El presente proyecto de un parche hecho con fibras naturales y aceites esenciales de eucalipto, mentol y uña de gato muestra su viabilidad en base a una investigación hecha a mujeres limeñas de los niveles socioeconómicos A y B. De esta manera, el análisis permitió identificar un grupo de mujeres que sufren de cólicos menstruales intensos y a quienes las pastillas, y demás métodos usuales para combatirlos, no les funcionan. Asimismo, se identificó que habría disponibilidad a cambiar los medicamentos tradicionales por un producto natural que sea de fácil uso y que les permita realizar sus actividades cotidianas sin problema. Por último, se vio que el público objetivo identificado prefiere ahorrar tiempo al momento de adquirir los medicamentos o cualquier otro método que use para combatir los cólicos, por lo que mostraron interés en comprarlo y recibirlo en su casa directamente. Para poner en marcha el proyecto, se procedió a hacer una investigación de mercado, industria, consumidor, competidores, así como de proveedores. Adicionalmente, se elaboraron planes estratégicos para desarrollar el proyecto: Plan Estratégico, Plan de Marketing, Plan de Operaciones, Plan de Recursos Humanos, Plan Financiero y Plan de Responsabilidad Social, los cuales contienen estrategias y objetivos concisos para poder encaminar el proyecto. Como resultado de lo descrito anteriormente, con una inversión inicial de S/. 49,149, se obtendrán utilidades netas de S/. 39,990 para el primer año, S/. 129,811 para el segundo y S/. 304,186 para el tercero. / The present project of a patch made of natural fibers and three essential oils: eucalyptus, menthol and cat’s claw, shows its viability based on our research on women who live in Lima and belong to socioeconomic status A and B. In this way, the analysis allowed us to identify a group of women who suffer from intense menstrual cramps and whom pills and other traditional methods don’t help to ease the pain. Likewise, we identified that women are willing to change usual medicine to an easy-to-use product which allows them to continue doing their daily activities. Finally, we noticed the target segment prefers to save time when buying their usual medicine or any other method they use to ease menstrual cramps. That is why they showed interest in buying our product online and getting it delivered to their houses. To begin with the project, we carried out a market research, industry, consumer, competitors and suppliers research. Additionally, we elaborated strategic plans to develop our project: Strategic Plan, Marketing Plan, Operations Plan, Human Resources Plan, Finances Plan and Social Responsibility Plan, which contain precise strategies and objectives to lead the project. As a result of what’s been described previously, investing S/. 49,149, we will get net profits of S/. 39,990 for the first year, S/. 129,811 for the second year, and S/. 304,186 for the third year. / Trabajo de investigación

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第21611号 / 理博第4518号 / 新制||理||1648(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 正高 信男, 准教授 後藤 幸織, 教授 髙井 正成 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

INTRODUCTION: The menstrual cycle and pregnancy are processes unique to women. Both these processes involve various hormones as well as the coagulation system. Throughout normal pregnancy, platelet activation and increase in blood coagulation factors contributes to the hypercoagulable state observed on a physiological level. METHODS: Fibrin networks and platelets were analysed by electron microscopy and flow cytometry to determine any differences found in different phases of pregnancy compared to healthy control individuals. The fibrin networks from different phases of the menstrual cycle as well as different phases of pregnancy were investigated. RESULTS: It was found that ultrastructural changes in fibrin fiber morphology result from estrogen changes during the menstrual cycle. During pregnancy the minor thin fibers were prominent and thick matted layers of coagulant formation were evident. A large quantity of protein globular clusters similar to those seen in the menstrual cycle was present. Changes observed in platelet ultrastructure during pregnancy showed pregnancy-specific modifications. Platelets were activated and internal organelles showed variation from control participants. Flow cytometric analysis of platelets verified pregnancy-specific modifications. Close interactions between platelets and erythrocytes were evident. CONCLUSION: The female body is equipped to handle alterations in the coagulation system as can be extrapolated from the pregnancy-specific modifications. This study is the first to show alterations in fibrin network and platelet ultrastructure during and after pregnancy when compared to non-pregnant controls. The physiological changes during normal pregnancy can be used as a standard for comparison to abnormal or ailing pregnancy. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2013 / Physiology / Unrestricted

We report on 3 subjects with premenstrual magnification of major depression (PMMD) treated with nefazodone who benefited from a supplement of additional nefazodone premenstrually. During the 6-month study, subjects were given supplements of either additional nefazodone or placebo prior to the expected onset of menses (double-blind crossover design). Symptoms were assessed during the late luteal and follicular phases. All subjects showed significant improvement for the months in which they received nefazodone supplements, but not when given placebo. Premenstrual dose increase is a clinically promising intervention for women who experience PMMD.

