A totally new solid stationary phase deposition technique for micro machined gas chromatography (GC) columns fabrication was proposed: to overcome the limitations of conventional liquid (or occasionally solid) stationary phases in terms of very volatile compounds retention and/or clean room batch production, an approach consisting of the collective direct deposition of the adsorbent in micro columns channels by sputtering was performed. The process was fully compatible with clean room fabrication flow and industry-ready, with very good precision results. Silica, alumina, graphite and magnesia were proven able to separate volatile hydrocarbons. Various types of columns (structure, stationary phase) were fabricated in the form of 2x2 cm² silicon-Pyrex chips, and their thermodynamic and kinetic evaluations were reported. Retentions were observed to increase from magnesia to graphite through alumina and silica and with phase ratio decrease, as expected; very satisfying efficiencies were obtained: more than 5700 plates, and 250 µm-high plates. The possibility to use such columns for fast in-situ and autonomous monitoring of light hydrocarbons in oilfield environments was demonstrated by the implementation of a chip temperature-programming system and various versatility tests (high temperatures, carrier gas, humidity): a complete C1-C9 linear alkanes separation was performed in less than 15 seconds, as well as complex mixtures fast separations (isomers, unsaturated), and an industrial confidential application was developed and patented. Therefore, sputter-deposited stationary phase micro columns opened numerous perspectives for the developments of miniaturized GC apparatuses.

We all take for granted that if we press the switch, the lights turn on; that to charge our phone we just need to plug-in the charger and that food is always safely stored in our fridge. but what would happen in the event of a blackout? are we really conscious of how much we rely on electricity? could we survive without it, even for a few days?The current electricity network is strongly centralised, with electricity generated in large power plants and distributed through transmission networks to the final consumers. With increasing energy demand and renewable energies entering the scene, centralised systems have proven to be very stiff: lacking the flexibility to adapt to sudden demand fluctuations and being unable to deal with strong peaks, with the consequent risk of blackouts.Small, decentralised energy systems can be placed closed to the consumers, avoiding distribution losses and adding flexibility to the network. In particular, small cogeneration units can simultaneously generate heat and electricity; thus, also fulfilling our heating requirements and increasing energy efficiency. However, when there is no or little heat demand (e.g. during the summer), the heat produced by the cogeneration engines cannot be utilised and they need to be shut down. This is the reason why small-scale cogeneration cycles are rarely seen and have not been widely adopted yet.This PhD focuses on the injection of water in a specific small-scale cogeneration technology, the micro gas turbine (mGT) cycle. Thanks to water injection, the production of heat and electricity is decoupled; therefore, the operation of the units is not anymore dependant on the heating demand and they can be used any time during the year. The objective of this thesis is to analyse the numerical, experimental and economic aspects of the so-known micro Humid Air Turbine cycle. The aim is to bring mGTs closer to the market so as to contribute to a more secure, future energy network, where blackouts are avoided at all times. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Submitted by BENJAMIN KUNTE null (benjamin.kunte@gmail.com) on 2015-12-21T20:22:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Benjamin_Dissertation_Final_Version.pdf: 2440898 bytes, checksum: 129503961064a9371fbb24f9408bfbc6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cássia Adriana de Sant ana Gatti (cgatti@marilia.unesp.br) on 2015-12-22T13:12:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Benjamin_Dissertation_Final_Version.pdf: 2440898 bytes, checksum: 129503961064a9371fbb24f9408bfbc6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-22T13:12:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Benjamin_Dissertation_Final_Version.pdf: 2440898 bytes, checksum: 129503961064a9371fbb24f9408bfbc6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-18 / Os métodos mais promissores para reduzir gases de efeito estufa, bem como combater o iminente esgotamento das reservas de energia fóssil, são: a) o uso de combustíveis alternativos obtidos a partir da biomassa, como o biogás ou gás de síntese (syngas); b) o aumento da eficiência do sistema através da redução da percentagem de energia útil perdido para o ambiente. Enquanto a otimização da eficiência de uma determinada máquina da central elétrica, por exemplo, turbina a gás ou compressor, é um desenvolvimento muito demorado, a cogeração pode rápida e significativamente aumentar a eficiência global da central. Neste trabalho, análise termodinâmica, econômica e de emissões de um sistema de cogeração baseado em uma microturbina a gás de 200 kW combinado com uma caldeira de recuperação são conduzidas. Além disso, a operação de biogás e syngas é comparada com a operação de gás natural para investigar a pertinência destes dois combustíveis alternativos para o uso em micro turbinas a gás. A central de cogeração proposta mostrou-se tecnicamente viável para todos os combustíveis, porque a microturbina selecionada é disponível em várias versões, específicas para cada combustível, com sistemas de injeção de combustível otimizados. A central apresentou eficiências energéticas globais de 50,9%, 48,6% e 47,9% para operação com gás natural, biogás e syngas, respectivamente. Devido aos preços muito elevados do gás natural e do syngas, a central de cogeração apresentou viabilidade econômica apenas no caso de operação com biogás, com curtos períodos de retorno de aproximadamente 2,8 anos e alta economia anual esperada. Além disso, o biogás tem a maior eficiência ecológica e, portanto, apresentou-se como a melhor alternativa aos combustíveis fósseis. / The most promising methods to reduce greenhouse gases as well as counteract against the imminent depletion of fossil fuels are: a) the use of alternative fuels obtained from biomass, such as biogas or bio-syngas; b) enhancing the power plant efficiency by decreasing the percentage of useful energy lost to the environment. Whereas efficiency optimisation of a particular machine in a power plant, e.g. gas turbine or compressor, is a very longsome development, cogeneration can quickly and significantly increase the overall efficiency of a power plant. In this work, energetic, exergetic, emissions and economic analyses of a cogeneration system consisting of a 200 kW micro gas turbine combined with a heat recovery steam generator are introduced and conducted. Furthermore, biogas and syngas operation are compared to natural gas operation, to investigate the adequacy of these two alternative fuels for use in micro gas turbines. The proposed cogeneration plant proved to be technically feasible for all fuels, because the selected micro gas turbine Capstone C200 is available in various, fuel-specific versions with optimised fuel injection systems. The plant presented overall energetic efficiencies of 50.9%, 48.6% and 47.9% for natural gas, biogas and syngas operation, respectively. Due to very high natural gas and syngas prices, the cogeneration plant presented economic feasibility only in case of biogas operation, with short payback periods of approximately 2.8 years and high expected annual saving. Moreover, biogas has the highest ecologic efficiency and was therefore found to be the best alternative to fossil fuels.

