol foram preparados através da síntese de Williamson, entre o timol e os compostos halogenados aromáticos e alifáticos. A timoquinona [15] foi obtida como produto da nitração do timol, utilizando ácido sulfúrico/nitrato de sódio. Os sais derivados da piperazina foram sintetizados mediante reação entre a piperazina e um ácido, apresentando rendimento quantitativo. Os ensaios biológicos dos produtos sintetizados e do timol foram realizados in vitro, com os nematóides Meloidogyne incognita raça 3 e Heterodera glycines, utilizando-se doses de 5 e 50 μg mL-1 dos compostos sintetizados. Nestes bioensaios, os índices de mortalidade para o Meloidogyne incognita variaram de 1,8 a 81,8% na concentração de 5 μg mL-1 e de 5,3 a 86,7% na concentração de 50 μg mL-1. Para Heterodera glycines estes índices variaram de 0 a 83% na concentração de 5 μg mL-1 e de 0 a 88% na concentração de 50 μg mL-1. Estes resultados permitiram observar a influência dos diferentes grupos substituintes, dos ânions e da concentração dos compostos sintetizados sobre sua atividade nematicida. Observou-se também diferença entre os mecanismos de ação destes compostos nas espécies Meloidogyne incognita e Heterodera glycines, sugerindo que uma abordagem diferente deve ser feita para a síntese de nematicidas que visam ao controle de Heterodera glycines. / In this work were synthesized the thymoquinone [15] and the derivatives ethers of the thymol, 2-benzyloxy-1-isopropyl-4-methylbenzene [8; 35.8%], 2- ethoxy-1-isopropyl-4-methylbenzene [9; 18.8%], 1-isopropyl-4-methyl-2- octyloxybenzene [10; 23.6%], 1-isopropyl-4-methyl-2-octadecyloxybenzene [11; 33.0%], 2-(2',3',4',5',6'-pentafluorobenzyloxy)-1-isopropyl-4-methylbenzene [12; 32.0%] and 1-isopropyl-4-methyl-2-methoxybenzene [13; 75.8%]. they were also synthesized the derived salts of piperazine: piperazine chloride [17], piperazine citrate [18], piperazine phosphate [19], piperazine oxalate [20] and piperazine sulphate [21]. The derived ethers of the thymol were prepared through the Williamson synthesis, between the thymol and the halogenates compounds aromatics and aliphatics. The thymoquinone [15] was obtained as product of the nitration of the thymol, using sulfuric acid/sodium nitrate. The derived salts of the piperazine were synthesized by means of reaction between the piperazine and an acid, presenting quantitative yeld. The biological assays of the synthesized products and of the thimol were carried in vitro, with the nematodes Meloidogyne incognita strain 3 and Heterodera glycines, using doses of 5 and 50 mg mL-1 of the synthesized compounds. In these bioassays, the mortality rate for Meloidogyne incognita varied from 1.8 to 81.8% at a 5 mg mL-1 concentration and of 5.3 to 86.7% at a 50 mg mL-1 concentration. For Heterodera glycines these rates varied from 0 to 83% at a 5 mg mL-1 concentration and from 0 to 88% at a 50 mg mL-1 concentration. These results allowed to observe the influence of the different substituents groups, of the anions and of the concentration of the synthesized compounds, on its nematicidal activity. It was also observed difference among the action mechanism of these compounds in Meloidogyne incognita and Heterodera glycines, suggesting that a different approach should be made for the synthesis of nematicides that seek the control of Heterodera glycines.