The present experiment was conducted to determine the relationship between the human menstrual cycle and gustatory hedonic response. Hedonic response was defined as the perceived pleasantness or unpleasantness of a taste stimulus. Gender differences in taste hedonic have been observed; these may be due to differences in endocrine systems. Animal taste preferences are altered when reproductive hormonal status is experimentally manipulated. Previous researchers report that human females' hedonic responses to sucrose vary systematically with phase of menstrual cycle.

Bakgrund: Periodisering av träning kan vara av intresse för tränande kvinnor och deras coacher då hormonerna fluktuerar under menscykelns faser. Mycket forskning om styrketräning är gjorda på män. Att studera ökning av muskelstyrka hos kvinnor är komplext då deras hormoner fluktuerar månadsvis och anses kunna påverka studieresultat under menstruationscykeln. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att sammanställa studierna som finns inom ämnet och därefter dra nytta av kvinnors hormoner för att optimera muskelstyrka och att undvika risken för nya skador eller drabbas av de risker styrketräning kan minska. Syfte: Att granska och sammanställa studier gällande eventuella skillnader i muskelstyrka under menscykelns olika faser samt gällande eventuell effekt av periodiserad träning på muskelstyrkan i menscykeln faser.  Metod: En systematisk översiktsstudie med både interventionsstudier och observationsstudier inkluderade. En första sökning gjordes på PubMed och fem studier valdes ut och kvalitetsgranskades enligt PEDro scale. Därefter utökades sökningen för observationsstudier vilket gjordes på Google scholar. Där framkom ytterligare fyra studier och dessa granskades enligt SBU:s granskningsmall för observationsstudier.  Resultat: Resultatet tyder på att det inte finns någon tydlig skillnad mellan faserna då resultatet skiljde sig mellan de olika studierna. Forskningen inom ämnet är för bristfällig för att komma till någon adekvat slutsats gällande resultatet.  Konklusion: Vidare forskning, samt fler studier med samma utfallsmått behövs för att kunna dra slutsatser utifrån frågeställningarna. / Background: To periodize training can be of interest for athletic females and their coaches because the hormones fluctuate during the menstrual cycle. A large part of the research in strength training has been done on men. To study an increase in muscle strength in women is complex because their hormones fluctuate monthly and are considered to be able to influence study results during the menstrual cycle. The purpose of this literature study was to compile the studies available in the subject and then take advantage of women's hormones to optimize muscle strength and to avoid the risk of new injuries or suffer from the risks strength training can reduce.  Objective: The aim of this study was to review and to compile studies regarding the possible differences in muscle strength during the menstrual cycle and the possible effect of periodized training applied to the different phases of the menstrual cycle.  Method: A systematic review study included observational studies and intervention studies. The search was done on PubMed and five studies were included, then quality reviewed according to PEDro scale. The search for observational studies were made on Google scholar and four studies were selected, then reviewed according to the SBU’s review template for observational studies.  Results: The results indicated that there is no evident difference between the phases as the results were different between the different studies. The research on the subject is too insufficient to make an adequate conclusion. Conclusion: Further research, as well as more studies with the same outcome measure, are needed to be able to come to a conclusion based on the issues.

No description available.