Une nouvelle technique de dépôt de phases stationnaires solides pour la fabrication de micro colonnes de chromatographie en phase gazeuse a été proposée : pour dépasser les limites des phases stationnaires liquides conventionnelles (ou occasionnellement solides) en termes de rétention des composés très volatiles et/ou de fabrication par lots en salle blanche, une approche consistant en le dépôt direct de l'adsorbant sur le substrat par pulvérisation cathodique a été mise en œuvre. La méthode est par nature compatible avec le procédé de fabrication en salle blanche et industrialisable, et a montré de bons résultats en termes de précision. La séparation d'hydrocarbures volatiles a été rendue possible sur silice, alumine, graphite et magnésie. Différents types de colonnes (structure, phase stationnaire) ont été fabriquées sous la forme de puces en silicium de 2x2 cm², et leurs caractérisations thermodynamique et cinétique ont été réalisées. Des efficacités très satisfaisantes ont été obtenues (plus de 5700 plateaux, des hauteurs de plateau de 250 µm). La possibilité d'utiliser des colonnes à phase stationnaire déposée par pulvérisation cathodique pour l'analyse automatisée en temps réel d'hydrocarbures légers sur site pétrolier a été démontrée par l'implémentation d'un système de programmation en température de la puce et divers tests d'adaptabilité (haute température, gaz vecteur, humidité) : une séparation complète des alcanes linéaires C1-C9 en moins de 15 secondes a été obtenue, ainsi que des séparations de mélanges plus complexes (isomères, insaturés). Une application industrielle confidentielle a été brevetée et développée. / A totally new solid stationary phase deposition technique for micro machined gas chromatography (GC) columns fabrication was proposed: to overcome the limitations of conventional liquid (or occasionally solid) stationary phases in terms of very volatile compounds retention and/or clean room batch production, an approach consisting of the collective direct deposition of the adsorbent in micro columns channels by sputtering was performed. The process was fully compatible with clean room fabrication flow and industry-ready, with very good precision results. Silica, alumina, graphite and magnesia were proven able to separate volatile hydrocarbons. Various types of columns (structure, stationary phase) were fabricated in the form of 2x2 cm² silicon-Pyrex chips, and their thermodynamic and kinetic evaluations were reported. Retentions were observed to increase from magnesia to graphite through alumina and silica and with phase ratio decrease, as expected; very satisfying efficiencies were obtained: more than 5700 plates, and 250 µm-high plates. The possibility to use such columns for fast in-situ and autonomous monitoring of light hydrocarbons in oilfield environments was demonstrated by the implementation of a chip temperature-programming system and various versatility tests (high temperatures, carrier gas, humidity): a complete C1-C9 linear alkanes separation was performed in less than 15 seconds, as well as complex mixtures fast separations (isomers, unsaturated), and an industrial confidential application was developed and patented. Therefore, sputter-deposited stationary phase micro columns opened numerous perspectives for the developments of miniaturized GC apparatuses.