One of the most economically important pathogens of US soybeans is the Southern Root Knot Nematode [(Meloidogyne incognita) (Kofoid and White) Chitwood] (Mi). Evaluation and identification of resistance is highly important to the plant breeding program at SIUC. The main objective of this study was to screen within the greenhouse two F5:7 recombinant inbred line (RIL) (n=96) from crosses between LS90-1920 or LS97-1610 (resistant parents) with `Spencer' (susceptible parent) to identify sources of resistance for Mi. Additionally, the RILs were evaluated in two locations in southern Illinois (Harrisburg and Dowell) in 2011 for several agronomic characteristics including yield performance. The phenotypic data collected from field and greenhouse experiments was used to select for superior lines within the two populations. The screening data was also used to identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with Mi resistance. Initial screening of the 5,361 SNP markers indicated four SNP markers (ss247062763, ss247064854, ss247077423 and ss247067293) highly associated with resistance to Mi. The results will help accelerating selection practices, and have provided high yielding resistant lines for the creation of resistant commercial varieties.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-12-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:06:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ito_la_dr_jabo.pdf: 694680 bytes, checksum: 64d637dc7738e382e7a6af7219e55250 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Devido ao severo ataque de nematoides de galhas e cancro-da-haste na cultura do meloeiro rendilhado sob ambiente protegido, este projeto teve por objetivos selecionar porta-enxertos resistentes, a M. incognita, M. javanica e D. bryoniae e avaliar os efeitos da enxertia na produção do meloeiro rendilhado. Ensaio I: seleção de porta-enxertos resistentes a D. bryoniae. Foram testados 33 genótipos de cucurbitáceas e as mudas inoculadas foram avaliadas por escala de notas. Ensaio II: seleção de porta-enxertos resistentes a M. incognita e M. javanica, em 2010 e 2011. Foram testados os mesmos genótipos do ensaio I e a resistência avaliada por meio do fator de reprodução. Para M. javanica foram realizados os mesmos procedimentos anteriores. Ensaio III: efeito dos porta-enxertos na produção de melão rendilhado em duas épocas. Foram utilizados os genótipos selecionados nos Ensaios I e II, utilizados como porta-enxertos para ‘Bônus n° 2 ‘e ‘Fantasy’. O método de enxertia foi do tipo fenda cheia. Foram observadas as porcentagens de pegamento da enxertia e de brotação nos porta-enxertos. As plantas foram tutoradas com fitilho plástico, deixando-se dois frutos por planta. Foram avaliadas características quantitativas e qualitativas dos frutos de ambas as épocas de cultivo. Os porta-enxertos abóboras ‘Goianinha’, ‘Brasileirinha’ e ‘Maranhão’, progênie de melancia da Coréia e ‘Keij’ são resistentes à D. bryoniae. CNPH 01-962, CNPH 01-963, melão ‘Gaúcho Redondo’ e Benincasa hispida são resistentes a M. incognita e os melões ‘Redondo Amarelo’, e ‘Chilton’, a melancia ‘Charleston Gray’ e progênie da Coréia, Lagenaria siceraria, Luffa cylindrica (metro), B. hispida e Trichosanthes cucumerina, são resistentes a M. javanica. Melancia... / Root-knot nematodes and gummy stem blight attack severely net melon plants under protected cultivation. The aims of this research was to select resistant rootstocks to M. incognita, M. javanica, and D. bryoniae, and evaluate the effects net melon grafting production. Test I: selection of resistant rootstocks to D. bryoniae. Thirty-three cucurbit genotypes were evaluated and seedlings were assessed by a rating scale. Test II: selection of rootstocks resistant M. incognita and M. javanica in 2010 and 2011. Were tested the same 33 cucurbit genotypes. The resistance were evaluated by means of reproduction factor. M. javanica were performed for the same previous procedures. Test III: effects of rootstocks in the production of net melon in two cropping seasons. Were used only the materials resistant in test I and II, which were used as rootstock for net melons 'Bonus no. 2' and 'Fantasy'. The grafting method was cleft type. The percentages of fixation of grafting and shoots on rootstocks were evaluated. The plants were conducted with two fruits per plant. The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of fruit were evaluated. Rootstocks pumpkin 'Goianinha', 'Brasileirinha', 'Maranhão', progeny of watermelon Korea and 'Keij’, are resistant to D. bryoniae. CNPH 01-962, CNPH 01-963, melon 'Gaucho Redondo', and Benincasa hispida are resistant to M. incognita and melon 'Redondo Amarelo', 'Chilton', watermelon 'Charleston Gray', watermelon progeny Korea, Lagenaria siceraria, Luffa cylindrica (meter), B. hispida and Trichosanthes cucumerina, are resistant to M. javanica. Watermelon progeny Korea and B. hispida were resistant to... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)