Bakgrund:Menstruationscykelns påverkan på prestationenhos kvinnor inom träning och idrott har börjat bli ett mer beforskat ämne. Men det finns fortfarande brist på evidens och kunskap om hur den påverkar på prestationen samt hur kvinnornas egen upplevelse av påverkan på prestationenär. Syfte:Att undersökaden senaste forskningen gällande menstruationscykelns påverkan på prestationen samt kvinnors upplevelser av dess påverkan på prestationen inom träning och idrott. Metod:En systematisk litteratursökning gjordes i fyra databaser, både sökning av kvalitativa och kvantitativa artiklar genomfördes. Efter sökning och exkludering av artiklar resulterade det i 16 artiklar som sedan kvalitetsgranskades enligt GRADE. Resultat:Menstruationscykeln påverkar idrottsprestation negativt mestadels i sen luteal-fas och tidig follikel-fas. Detta ses framförallt i de kvalitativa artiklarna.Slutsats: Det föreligger fortsatt en oklarhet gällande menstruationscykelns påverkan på prestation. Fler studier behövs med ökad samstämmighet för att komma vidare i forskningen och möjliggöra större slutsatser och ökad evidens.

Bakgrund: Kännedom om menstruationscykelns samband med muskuloskeletal funktion kan vara relevant i det fysioterapeutiska arbetet för att uppnå en mer patientspecifik behandling och minimera skaderisken för menstruerande kvinnor. Tidigare översikter har huvudsakligen fokuserat på kroppsfunktion, denna studie ämnar istället att fokusera på funktionella tester. Syfte: Att utvärdera och kvalitétsgranska befintlig litteratur om eventuella samband mellan menstruationscykelns faser och muskuloskeletal funktion Metod: Litteraturstudie användes som design i studien. Systematiska sökningar gjordes i den medicinska databasen PubMed och sökresultatet granskades utifrån urvalskriterierna. De inkluderade artiklarnas risk för bias bedömdes utefter SBU:s granskningsmall för observationsstudier och tillförlitligheten för studiernas sammanvägda resultat utvärderades med GRADEstud.   Resultat: Två av de inkluderade studierna, oberoende av utfallsmått och mätmetod, visar på en tendens till nedsatt muskuloskeletal funktion under menstruationsfasen. Resterande resultat av de olika studierna visar däremot på variationer mellan övriga faser och inget mönster kan utläsas. Det föreligger en låg tillförlitlighet i det sammanvägda resultatet av de studier vars resultat jämförts.  Konklusion: Det går inte att med säkerhet dra några slutsatser om menstruationscykelns samband med muskuloskeletal funktion från denna litteraturöversikt, men resultatet tyder på att det kan finnas en tendens till  nedsatt muskuloskeletal funktion under menstruationsfasen. / Background: Knowledge of the relationship between the menstrual cycle and musculoskeletal function can be relevant in physiotherapy to achieve more patient-specific treatment and minimize the risk of injury for menstruating women. Previous reviews have mainly focused on bodily function, but this study intends to focus on functional tests.  Purpose: To evaluate the quality of existing literature on possible relationships between the phases of the menstrual cycle and musculoskeletal function. Method: The design of the study was a literature study design. Systematic search was made in the medical database PubMed and the search results were reviewed based on the selection criterias. The included articles' risk of bias was  assessed according to SBU's review template for observational studies, and the reliability of the studie´s’ combined results was evaluated with GRADEstud. Results: Two of the included studies, regardless of outcome measure and measurement methods, showed a tendency towards impaired musculoskeletal function during the menstrual phase. However, the remaining results of the studies show variations between the other phases and no pattern can be discerned. There is low reliability in the combined results of the studies whose results are compared. Conclusion: It is not possible to draw any certain conclusions  about the relationships between the menstrual cycle and musculoskeletal function from this literature review, but the results suggest that there could be reduced musculoskeletal function during the menstrual phase.

The purpose of the study is to investigate whether it is economically profitable to implement a paid period leave for women with severe menstrual pain in Sweden. In order to evaluate the economic effect of such legislation, a cost benefit analysis is conducted where benefits are weighed against costs in monetary terms. This study will only concern employed women in Sweden of childbearing age between 20–54 years who theoretically could experience severe menstrual pain. The data has been taken from Socialstyrelsen, Statistiska centralbyrån, Försäkringskassan, Skatteverket, Statens beredning för medicinsk utvärdering, Tandvårds- och läkemedelsförmånsverket as well as from other relevant studies. In total, the net present value of a three-day paid menstrual leave amounted to approximately SEK 3,84 billion, and the benefit-cost ratio amounted to 1.10. As the benefit-cost ratio is close to one, it becomes difficult to make a recommendation for or against the implementation of a three-day paid period leave for employed women in Sweden.