This work represents the integration of a hybrid system based on Micro Gas Turbine system available at the division of Heat and Power Technology at KTH and Solid Oxide Fuel Cell.  The MGT available is an externally fired recuperated and the SOFC is of planar type. Before the integration, these two different candidates of environmentally friendly power generation systems are discussed separately. The advantages and performances of the two separate systems are presented. The operation conditions as pressure and temperature are fixed at different stations based on the previous experiments. Keeping the parameters constant a reduction of fuel to the combustor could be achieved. Finally, layout of the hybrid system diagram is suggested and orientation of a computer designed layout is also presented. An efficiency of 65% from SOFC has been achieved and reductions of the fuel by more than 50% to the MGT are noteworthy.

Polygeneration systems attract attention recently because of their high efficiency and low emission compare to the conventional power generation technology. Three different polygeneration systems based on low temperature solid oxide fuel cell, atmospheric solid oxide fuel cell/ micro gas turbine, and pressurized solid oxide fuel cell/ micro gas turbine are mathematically modeled in this study using MATLAB (version 7.12.0.635). These systems are designed to provide space heating, cooling and hot domestic water simultaneously. This report provides the design aspects of such systems. Furthermore, the effects of some important operating properties on the polygeneration systems performance are investigated.

This paper presents an analysis of the potential of Micro Gas Turbines (MGT) with regards to performance, economic and durability considerations. The performance potential was assessed by calculating the cycle efficiency based on the Brayton cycle and the mechanical efficiency of the expansion turbine. The economic potential was evaluated by calculating the specific fuel consumption and estimating the cost and manufacturability of the turbine components. The durability and reliability of the components were assessed by considering the effects of transient thermal stresses and unstable ignition. The results indicated that ceramic materials can achieve a 63% increase in efficiency over nickel-based alloys and a 39% reduction in specific fuel consumption. It was also found that the grinding process on the metal-ceramic shaft connection is the most expensive as it relies on diamond grinding, while ceramic turbines can have an initial procurement cost advantage whenproduced in higher volumes. Finally, it was found that ceramic materials are less reliable due to their higher hardness and sensitivity to pressure spikes, and therefore require careful consideration when designing the components. / I detta dokument presenteras en analys av potentialen hos mikrogasturbiner (MGT) med avseende på prestanda, ekonomi och hållbarhet. Prestandapotentialen bedömdes genom att beräkna cykelns effektivitet baserad på Braytoncykeln och expansionsturbinens mekaniska effektivitet. Den ekonomiska potentialen utvärderades genom att beräkna den specifika bränsleförbrukningen och uppskatta kostnaden och tillverkningsbarheten för turbinkomponenterna. Komponenternas hållbarhet och tillförlitlighet bedömdes genom att man beaktade effekterna av tillfälliga termiska påfrestningar och instabil tändning. Resultaten visade att keramiska material kan öka effektiviteten med 63% jämfört med nickelbaserade legeringar och minskaden specifika bränsleförbrukningen med 39%. Det konstaterades också att slipningen av axelförbindelsen mellan metall och keramik är den dyraste eftersom den bygger på diamantslipning, medan keramiska turbiner kan ha en kostnadsfördel vid den första anskaffningen när de tillverkas i större volymer. Slutligen konstaterades det att keramiska material är mindre tillförlitliga på grund av deras högre hårdhet och känslighet för tryckspikar, och att det därför krävs noggranna överväganden vid utformningen av komponenterna.

