Energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE) across the menstrual cycle (MC), while considering body adiposity, have not been previously evaluated in the same individuals. This study mainly examined the variations in energy balance (EB) across MC. Seventeen women (Body fat-DXA:28.5%) participated in three identical sessions during distinct phases of the MC: Early-follicular, Late-follicular/ovulation and Mid-luteal (confirmed by basal temperature and sex-steroid hormones). EI, resting metabolic rate (RMR), physical-activity EE (PAEE), severity of PMS, leptin and relative-reinforcing value (RRV) of preferred foods were measured during each phase. No differences in body fat, EI, RMR, PAEE, leptin and RRV of food were noted across MC. Trends were noted in preferred snack (p=0.06) and combined snack/fruit (p=0.06) intakes, while differences were noted in severity of PMS (p<0.05) across phases. Changes in EB across the MC were not noted. PMS was more severe, and preferred snack and combined snack/fruit intakes were slightly higher during mid-luteal phase.

Energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE) across the menstrual cycle (MC), while considering body adiposity, have not been previously evaluated in the same individuals. This study mainly examined the variations in energy balance (EB) across MC. Seventeen women (Body fat-DXA:28.5%) participated in three identical sessions during distinct phases of the MC: Early-follicular, Late-follicular/ovulation and Mid-luteal (confirmed by basal temperature and sex-steroid hormones). EI, resting metabolic rate (RMR), physical-activity EE (PAEE), severity of PMS, leptin and relative-reinforcing value (RRV) of preferred foods were measured during each phase. No differences in body fat, EI, RMR, PAEE, leptin and RRV of food were noted across MC. Trends were noted in preferred snack (p=0.06) and combined snack/fruit (p=0.06) intakes, while differences were noted in severity of PMS (p<0.05) across phases. Changes in EB across the MC were not noted. PMS was more severe, and preferred snack and combined snack/fruit intakes were slightly higher during mid-luteal phase.

Women are twice as likely as men to suffer from depression and anxiety disorders and have an increased risk of onset during periods associated with hormonal changes, such as the postpartum period and the menopausal transition. Furthermore, some women seem more sensitive to normal hormone fluctuations across the menstrual cycle, since approximately 3-5% suffers from premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Why these disorders are so common in women has not been established but there is a probable involvement of the ovarian hormones. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the effect of the ovarian hormones on the female brain during different reproductive states using psychological tests known to affect brain activity in different ways. Paper one examined the effect of the ovarian hormones on prepulse inhibition (PPI) on the acoustic startle response (ASR) and comprised cycling women and postmenopausal women. The cycling women had lower levels of PPI compared to postmenopausal women and postmenopausal women with moderate estradiol levels had lower PPI compared to postmenopausal women with low estradiol levels. Paper two examined the effect of anticipation and affective modulation on the ASR in women with PMDD and healthy controls. Women with PMDD have an increased modulation during anticipation of affective pictures compared to healthy controls during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Paper three examined brain activity during response inhibition among women with PMDD and healthy controls by the use of a Go/NoGo task and fMRI. Women with PMDD displayed a decreased activity in the left insula during follicular phase and an increased activity during the luteal phase compared to controls. Paper four comprised women in the postpartum period and non-pregnant controls to examine brain activity during response inhibition. While this study revealed decreased activity at 4 weeks postpartum compared to 48 hours postpartum we cannot ascertain the role of the ovarian steroids, since none of the significant brain areas correlated with ovarian steroid or neurosteroid serum concentrations. The results of this thesis demonstrate that the ovarian hormones, or at least various hormonal states, have a probable impact on how the female brain works.

Menstruation is all at once a cultural, social, historical, and biological process. Intertwined, these forces create menstrual experiences which are neither fixed nor universal, but rather adaptable and transformable not only between cultures, but from within cultures as well. How these factors interrelate, what menstrual discourse they create, and how that translates into women's everyday lives, becomes the focus of this research. Structured around the relationship between prescription and reality, this study examines the interplay of those who defined the menstrual discourse: doctors, mothers, and the sanitary napkin industry, and those who experienced it. / Listening to the lives of twenty-four women, born between 1910 and 1965, a complex and ambiguous tale of the menstrual experience emerges. Through their narratives, we learn the importance of early instruction by mothers; the emphasis placed on hygiene and concealment; the effect menstruation had on women's sexual, feminine, and (re)productive identity. Once women's voices are taken into consideration, it becomes clear that the dynamic between prescription deeming menstruation as unclean or deviant and women's reality is not straightforward. Women reacted to the menstrual discourse, at times they rejected it, other times adhered to it, but for the most part, simply transformed it to meet their daily needs.

Energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE) across the menstrual cycle (MC), while considering body adiposity, have not been previously evaluated in the same individuals. This study mainly examined the variations in energy balance (EB) across MC. Seventeen women (Body fat-DXA:28.5%) participated in three identical sessions during distinct phases of the MC: Early-follicular, Late-follicular/ovulation and Mid-luteal (confirmed by basal temperature and sex-steroid hormones). EI, resting metabolic rate (RMR), physical-activity EE (PAEE), severity of PMS, leptin and relative-reinforcing value (RRV) of preferred foods were measured during each phase. No differences in body fat, EI, RMR, PAEE, leptin and RRV of food were noted across MC. Trends were noted in preferred snack (p=0.06) and combined snack/fruit (p=0.06) intakes, while differences were noted in severity of PMS (p<0.05) across phases. Changes in EB across the MC were not noted. PMS was more severe, and preferred snack and combined snack/fruit intakes were slightly higher during mid-luteal phase.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Vita. "December 2005" Includes bibliographical references.

abstract: This is a project about medicine and the history of a condition called premenstrual syndrome (PMS), its “discovery” and conceptual development at both scientific and socio-cultural levels. Since it was first mentioned in medical literature, PMS has been explored empirically as a medical condition and conceptually as non-somatic cultural phenomenon. Many attempts have been made to produce scientific, empirical evidence to bolster the theory of PMS as a biological disease. Some non-medical perspectives argue that invoking biology as the cause of PMS medicalizes a natural function of the female reproductive system and shallowly interrogates what is actually a complex bio-psycho-social phenomenon. This thesis questions both sides of this debate in order to reveal how criteria for PMS were categorized despite disagreement surrounding its etiology. This thesis illustrates how the concept of PMS developed and was informed by the discovery of hormones and the resulting field of endocrinology that provided a framework for conceptualizing PMS. It displays how the development of the medical diagnostic category of PMS developed in tandem with the emergence of the field of endocrinology and was legitimized and effectively medicalized through this connection. The diagnosis of PMS became established though the diagnostic techniques like questionnaires in spite of persistent disagreement over its definition. The thesis shows how these medical concepts and practices legitimated the category of PMS, and how it has become ubiquitous in contemporary culture. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Biology 2016

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2016-08-19T14:32:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1477780 bytes, checksum: 072733eb10f71cba5db3572902a13053 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T14:32:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1477780 bytes, checksum: 072733eb10f71cba5db3572902a13053 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / Fluctuations in the levels of gonadal steroid hormones during the menstrual cycle may influence, among other issues, the auditory information processing in the brain. However, the specific mechanisms have not been fully elucidated and the results are controversial. This study purposed to investigate the auditory perception in women during the menstrual cycle. In this research we developed two articles: the first is a systematic review entitled "auditory perception evaluation in women during the menstrual cycle: a systematic review", which purposed to pursue studies that show the relationship between hormones and auditory perception. The final sample of this systematic review consisted of seven articles. It was found that gonadal steroid hormones can interfere with the auditory perception of women, pointing to the dichotic tests as the one used for assessing auditory perception in this population. This article has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Otolaryngology. The second article was developed with empirical data from field research, which aimed to investigate the dichotic listening women during the menstrual cycle. The participants were 20 volunteers, 09 female and 11 male. They underwent a basic audiological evaluation, blood plasma collection (women only) and evaluation of dichotic listening through three behavioral tests: dichotic SSW, dichotic digits and consonant-vowel. There was improved performance of the right ear in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle for the SSW test, with significant results. Moreover, when the ears were compared at each stage, there is better performance right ear in both phases and groups for the consonant-vowel pattern, showing significant results. This article will be submitted to codas journal. / As flutuações nos níveis dos hormônios esteroides gonadais durante o ciclo menstrual podem influenciar, dentre outras questões, o processamento da informação auditiva no cérebro. No entanto, os mecanismos específicos não foram totalmente elucidados e os resultados ainda são controversos. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a percepção auditiva em mulheres durante o ciclo menstrual. Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos dois artigos: o primeiro é uma revisão sistemática, intitulada “Avaliação da percepção auditiva em mulheres durante o ciclo menstrual: revisão sistemática”, que teve o objetivo de buscar pesquisas que evidenciam a relação entre hormônios e percepção auditiva. Foram selecionados 7 artigos para revisão sistemática. Verificou-se que os hormônios esteroides gonadais podem influenciar a percepção auditiva das mulheres, apontando os testes dicóticos como o único utilizado para a avaliação da percepção auditiva nesta população. O segundo artigo foi desenvolvido com dados empíricos de uma pesquisa de campo, o qual teve por objetivo de investigar a escuta dicótica de mulheres durante o ciclo menstrual. Participaram da pesquisa 20 voluntários, sendo 09 do sexo feminino e 11 do sexo masculino. Os mesmos foram submetidos a uma avaliação audiológica básica, coleta de plasma sanguíneo (apenas as mulheres) e a avaliação da escuta dicótica através de três testes comportamentais: dicótico de dissílabos alternados (SSW), dicótico de dígitos (DD) e consoante-vogal (CV). Observou-se melhor desempenho da orelha direita na fase folicular do ciclo menstrual para o teste SSW, apresentando resultados significativos. Além disso, quando as orelhas foram comparadas entre si em cada fase, observou-se melhor desempenho da orelha direita em ambas as fases e grupos (homens e mulheres) para o teste consoante-vogal, apresentando resultados significativos.