This thesis in microscale gas chromatography (μGC) creates a paradigm shift in rapidly analyzing chemicals in the environment or analytes. We are looking for unexpected chemical changes that have been added purposefully or unintentionally. The work examines various aspects of μGC technology, including the optimization of ionic liquid stationary phase coatings for microfabricated columns, achieving up to 8300 theoretical plates per meter for naphthalene using 1-butylpyridinum bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [BPY][NTf2] at 240°C. The development of portable systems for fuel adulteration detection is demonstrated, capable of discriminating 5% kerosene adulterated diesel fuel with four seconds of chromatogram analysis. The research also presents a novel parallel column configuration using three ionic liquid-coated semi-packed columns, each 1 m long and 240 μm deep, for complex gas analysis of up to 46 compounds. Key innovations discussed include optimized coating procedure of GC separation columns and implementation of GC based miniaturized electronic nose with the integration of machine learning algorithms. An evaluation of a prototype modular electric and fluidic μGC was evaluated and validated for benzene toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX). This research highlights the versatility of μGCs in applications ranging from environmental monitoring to quality control in the fuel industry, showcasing their potential as powerful tools for on-site chemical analysis with improved selectivity, resolution, and portability. / Doctor of Philosophy / This thesis advances the development of miniature chemical analytical systems, specifically gas chromatography, which is the gold standard for detecting volatile organic compounds in the environment. The work encompasses comprehensive improvements to these systems, from optimizing fabrication and coating of separation columns for better chemical separation to developing rapid prototyping methods for both hardware and software components. Through the integration of machine learning and innovative system designs, the thesis demonstrates significant improvements in detection capabilities, including identifying fuel tampering within seconds and monitoring harmful air pollutants at parts-per-billion levels over extended periods. These advances pave the way for making sophisticated chemical analysis accessible outside of traditional laboratories, enabling direct testing at locations where immediate results are crucial for safety and quality control.

Dans les turbomachines conventionnelles, l’estimation des performances (rendement, puissance et rapport de pression) se fait en général en admettant l’adiabaticité de l’écoulement. Mais, de nombreuses études ayant montré l’influence négative des échanges thermiques internes et externes sur les performances des petites turbomachines dans les faibles charges et aux bas régimes, cette hypothèse ne peut plus être recevable. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de contribuer à lever l’hypothèse d’adiabaticité.Une étude préalable de l’état de l’art a permis de relever les différents types de transferts thermiques dans les turbomachines et de circonscrire notre étude.Puis, une analyse exergétique généralisée, ayant pour but la prise en compte des deux principes de la thermodynamique, a été effectuée et l’évolution de l’indice de performance caractérisant le niveau d’énergie récupérable en fonction des échanges thermiques est étudiée.Les performances des turbomachines à fluide compressible sont généralement représentées sous forme graphique dans des systèmes de coordonnées adimensionnelles établies avec l’hypothèse d’adiabaticité. Ces cartographies couramment utilisées par les exploitants et constructeurs ne conviennent pas aux machines fonctionnant avec transferts thermiques. L’étude de la similitude des turbomachines thermiques à fluide compressible présentée dans ce travail, propose de nouvelles coordonnées adimensionnelles pouvant être utilisées aussi bien en adiabatique que dans les écoulements avec transferts thermiques.Enfin, nous proposons un protocole de mesures et un modèle numérique pour l’évaluation des transferts thermiques dans un turbocompresseur.Certains résultats obtenus montrent que les performances calculées avec l’hypothèse d’adiabaticité de l’écoulement du fluide sont surestimées. Les nouvelles lois de la similitude proposées généralisent le théorème de Rateau au fluide compressible fonctionnant dans n’importe quelle condition et permettent de calculer les échanges thermiques à chaud à partir des résultats d’essai à froid. Une donnée supplémentaire (température de refoulement) est néanmoins nécessaire pour la prédiction complète des performances et des échanges thermiques.Le modèle numérique de calcul des échanges thermiques proposé donne des résultats en accord avec ceux attendus, mais nécessite des données réelles issues de mesure sur banc pour une validation complète. / In the conventional turbomachines, calculations are done assuming adiabatic flow. But, the negative influence of external and internal heat exchange on the performance of small turbomachines at low loads and low speeds have been shown by many studies in the literature. Then, this assumption is no longer admissible. The main objective of this thesis is to help remove the assumption of adiabaticity.A study of the state of art has identified the different kinds of heat transfer and defined the limits of our investigations.Afterwards, a generalized exergy analysis whose main goal is to take into account the two principles of thermodynamics has been made and the variation of exergy performance versus heat transfer has been studied.The maps currently used are made with the assumption of adiabaticity. The laws of similarity in turbomachines working with compressible fluid studied propose new dimensionless coordinates that can be used in any operating condition (adiabatic or not).Finally, we present a measurement protocol and a numerical model for calculating heat transfer in a turbocharger.Some results from our work indicate that the performance of thermal turbomachinery announced regardless of thermal heat exchanges are found to be overestimated.The new laws of similarity proposed generalize the Rateau’s theorem to compressible fluid flow in any operating condition and can be used to calculate heat transfer from adiabatic test results. Supplementary information is still required for the complete prediction of performance and heat transfer.The numerical model for calculating heat transfer gives some results that are in agreement with those expected. But actual data from test bench are required for complete validation.

No description available.