INTRODUÇÃO: As células-tronco mesenquimais são capazes de regenerar diferentes tipos de tecidos, no entanto, a maioria dos métodos para sua obtenção são invasivos. Recentemente, foi descoberta a existência destas células no sangue menstrual. OBJETIVO: Padronizar as técnicas de coleta e transporte do fluido menstrual, bem como a caracterização, isolamento, expansão e criopreservação de células-tronco do fluido menstrual e avaliar a disponibilidade de células tronco mesenquimais no fluido menstrual. MÉTODOS: No período de agosto de 2011 a março de 2012 foram selecionadas 20 voluntárias com ciclo menstrual regular, sem doença ginecológica. O fluido menstrual foi coletado no dia de maior fluxo e submetido a imunofenotipagem e cultivo celular. Foram realizadas duas passagens em meio de cultura até atingir semi-confluência das células-tronco, as quais foram, em seguida, criopreservadas. RESULTADOS: Os parâmetros analisados apresentaram os seguintes valores médios: volume de fluido menstrual 6,90±5,60mL; tempo de transporte 17,20±5,50h; número de células totais 3,95 x106±3,88 x106 com 76,05%±24,57 de células viáveis. Após a cultura, as células mesenquimais aumentaram de 0,14%±0,26 para 96,19%±2,14. Na primeira passagem de cultura, após 15 a 21 dias, as colônias formaram grupos que atingiram a confluência, que a partir da segunda passagem ocorreu em cerca de 3 dias. As células-tronco mesenquimais criopreservadas eram viáveis. CONCLUSÃO: As células-tronco do fluido menstrual podem ser obtidas sem métodos invasivos. O fluido menstrual pode ser transportado em condições ideais de temperatura até 24 horas após a coleta. As células tronco mesenquimais podem ser caracterizadas por imunofenotipagem, isoladas, cultivadas e expandidas e, em seguida, criopreservadas. O fluido menstrual contém células tronco mesenquimais viáveis e apropriadas para cultivo / INTRODUCTION: Mesenchymal stem cells may renovate different tissues, but techniques to obtain these cells are invasive. Recently, those cells were detected in menstrual blood. OBJECTIVE: Patterning techniques of collection, transportation, characterization, isolation, expansion and cryopreservation of stem cells in menstrual fluid. METHODS: From August 2011 to March 2012 twenty volunteers were selected with regular menstrual cycle without gynecological diseases. They collected menstrual fluid on the most intense flux day to analysis by immunophenotyping and cellular culture. Culture was made in 2 stages until reached semi-confluence of stem cells and these cells were cryopreserved. RESULTS: Average of menstrual fluid volume was 6,90±5,60mL, transportation time was 17,20±5,50h, and total number of cells was 3,95 x106±3,88 x106 witch 76,05%±24,57 were viables. After culture, mesenchymal stem cells increased from 0,14%±0,26 to 96,19%±2,14. After 15 to 21 days of culture in first passage, colonies formed clusters that reached confluence. In second passage, it happens after 3 days of culture and stem cells were cryopreserved. CONCLUSION: Stem cells of menstrual fluid may be easily obtained without invasive methods. Menstrual fluid can be transported in good conditions of temperature up to 24 hours of collection. Mesenchymal stem cells of menstrual fluid may be characterized by immunophenotyping, as well as it is possible to isolated, cultivate and cryopreserved them. Menstrual fluid has viable and proper for culture mesenchymal stem cells

Energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE) across the menstrual cycle (MC), while considering body adiposity, have not been previously evaluated in the same individuals. This study mainly examined the variations in energy balance (EB) across MC. Seventeen women (Body fat-DXA:28.5%) participated in three identical sessions during distinct phases of the MC: Early-follicular, Late-follicular/ovulation and Mid-luteal (confirmed by basal temperature and sex-steroid hormones). EI, resting metabolic rate (RMR), physical-activity EE (PAEE), severity of PMS, leptin and relative-reinforcing value (RRV) of preferred foods were measured during each phase. No differences in body fat, EI, RMR, PAEE, leptin and RRV of food were noted across MC. Trends were noted in preferred snack (p=0.06) and combined snack/fruit (p=0.06) intakes, while differences were noted in severity of PMS (p<0.05) across phases. Changes in EB across the MC were not noted. PMS was more severe, and preferred snack and combined snack/fruit intakes were slightly higher during mid-luteal phase.